This article addresses the definition of FL based on learning theories. The proper FL approach has been suggested to develop ICT skills of HNUE students.
Trang 1FLIPPED CLASSROOM MODEL FOR IMPROVING
COMPUTER SKILLS OF STUDENTS MAJORING IN PEDAGOGY
NGUYEN HOAI NAM *
namnh@hnue.edu.vn
VU THAI GIANG
Abstract:
With the support of information and technology (ICT), teachers have many options
to enhance the teaching effectiveness Flipped learning (FL) approaches have students use technology to access the lecture and other instructional resources outside the classroom in order to engage them in active learning during in-class time Scholars and educators have reported a variety of outcomes of a flipped approach to instruction This article addresses the definition of FL based on learning theories The proper FL approach has been suggested to develop ICT skills of HNUE students
Keyword: blended-learning, b-learning, flipped learning, ICT skills, learning theory
1 Introduction
Model of the flipped classroom or flipped
learning (FL) is a one type of
Blended-learning (B-Blended-learning) has drawn attention
recently [2],[7] In the learning modality, the
lesson materials were delivered to the learner
to study before coming to the class By that
way, the time for active learning of learners
at class increases because the teacher does
not need to talk much about the lecture For
that reason, the skills of communication,
independent studying etc of learners are
enhanced [4] By studying 62 papers in the
technical fields related to the FL model in
the period of 2000 - 2015, Aliye et al come
to the conclusion that the flexible learning
environment was created with the features
of learner as critical thinking, long life skills
and active skills Learners are more active
in learning in comparision with the traditional
modality [1] The application of FL modality
has been applied variously to different kinds
of education as general education, higher education and vocational education Many subjects and fields included the information technology and communication (ICT), STEM (Science -Technology - Engineering - Math) have been supplied in the FL model [3], [6] According to the analysis of Giannakos’ works, the major technologies used for FL are lecture videos, electronic books and simulations The applications supported via web environment as wiki, weblogs,
e - portfolios account for the convenient development of FL model [6]
ICT skills are essential for the teacher
in the 21st century [10] However, the ICT subject for the 1st year student of Hanoi National University of Education (HNUE) has been teaching within six weeks with one lesson per week The skills for exploiting Internet and learning softwares are major requirements in the subject Because of the limitation of learning time in class, the
Trang 2application of FL model for the ICT subject is
possible
The paper addresses the questions: (1)
What is the FL model?; (2) How to evaluate
the FL model?; and (3) What is the suitable
FL model for improving ICT skills of student
majoring in pedagogy?
2 The content
2.1 Methodology
The studying use the theoretical methodology
Based on the analysis of other researches,
the paper mentions about the features and
evaluation for the FL model at the current
The users have choices to select a suitable
FL types on the basis of the studying The FL
model and procedure of application framework has been proposed for developing ICT skills of student majoring in pedagogy
2.2 The FL model
The concept of FL model was developed by Lage and co-workers in
2000 to meet the different requirements
of learners The simplest definition of FL concerned as: “Inverting the classroom means that events that have traditionally taken place inside the classroom now take place outside the classroom and vice versa” [page 32, [8]] The activities in comparision between the traditional versus FL classroom briefly described as follows:
Table 1 Activities transformed between FL and traditional classroom (TL)
With the extension of group activities, FL briefly describe as:
Table 2 Activities of extensive FL
Group activities/Solve open problems Close questions and exercise practice
There are several views about the
basement for FL model as learning theories
On the basis of analysis 62 technical related
papers, Aliye et al proved the theories for
developing the FL model as active learning
theory and others [1] The FL model consist
of essential features as follows [1],[2],[3]:
.Type of B-learning which combines
the online and face-to-face modality
.The inversion of learning process
Learners have tasks to study documents/
lecture videos in the online modality by
themselves, they will be explained by the
teacher/mentor in the class (face-to-face modality) later
The relationship between the learner and teacher which focuses on the learner’s role Learners take the center role for the learning activities via exploring the knowledge The teacher takes a possiblity as the intructor
or mentor to support and organise learning activities Both learners and teachers take part in the evaluation and self evaluation with the supports of ICT (the web platform)
.Learning methodologies mainly are active learning methods
Trang 3. Learning facilities are modern facilities
The learning resources in the digital form
which includes mutimedia and lecture videos
delivered online
.The inversion of learning process is
the distinguished feature of FL model to other
types of B-learning For the reason, it needs
the essential requirements for the facilities,
foundation of ICT and ICT skills of learners
and teachers The FL model has been
applied in various case studies for different
levels of learner, fields and subjects [3],[6]
2.3 The evaluation of FL model.
On the basis of synthesis of document
researches [1-8] and the analysis and views
of authors, the FL model has advantage and
disvantage as follows:
2.3.1 The advantages of FL model
.The environment and subjects:
Because FL is one type of B-learning, it has
the convenient of B-learning On the other
hands, the flexible learning environment
is feature of FL due to the learner centred
orientation Learners have choiced to select
suitalble time, place and learning modality
Flexible evaluation and various types of
evaluation which consist of formative and
summative are options for teacher
.The methodologies and organisation:
Because time saving for learners in the
class, the teacher can use active methods
as group-working, problem-based etc to
promote learners critically studying
.The content: The content designed
by the teacher to guide learners self studying
outside classroom
.The facilities and technologies:
Various facilities consists of many softwares
or authoring tools to edit multimedia data and
web platform as blog, wiki, social networks
and learning management system (LMS),
thus the interaction updates quickly
2.3.2 The disadvantages and challenges
of FL model
.The environment and subjects: The web learning environment may cause disadvantage for learners self studying Learners may lost concentration on the content of tasks during learning outside class They may be bored by the lecture video Many researches revealed that learners read slides instead watching lecture videos Negative attitudes of learners as reluctance
or resistance may occur Learners also will feel overloaded if the tasks or assessments are too difficult or heavy to their knowledge and psychology which take the entertainment time
.The methodologies and organisation:
It is inconvenient for the teacher guiding and instructing for the learners in class The teacher also meets difficulty to maintain the active activities for learners through out the lesson related to the tasks and assessments they did at home
.The content: The challenges to the teacher are designing the interesting contents, suitable tasks and assessments
to the learners It is a consumed time for the teacher as preparing the learning resources
in B-learning modality
.The facilities and technologies: The issues of ICT infrastructure may be a great concern for several zones The troubles
in using the access devices and internet services as the limitation of data speed etc may affect negatively toward both learners and teacher Other issues of using softwares also make the stakeholders’ spirit down
2.4 A FL model for improving ICT skills of HNUE student
Ispite of the disvantanges and challenges for employing the FL, the advantages and accomplishments of the FL model can be confirmed On the basement of
Trang 4the analysis of the learners’ psychology and
knowledge and the learning subject, the FL
model can be exploited for the whole or parts
of the learning content The application for
the ICT skills practice for HNUE is possible
due to the following reasons:
.The learning content: The major tasks
for the learners are practical By watching
the tutorial videos and tutorial pictures, the
learners have visual aids to accomplish
the missions The available resources on
the internet in various types of data are
convenient for the teacher designing or
making a task for the learners’ employment
.The facilities and technologies: Because
the facilities and technologies are also the
learning object for studying, the learners feel
not strange The available internet connected
learning room and library free for the students
using are convenient in exploiting FL model
.In the paper [5], a process consisted
of three steps for the implementation of the
FL model was suggested for teaching the
Access management system data The
process should be clarified in more details as
follows, due to the authors’ view:
.Step 1 (Analysis): Analyse the
curriculum and the learning content to select
a suitable content for employing in the FL
modality The teacher has to determine the
learning objective to promote the learners
developing competencies corresponding to
the content
.Step 2 (Design):
o D2.1: Arrange the curriculum and
resources for the subject consistently to the
learners’s ability
o D2.2: Design learning activities for
the self studying of learners outside class to
prepare for the class activities
o D2.3: Design learning activities inside
class
o D2.4: Design learning evaluation and learning feedback of learners
.Step 3 (Implementation): Organise learning activities in the form of FL model .Step 4 (Evaluation/Feedback): Evaluate
in the formality of formative and summative and get the feedback of learners to adjust properly
in time
.The process is controlled [9] After having carried out the 4th step, the start point comes back to the 1st to adjust the design and implimentation for the next same subject course
2.5 Discussion
.The FL model has been applied for several grade levels, especially students in colleges and universities The features, the advantages and disadvantages in applying
FL model were analysed to bring about the concerns of adjusting consistently with subjects and learners Developing the ICT skills to the freshman confronts both the advantages and disadvantages Students from different departments were divided into the internet connected class, according to the current organisation The learners come from different zones whereas many from the rurals and mountains in difficulties of infratures as ICT facilities, internet connected devices… The facts partly account for the limitation of doing tasks outside the class The familiar basic contents to some students may cause the subjective opinion of learners Because most students have no ideas of the ICT skills needed for the studying subjects in the curriculum or career, the lack of motivation in learning and practising is existent If there is
no strict rule for requirements and evaluation, the learners will be reluctant or relying on others or avoiding the tasks Therefore, beside the learning interest should be concerned to the learners, the pressure in accomplishment is needed
Trang 5In fact, the negative side of attitudes of
learners in doing tasks should be considered
as the relying on others in team working,
focusing only for exam preperation etc [5] For
most types of learners at average ability, the
self studying of FL model is proper to the low
level of Bloom taxonomy as remmembering
and understanding The learners should be
in practical and evaluated in class for the
complicate subjects which need higher level
in knowledge and skills accordance with
Bloom taxonomy [1-7]
The experience of designing video
contents, not consuming time, for example,
and the interaction of learning content with
the learners for self-studying should be raised
with great concerns [1], [4], [6] Though there
are controversy about the real effectiveness
of FL model to the traditional model as the
students’ perception and archievements
[1],[4],[11], the FL model is still expected
to enhance the students learning results
Although the FL model has not been applied
fully for total ICT practising skills courses, the
analysis still is the basement to employ the
model to improve the learning quality for the
students
3 Conclusion
The FL model was analysed to show
the posibility to the application in training for
students in pedagogy and ICT skills practice
The learning process in the FL model is
inverted in comparison with the traditional
model, which encourages the active activities
of students in learning In this model, the
learners is centered of learning process
whileas the teacher plays an important role
of designing and organising the learning
content and activities With the concerns of
the disadvantages and challenges of the
FL models, it will be a suitable choice for
improving ICT skills practice of pedagogic
students and need to be examined of the real
effectiveness in the next works
References
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[10] Unesco (2011) Unesco ICT
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