Ebook Issues and trends in nursing (2/E): Part 1

(BQ) Part 1 book “Issues and trends in nursing” has contents: History of nursing; nursing education - Past, present, and future; nursing licensure and certification; professional nursing organizations, the culture of safety, quality and performance outcomes in healthcare systems,… and other contents.

ISSUES and TRENDS in NURSING

JONES & BARTLETTLEARNING

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11098-2

VP, Executive Publisher: David D Cella

Executive Editor: Amanda Martin

Editorial Assistants: Emma Huggard, Christina FreitasProduction Editor: Vanessa Richards

Title: Issues and trends in nursing: practice, policy, andleadership /

edited by Gayle Roux, Judith A Halstead

Description: Second edition | Burlington, MA: Jones &Bartlett Learning,

[2018] | Preceded by Issues and trends in nursing:essential knowledge

for today and tomorrow/edited by Gayle Roux, Judith

A Halstead 2009 |

Includes bibliographical references and index

Classification: LCC RT4 | NLM WY 16 AA1 | DDC610.73—dc23

Origins of Professional Nursing in the United States

The Origins of Public Health Nursing The Origins of Nursing Associations Licensure for Nurses

Effects of the Great Depression on Nursing

Nursing and Times of War

Collective Bargaining in Nursing

Advances in Nursing Education

Advances in Nursing Practice

Regulatory Functions

The Nurse Licensure Compact and

Advance Practice Registered Nurse Compact

Nursing Licensure

The Regulation of Advanced Practice Registered Nurses

Computer Adaptive Testing

The Passing Standard

Types of Questions on the NCLEX-RN Examination

The Mission and Impact of Professional Nursing Organizations

Professional Nursing Organizations with Clinical, Political, and Regulatory Focus Professional Organization Membership and Involvement

Summary

Reflective Practice Questions

References

6 Transitions in Nursing: Future of Nursing and Transition to Practice

Monique Ridosh

Introduction

Future Pathway for Nursing Practice

Key Trends Influencing Nursing Practice, Education, and Research

Practice

7 Interprofessional Issues: Collaboration and Collegiality

Deanna L Reising and Rebecca A Feather

Introduction

Professional Collaboration and Collegiality Historical Context of Collaboration

Core Competencies for Interprofessional Collaborative Practice

Approach to Patient Safety

Patient Safety Culture

Research on Nursing Work Complexity

Regulatory and Accrediting Agencies Nursing Performance Measures

Evidence-Based Nursing?

Based Practice

History and Background of Evidence-The Process of Evidence-Based Practice Evidence-Based Nursing

Applying Research Findings to Practice Implications for Education, Research, and Practice

Introduction

The Biopsychosocial Health Perspective Health and the Individual Nurse

The Nursing Workplace and Environment Summary

References

Unit III The Person in Health Care

13 Addressing Primary Prevention and Education in Vulnerable Populations

Brian W Higgerson

Introduction

Defining Vulnerable Population

Individual Health Behaviors: Primary Prevention

Client Education to Improve Health Behaviors

Ethnic Groups in North America

Impact of Culture on Health Care

Developing Cultural Competence in Students

Summary

Reflective Practice Questions

Ethical Principles and Narrative Ethics Within Nursing Practice

Summary

Why Political Competence Is Needed in Nursing

The Power of Nurses and Partnerships Incorporating Policy and Politics into Daily Practice

Public Health Nursing in Urban Settings: A History of Prevention and Health

Promotion

The Urban Environment: An Overview of Selected Risk Factors

The Role of the Nurse in Improving Health Outcomes in Urban Settings

Communicable Diseases

Noncommunicable Diseases

A Call for Universal Healthcare Coverage Global Health Security

Global Nursing Workforce

Theory Applicable to Genetics and Genomics

Nursing Process Applied to Genetics Summary

Reflective Practice Questions

References

Glossary

Index

From its origins, nursing was described by FlorenceNightingale as a distinct discipline concerned with therelationship between the patient, nurse, and

environment Nightingale defined nursing as having

“charge of the personal health of somebody .andwhat nursing has to do .is to put the patient in thebest condition for nature to act upon him” (1859/1992,

p 75) Nursing has advanced as a scientific discipline,with a wide scope of responsibility as a goal-directedand evidence-based practice within a complex

healthcare system The goal of health and “putting thepatient in the best condition for nature to act” requirethe nurse to address a constantly expanding body ofknowledge, technology, and sociocultural change It iswith this challenge in mind that the first edition of thistextbook was originally created This second editioncontinues to address the challenges facing nurses withupdated and newly added chapters on contemporarynursing and healthcare topics The graduating nursemust understand the complicated context of the issuesthat affect the nurse–patient relationship including

political policy, professional organizations, safety andother performance outcomes, emergency

preparedness, and global health issues, to name a few

consensus about the central concepts of the discipline

—person, environment, health, and nursing Theseconcepts constitute nursing’s metaparadigm (Fawcett,

1989) Therefore, the concepts of nursing,

environment, person, and health were selected to formthe organizational units of this textbook The chaptertopics do indeed aggregate into these four concepts,lending validity to the umbrella of the metaparadigm todescribe the essence of nursing

Unit I addresses The Nursing Profession, beginning

with a discussion of the historical origins of nursing withemphasis on the history and development of the

nursing profession in the United States Nursing

education is also addressed with a description of thevarious educational nursing programs that exist withinthe profession and a focused discussion on

contemporary issues impacting nursing education

curricula Other chapter topics in Unit I identify theessential information a graduating nurse needs to know

to be socialized into the profession including preparingfor the NCLEX-RN examination, understanding

professional licensure and regulation, developing

professionally through membership in professionalnursing organizations, and transitioning into practice as

a new registered nurse

Practice To be safe and effective practitioners, nurses

must fully understand and appreciate the complexity ofthe healthcare environment within which they practice.Having systematized knowledge about safety,

research, and the regulatory mechanisms in healthcare is essential for nurses to produce safe, cost-

effective, and evidence-based patient health outcomes.The chapters within Unit II address current trends andissues existing within the healthcare environment

In Unit III, The Person in Health Care, the patient

becomes the focus of discussion Maintaining a caringrelationship with the patient that facilitates health andhealing requires the nurse to be socially conscious.Sociocultural changes in the United States, increasingnumbers of clients without insurance, bioethical

dilemmas, legal directives, the Affordable Care Act,and federal and state policy embody an infrastructurefor the person seeking health care The increasingcultural diversity of the United States’ population and

to health care has multiple implications for nurses intheir role as patient advocates The legal and ethicalissues related to nursing care are discussed with anemphasis on the nurse’s advocacy role in ensuringattention to the legal and ethical rights of clients

requiring nurses to be knowledgeable and competent

in understanding how technology affects their dailypractice Nurses are also personally accountable forincreasing their understanding of emerging disciplines,

an example of which is genomics All nurses need toincorporate nursing genomic competencies into theirpractice regardless of practice setting and this textedition has added a chapter addressing this topic thatwill only continue to grow in importance in comingyears

The four units provide a wealth of information thatprepare the graduate to transition into nursing andconfidently face the challenges of the future of thenursing profession The essentials of information given

in each chapter are intended to provide the

undergraduate nursing student with the necessary

nursing, engage in relationships with patients within aninformed context of the issues and their environment,and create therapeutic plans to improve health

outcomes The editors and authors are sensitive to thefact that this text is one of a multitude of resources that

is needed to achieve excellence in nursing

The editors, authors, and Jones & Bartlett Learningstaff have shared their expertise as a commitment tonursing education We hope the contributions of thistextbook are a valuable component of your knowledgedevelopment, making a significant difference in howyou think about and practice nursing

Gayle Roux, PhD, NP-C, FAAN Judith A Halstead, PhD, RN, ANEF, FAAN

References

1 Fawcett, J (1989) Analysis and

evaluation of conceptual models of nursing (2nd ed.) Philadelphia, PA:

Davis.

2 Nightingale, F (1859/1992) Notes on

nursing Philadelphia, PA: J.B.

Lippincott.

Darla Adams, CRNA, PhD

Clinical Associate Professor and Associate DeanCollege of Nursing & Professional Disciplines

San Diego, California Cathy R Fulton, DNP, RN,

ANP-BC, FNP-BC

University of Massachusetts, Amherst

Amherst, Massachusetts

Profession

1 History of Nursing

2 Nursing Education: Past, Present, and Future

3 Nursing Licensure and Certification

4 Understanding the NCLEX-RN

5 Professional Nursing Organizations

6 Transitions in Nursing: Future of Nursing and Transition to Practice

Describe the impact of war on the development

of nursing

Discuss the influences of faith traditions on thehistory of nursing

Analyze the relationship of history with thecurrent healthcare delivery system

Introduction

of history focuses on not just the chronology of eventsbut also the impact and influence those events

continue to have throughout time Over the passage oftime, events unfold and trends emerge These

historical trends, in turn, influence or shape the destiny

of an individual or a group The development and

evolution of the nursing profession is intricately

connected to historical influences throughout the ages,beginning in antiquity The study of the history of

nursing helps us to better understand the societal

forces and issues that continue to confront the

profession Understanding the history of nursing alsoallows nurses to gain an appreciation of the role theprofession has played in the healthcare system of theUnited States (Donahue, 1991) The purpose of thischapter is to provide an overview of the history of

nursing with an emphasis on nursing in the UnitedStates, describe the influence of societal trends on thedevelopment of nursing as a profession, and identifythe contributions of selected leaders in U.S nursing

Nursing in Antiquity

In primitive societies, the decision to be a caregiverwas often made for a person long before he or she hadthe ability to make such a choice For example, amongthe members of the Zuni tribe, if an infant was born

2007) In many societies, the provision of nursing carewas a role that was assigned to female members

Because women traditionally provided nurturance totheir own infants, it was assumed these same caringapproaches could be extended to sick and injured

community members as well Yet in other societies,care of the sick was a role assigned to medicine men,shamans, or other male tribe members

Because no formal education in the care of the sickwas available, the earliest nurses learned their art

through oral traditions passed from generation to

generation, from observations of others caring for thesick, and many times, through a process of trial anderror Those who acquired a reputation for expert care

of the sick with a succession of positive outcomes wereoften sought after to provide care to friends and

relatives In this way, they established themselves in apractice of nursing care

Available evidence indicates that nurses first formedthemselves into organized groups during the early

Christian era The nursing ideals of charity, service toothers, and self-sacrifice were in harmony with theteachings of the early Christian church The role of

deaconess gave women a meaningful way of

participating in the work of the church Deaconesses

educational background who were selected by thechurch’s bishops to visit and care for the sick in theirhomes Fabiola was a deaconess who is credited withthe establishment and operation of the first Christianhospital in Rome The deaconess Phoebe is often cited

as the first “visiting nurse” because of the expert homenursing care she provided (Nutting & Dock, 1907)

Deaconess: Woman with some educational

background who was selected by the church toprovide care to the sick

Throughout antiquity, the preferable, and often safest,nursing care was provided in one’s own home, whereone was cared for by family members, clansmen, orfriends Care in a hospital was sought only by thosewho had no family members nearby, such as personswhose work took them away from their homes or

persons who had been ostracized or who were

destitute Early hospitals were begun by members ofreligious communities—nuns and monks who devotedtheir lives to the care of the sick One example is theconvent hospital at Beaune in France, where the sickwere cared for in beds that lined the walls surroundingthe main altar of the convent’s church Another

example was the Hôtel-Dieu in Paris, a hospital

operated by the Augustinian sisters, which was

founded by the bishop of Paris in 651 AD Since its

survive from this hospital provide many interestinginsights into the state of medical and nursing care

during the Middle Ages More than one patient wasplaced in each bed, with the feet of one patient

opposite the face of another Because patients

received no diagnosis upon admission, a patient with aleg fracture might be placed in the same bed with apatient with smallpox and another with tuberculosis(Robinson, 1946)

Nursing in Early Modern

Europe

In England, in the wake of the Protestant Reformation,monasteries and convents were closed and their landswere seized Care of the sick fell to “common” women,often those of the lower classes who were too old ortoo ill to find any other type of work Hospital records ofthe day report that nurses were often sanctioned forfighting, use of foul language, petty theft, and extortion

of money from patients (Pavey, 1953) The sick wholacked families to tend to their needs were warehoused

in almshouses and municipal hospitals, overseen byattendants who lacked any knowledge of nursing care.Charles Dickens, a Victorian-era author who

championed social reform, described the poor

conditions of nursing care through his characters

Chuzzlewit Dickens’s nurses were often drunk while

on duty, engaged in intimate relationships with theirpatients, and took delight in their patients’ deaths

(Dolan, 1968)

During the first half of the 19th century, a variety ofBritish social reformers advocated for the formation ofgroups of religious women to staff the existing

hospitals To answer this need, Elizabeth Fry, a Quakerwho had earlier fought for prison reform in England,founded the Protestant Sisters of Charity in 1840

Members of this sisterhood received only a

rudimentary education in nursing; their only practicalnursing experiences consisted of observing patients attwo London hospitals

The nurses of St John’s House, an English Protestantsisterhood founded in 1848, lived together as a

community under the direction of a clergyman and alady superintendent Pupils paid 15 pounds sterling for

a training program that was 2 years in length but werethen required to work for St John’s House for 5 years

in return for room and board and a small salary

Although they received instruction in nursing in theMiddlesex, Westminster, and King’s College hospitals

in London, they nursed for only a few hours each day,spending the remainder of their time engaged in

religious instruction and prayer (Pavey, 1953)