The palgrave handbook of humanitarian logistics and supply chain management

Part I Innovative Methods - not that Much Used Yet1 Social Network Analysis in the Context of Humanitarian Natalie Simpson, Zhasmina Tacheva and Ta-Wei Daniel Kao 2 Deploying Collaborati

Humanitarian Logistics and Supply

Chain Management

ISBN 978-1-137-59098-5 ISBN 978-1-137-59099-2 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59099-2

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Handbook Reviewers:

Business

v

Isabell Storsjö Hanken School of Economics

Technology

Kozhikode

School

Sciences

Business

Stockholm

Part I Innovative Methods - not that Much Used Yet

1 Social Network Analysis in the Context of Humanitarian

Natalie Simpson, Zhasmina Tacheva and Ta-Wei (Daniel) Kao

2 Deploying Collaborative Management Research

Approaches in Humanitarian Supply Chains: An Overview

Yasmine Sabri

3 Future Research in Humanitarian Operations: A Behavioral

Karthik Sankaranarayanan, Jaime Andrés Castañeda

and Sebastián Villa

Part II More Established Empirical Methods

4 Challenges and Opportunities for Humanitarian

Researchers: Dreadful Biases and Heavenly Combinations

Pervaiz Akhtar

vii

5 So Much of Research Is Context: Fieldwork Experience

Minchul Sohn

6 Conducting In-Depth Case Studies in Humanitarian

Diego Vega

7 The Application of the Case Study Methodology:

Resilience in Domestic Food Supply Chains During

Mark Wilson, Muhammad Umar and Jeff Heyl

Part III Collaboration - Variety of Methods

8 Towards A Better Understanding of Humanitarian Supply

Jihee Kim, Stephen Pettit, Irina Harris and Anthony Beresford

9 An Empirical Investigation of Swift Trust in Humanitarian

Qing Lu, Mark Goh and Robert de Souza

10 Drivers of Coordination in Humanitarian Relief

Rameshwar Dubey and Nezih Altay

11 Agility Learning Opportunities in Cross-Sector

Alessandra Cozzolino, Ewa Wankowicz and Enrico Massaroni

Part IV Variety of Topics

12 How Flexibility Accommodates Demand Variability

in a Service Chain: Insights from Exploratory Interviews

Kirstin Scholten, Carolien de Blok and Robbin-Jan Haar

13 Developing Individual Competencies for Humanitarian

Graham Heaslip, Peter Tatham and Alain Vaillancourt

14 Governance of Service Triads in Humanitarian

Graham Heaslip and Gyöngyi Kovács

Syed Tariq, Muhammad Naiman Jalil

and Muhammad Adeel Zaffar

Part V Applications - Most Typical

16 Structuring Humanitarian Supply Chain Knowledge

Laura Laguna Salvadó, Matthieu Lauras, Tina Comes

and Frederick Bénaben

17 Decision Support Systems for Urban Evacuation Logistics

Marc Goerigk, Horst W Hamacher and Sebastian Schmitt

18 Advances in Network Accessibility and Reconstruction

Andréa Cynthia Santos

19 Information Technology in Humanitarian Logistics

Dorit Schumann-Bölsche

20 Bridging Research and Practice in Humanitarian

Logistics: A Diagnostic Tool to Assess Organizational

Cécile L’Hermitte, Marcus Bowles, Peter H Tatham

and Benjamin Brooks

Part VI Conceptual, Future

21 The Evolutions of Humanitarian-Private Partnerships:

Rolando M Tomasini

22 Review of Empirical Studies in Humanitarian Supply

Chain Management: Methodological Considerations,

Lijo John

Richard Oloruntoba

24 From Aid to Resilience: How to Bridge Disaster Resilience

Eija Meriläinen

Natalie Simpson is Associate Professor of Operations Management andStrategy at the University at Buffalo (SUNY) and a member of the UBInstitute for Sustainable Transportation and Logistics Natalie received anMBA and PhD from the University of Florida, and her research interests areemergency services and emergent networks.

Zhasmina Tacheva is a doctoral student in Supply Chains and OperationsManagement at the University at Buffalo (SUNY) Her research interestsinclude sustainable supply chains and socially responsible logistics in emer-ging democracies and post-conflict regions She has worked on dangerousgoods and air freight-forwarding projects in Bulgaria and Poland

Ta-Wei (Daniel) Kao is Assistant Professor in Operations Management atthe University of Michigan-Dearborn He received his MBA from NationalCheng Kung University and PhD from the University at Buffalo (SUNY).His research appears in EJOR, the Journal of Business and IndustrialMarketing, and Computers in Human Behavior

Yasmine Sabri is a PhD candidate of Erasmus Mundus European Doctorate

dissertation on supply chain configuration, in the School of Management,Politecnico di Milano, Italy, and Department of Industrial Economics andManagement, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden

Yasmine holds an MSc in Production Engineering and Management fromKTH-Royal Institute of Technology Prior to embarking on her PhD

xi

research journey, she spent six years as a working professional, which laid thefoundation to build a portfolio of diverse experience, with involvement invarious operations management and business development projects in Egypt,

UK, Sweden, and Italy

Management at the University of Ontario Institute of Technology,Canada His research encompasses the study of complex adaptive systemsusing agent-based modeling, experimental design and other computationaltools

Jaime Andrés Castañeda is Principal Professor at the Del RosarioUniversity’s School of Management, Colombia, where he teaches supplychain and operations management topics at both undergraduate and gradu-ate levels He conducts research on behavioral issues in supply chain andoperations management, including humanitarian logistics and supply chainmanagement

Sebastian Villa is Assistant Professor in the School of Management at theUniversity of Los Andes and a visiting researcher at the University of Texas atDallas His research focuses in understanding the dynamics and behavioralbiases that affects coordination in multi-level supply chains

Pervaiz Akhtar is Senior Lecturer (Associate Professor), Program Director ofthe MSc Analytics/Data Science Division and Program Leader for BScLogistics and Supply Chain Management at Hull University BusinessSchool, UK Pervaiz has also worked for leading non-profit and for-profitorganizations at senior levels (operations/logistics/project manager) and pub-lished in top-ranked journals

Minchul Sohn is researcher at Hanken School of economics and HUMLOGInstitute in Helsinki, Finland His research area includes humanitariansupply chain in both relief and development, strategic decisions on logisticspreparedness, climate risk in supply chain, and agriculture supply chain.Diego Vega is Assistant Professor of Logistics and Supply ChainManagement at the Neoma Business School (Reims, France) andResearcher at the CRET-LOG research centre (Aix-Marseille University)

He is an Industrial Engineer and holds a PhD in management sciences:

specialty on logistics from the Aix-Marseille University His research interestsinclude humanitarian logistics and supply chain management, temporaryorganizations, and competence-based strategic management AssistantProfessor Diego Vega is the corresponding author and can be contacted at:diego.vega@neoma-bs.fr

Mark M.J Wilson specialises in supply chain management and has over 23

supply chain management and operations at both tactical and senior rial levels Currently, Mark is researching humanitarian logistics, complexadaptive systems, network theory, supply chain governance and collabora-tion Mark has published in national and international journals Mark can becontacted at: mark.wilson@lincoln.ac.nz

manage-Muhammad Umar is a PhD scholar and also working as a research assistant

in Lincoln University, New Zealand He is doing his research in the supplychain discipline with special emphasis on resilience of food chains in disasterprone areas He can be contacted at: Muhammad.umar@lincolnuni.ac.nzJeff Heyl’s expertise resides in business management, economics and opera-tions management Jeff’s specific research interests are quality managementand measurement in both manufacturing and service environments, procure-ment systems and practices, supply chain management, and managing pro-cess change for complex systems He can be contacted at: Jeff.heyl@lincoln.ac.nz

Jihee Kim is a PhD student in Logistics and Operations Management atCardiff Business School, Cardiff University She studied MA in Managementwith a higher degree at Durham University in the 2009–2010 academic year.She had worked in several organisations such as Korean National Assembly,Samsung, LG, and Korean Air Her research is being funded by theEconomic and Social Research Council (ESRC) Her research interestsinvolve: cooperation, coordination, collaboration, supply chain integration,and partnerships in humanitarian and disaster relief supply chain manage-ment In particular, she seeks to apply the key assumptions of Business-SCMand determine the suitability for the analysis of Humanitarian-SCM.Stephen Pettit is Reader in Logistics and Operations Management at CardiffBusiness School In 1993 he was awarded a PhD from the University ofWales and he has worked at Cardiff Business School since 2000 He has been

involved in a range of transport-related research projects, notably a breaking project for the Department of Transport analysing the UK econo-my’s requirements for people with seafaring experience This workhighlighted important issues relating to the decline in the number of UKseafaring officers Subsequently, he has been involved in a range of transport-

of Shipping to the UK Economy’; an ‘Analysis of the Cost Structure of themain TEN Ports’; and ‘Work Organisation in Ports’ His most recent workhas focused on Humanitarian Aid Logistics and Supply Chain Management

An initial project was funded by the Chartered Institute of Logistics andTransport through their Seedcorn Grant scheme and was co-researched withAnthony Beresford This work has been extended through collaboration withCranfield University in the Cardiff-Cranfield Humanitarian LogisticsInitiative Stephen has written a large number of journal papers, conferencepapers and reports primarily on port development, port policy and thelogistics of humanitarian aid delivery

Irina Harris is Lecturer in Logistics and Operations Modelling at CardiffBusiness School, Cardiff University Irina’s background is Computer Scienceand her PhD focused on multi-objective optimisation for strategic andtactical network design from economic and environmental perspectives aspart of the Green Logistics project She has gained extensive knowledge oflogistics modelling, transportation and optimisation through a partnershipwith industry and other academic partners Irina’s research interests rangefrom logistics networks and operations modelling to collaborative partner-ships and sustainable supply chains with the focus on data analysis andevaluating trade-offs related to different objectives Her recent work alsoincludes application of Information Systems/Technology in business/logis-tics environment

Anthony Beresford is Professor of Logistics and Transport in the CardiffBusiness School, Cardiff University, UK He graduated with a BA inGeography from Manchester University and was subsequently awarded hisPhD in Environmental Sciences at the University of East Anglia in 1982; hisresearch was focused on climate change in East Africa He has subsequentlytravelled widely in an advisory capacity within the ports, transport and

has been involved in a broad range of transport-related research and sultancy projects including: transport rehabilitation, aid distribution andtrade facilitation for UNCTAD and, for example, for the Rwandan

con-Government His cost model for Multimodal Transport has been widelyused by UNESCAP Corridors in Southeast Asia, Africa and elsewhere Hehas also advised both the United Kingdom and Welsh Governments on roadtransport and port policy options.

Qing Lu is Assistant Professor in Department of Logistics Management,Izmir University of Economics, Turkey His interests include supply chainstrategy, supply chain security and governance, humanitarian logistics, andsupply chain sustainability He obtained a PhD from the National University

of Singapore (NUS) in 2006

Mark Goh is Director for Industry Research at The Logistics Institute-AsiaPacific (TLIAP), and a faculty at the NUS Business School His currentinterests are in supply chain strategy, performance measurement, andMCDM He holds a PhD from the University of Adelaide

Robert de Souza is Executive Director of TLIAP He received his PhD, MScand BSc Honors in the United Kingdom

Rameshwar Dubey is Associate Professor with Symbiosis InternationalUniversity currently, on sabbatical leave at the South University of Scienceand Technology of China He is also associated with various institutions ofrepute as a visiting scholar including DePaul University, University ofMassachusetts at Dartmouth and Anhui University of Finance andEconomics, China Rameshwar is an Associate Editor for the GlobalJournal of Flexible Systems Management (Springer) and International Journal

of Innovation Science (Emerald) He has edited over eight special issues andpublished over 70 papers

Nezih Altay is Associate Professor at the Driehaus College of Business ofDePaul University His research specializes in disruption management andhumanitarian supply chains He has published his research in leading aca-demic journals and presented in national and international arenas He alsoco-edited two books: Service Parts Management: Demand Forecasting andInventory Control (2011) and Advances in Managing HumanitarianOperations (2016), both published by Springer He currently serves as theCo-Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Humanitarian Logistics & Supply ChainManagement, and Senior Editor of Disaster Management section ofProduction and Operations Management

Alessandra Cozzolino is Researcher and Assistant Professor of BusinessMarket Management at the Sapienza University of Rome, Faculty ofEconomics, Department of Management She holds a PhD inManagement and Finance Her research interests focus on supply chainmanagement, humanitarian logistics, and logistics service providers’ strate-gies in sustainability innovation She is corresponding author and can becontacted at: alessandra.cozzolino@uniroma1.it.

Ewa Wankowicz is PhD Candidate in Management, Banking andCommodity Sciences at the Sapienza University of Rome, Faculty ofEconomics, Department of Management Her research interests are related

to logistics, sustainable supply chain management and business modelinnovation

Enrico Massaroni is Full Professor of Supply Chain Management andPlanning and Strategic Management at the Sapienza University of Rome,Faculty of Economics, Department of Management His research interestsinclude logistics and supply chain management, production and operationsmanagement

Kirstin Scholten is Assistant Professor in Supply Chain Management at theUniversity of Groningen, the Netherlands She conducts empirical, qualita-tively based research around the area of supply chain risk and resiliencemanagement in different contexts (e.g food, public sector, disaster/ huma-nitarian aid management) Her research has been published in several booksand journals, including Supply Chain Management: An International Journal(SCMIJ), the International Journal of Operations & Production Management(IJOPM), and the International Journal of Physical Distribution & LogisticsManagement (IJPDLM)

Carolien de Blok is Assistant Professor in Supply Chain Management at theUniversity of Groningen, the Netherlands She conducts qualitative research

in a variety of public contexts (e.g health care, justice, refugee networks) and

in that mainly focuses on the design and management of chains and works Her research has been published in several books and journals,including Journal of Operations Management (JOM), the InternationalJournal of Operations & Production Management (IJOPM), and theInternational Journal of Production Economics (IJPE)

net-Robbin-Jan Haar graduated in the summer of 2016 in Supply ChainManagement at the University of Groningen on the topic of service supply

ener-gized by courses that allowed for creativity and out-of-the-box solutions,which also partly explains his choice for graduating on the subject of theEuropean refugee crisis He is currently employed as a Risk Consultant atDeloitte in Amsterdam

Graham Heaslip is Professor of Logistics and Head of School at GalwayMayo Institute of Technology (GMIT), Ireland Prior to joining GMIT,Graham was Associate Professor of Logistics at UNSW, Australia where hewas the course director of the MSc in Logistics Graham completed his PhDstudies in the area of Civil Military Cooperation / Coordination at theLogistics Institute, University of Hull, for which he was awarded the JamesCooper Memorial Cup for best PhD in Logistics and Supply ChainManagement by the Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport Prior

to entering academia Graham spent fourteen years working in the IrishDefence Forces both at home and abroad in a variety of logistical appoint-ments, as well as spending time seconded to Humanitarian agencies in alogistical capacity Graham’s research interests are broadly in the intersec-tions between global logistics/supply chain management, humanitarian logis-tics and organisational management development

Alain Vaillancourt, Ph D., is Acting Assistant Professor at JönköpingInternational Business School, Researcher at the Centre of Logistics andSupply Chain Management and affiliated to the Humanitarian Logisticsand Supply Chain Research Institute in Helsinki Finland His research areaspecializes in humanitarian logistics and supply chains with publications ondisaster policies, logistics competencies and a thesis on material consolida-

logistics with NGOs and UN agencies both working on delivering executivetrainings and working as a logistic manager

Gyöngyi Kovács is Erkko Professor in Humanitarian Logistics at HankenSchool of Economics, Finland She is a founding Editor-in-Chief of a leadingjournal and is on the editorial board of several others She has publishedextensively in the area of humanitarian logistics and supply chain manage-ment and is currently supervising a number of doctoral dissertations in thesefields She led the Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Research

Institute (HUMLOG Institute), Hanken School of Economics since itsestablishment in 2008 until 2014.

Syed Tariq is a doctoral student in Suleman Dawood School of Business atLahore University of Management Sciences His primary research interestsinclude operations research, disaster relief logistics, coordination duringdisaster response phase, and multimodal logistics (Tel.: +92 3335

2353468, E-mail address: 14080009@lums.edu.pk)

Muhammad Naiman Jalil (PhD-Management, Rotterdam School ofManagement, Erasmus University) is Associate Professor at the LahoreUniversity of Management Sciences His research interests include operationsmanagement, supply chain management, revenue management, after salesservice, closed loop supply chain management and humanitarian logistics.(Tel.: +92 300 9839813, E-mail address: muhammad.jalil@lums.edu.pk)Muhammad Adeel Zaffar (PhD-Information Technology, University ofNorth Carolina at Charlotte) is Assistant Professor at the LahoreUniversity of Management Sciences His research interests include the devel-opment of decision support systems, agent-based computational economics,and network location models in the context of disaster response and recoverysystems (Tel.: +92 303 4440257, E-mail address: adeel.zaffar@lums.edu.pk)Laura Laguna Salvadó is a PhD student at the Industrial Engineering

collaborated with Medecins Sans Frontieres in the Brussels HQs Laura’sresearch is focused in improving the performance of the organisationsthrough Humanitarian Supply Chain Management, collaboration and deci-sion support systems Tina Comes and Matthieu Lauras support her work.Matthieu Lauras is Associate Professor at the Industrial Engineering

Professor at Toulouse Business School, France; and co-founder of the Agileaconsulting and training company During the last decade, he has published

decision support systems for commercial supply chains and humanitariansupply chains

Tina Comes is Full Professor in the Department of ICT, University ofAgder, Norway, and Deputy Director of the Centre for Integrated

Emergency Management Tina holds a position as Senior Researcher at theSmart Instrumentation Group with Teknova AS Her research aims atsupporting decision-making and risk management in complex, dynamicand uncertain situations Tina is author of more than 70 papers published

in international journals and conferences, and she has been actively ing the topic of decision support in disaster management

promot-Frederick Bénaben is currently Associate Professor of Information Systems

Mines Albi, France He is the head of the Interoperability of Organizationsteam He has participated in many European and national projects, in thefield of Crisis Management, ICT, interoperability of IS and Collaborativenetworks of organizations He has more than 100 publications in journalsand international conferences proceedings

Marc Goerigk is 50th Anniversary Lecturer in the Department ofManagement Science at Lancaster University He completed his PhD inapplied mathematics at the University of Göttingen in 2012, and worked as aPost-Doc at University of Kaiserslautern His research interests includedisaster management, robust optimization, and transportation problems.Email: m.goerigk@lancaster.ac.uk

Horst W Hamacher obtained his PhD in 1980 at the University of Cologne

He was Assistant and Associate Professor at the University of Florida Since

1988 he holds the chair for management mathematics at the University ofKaiserslautern He received the Julius von Haast Fellowship Award and theGOR Science Award Email: hamacher@mathematik.uni-kl.de

Sebastian Schmitt studied computer science at the University ofKaiserslautern and worked as a consultant for a local software company.After managing software projects at the technical side, he left the industry in

2012 to start looking at software from different perspectives as a researchassistant at the University of Kaiserslautern Email: schmitt@mathematik.uni-kl.de

Andréa Cynthia Santos obtained her PhD in Computer Science at thePUC-Rio in 2006, Brazil She is Associate Professor at the TechnologicalUniversity of Troyes, France, and a member of the Charles DelaunayInstitut, Optimization and Industrial Systems team She led the

“Optimizing logistics for large scale disasters project” (OLIC) project,

funded by the “Conseil Supérieur de la Formation et de la RechercheStratégiques” (CSFRS), France The OLIC project focused on logistics aftermajor earthquakes and was dedicated, among other problems, to the reha-bilitation of urban networks and accessibility issues She has already partici-pated in several multidisciplinary projects and the methods developed in herscientific research are part of some decision-making systems She has pub-lished eighteen articles in reputed international reviews, and made more thansixty communications in national and international conferences She alsoreceived a team award in a mathematical challenge proposed by the French

Mathématiques” (FFJM) and the French mathematics calculus society SA

“Société de Calcul Mathématique” in 2012 Her research is dedicated to OR/

OM problems, especially combinatorial optimization problems in tation and network design, with applications for humanitarian logistics andurban transportation

transpor-Dorit Schumann-Bölsche is Full Professor for Logistics and Vice President

at the German Jordanian University in Jordan In her research she focuses onhumanitarian logistics and SCM She completed her PhD at the Goethe-University Frankfurt, worked as a consultant and started her position as aprofessor for logistics at the University of Fulda

Cécile L’Hermitte Australian Maritime College, University of Tasmania(Cecile.LHermitte@utas.edu.au)

After having worked 10 years in the banking industry as a specialist ofinternational business, both in France and in Germany, Cécile L’Hermittecompleted an MBA in maritime and logistics management and undertookresearch work in humanitarian logistics Having just completed her doctoralresearch project at the Australian Maritime College/University of Tasmania,

humanitarian logistics Her research explored the concept of organizationalcapacity building and the critical role played by an organization’s systems,structure and culture in supporting agility in humanitarian logisticsoperations

Marcus Bowles The Centre for Regional & Rural Futures, DeakinUniversity (mbowles@workingfutures.com.au)

Marcus Bowles is an expert on organizational design and capabilitydevelopment He holds visiting/adjunct professorial appointments withAustralian universities and conducts extensive research into leadership and

the design of agile organizations As the Director of The Institute forWorking Futures, Marcus mixes academic with professional expertise draw-ing on his positive track record and experience that includes over 200engagements by ASX top 50 companies, international Forbes 500 compa-nies, peak professional, industry and government bodies, as well as globalresearch and education institutions He is also an entrepreneur having woninternational awards for breakthrough applications in learning, assessmentand capability management.

Peter Tatham Department of International Business and Asian Studies,Griffith University (p.tatham@griffith.edu.au)

Following his retirement from the (UK) Royal Navy in 2004, PeterTatham joined Cranfield University and completed his doctoral thesiswhich investigated the role of shared values within UK military supplynetworks This work received the 2010 Emerald/EFMD prize for the year’sbest logistics/supply network management-related PhD Peter joined GriffithUniversity in July 2010 where he teaches and researches in humanitariansupply chain management He is the Asian and Australasian Editor of theJournal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management, and amember of the Editorial Board of the International Journal of PhysicalDistribution and Logistics Management

Ben Brooks Australian Maritime College, University of Tasmania(Benjamin.Brooks@utas.edu.au)

Benjamin Brooks is a maritime and emergency management humanfactors researcher in the National Centre for Ports and Shipping at theAustralian Maritime College, University of Tasmania Ben has 20 years ofexperience as a researcher and safety consultant He currently works onresearch in areas such as innovation in high-risk environments, systemdesign, safety culture, decision-making, and the measurement of humanperformance He works with a range of stakeholders including regulators,private companies, pilotage organizations, port authorities, and emergencymanagement agencies

Rolando M Tomasini is Head of Global Outreach at UNOPS In this role

he leads the collaboration with strategic partners across the organization.This includes partnerships with the private sector, academia and NGOs, anddue diligence on the latter actors At UNOPS, he has held several roles inprocurement, policy and partnerships Prior to joining UNOPS, he managedthe supplier risk team at a leading multinational for strategic suppliers and

served as a procurement consultant to implement category management andcost modelling tools He also designed and rolled out global corporateprocurement academies for seven fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG)and industrial leading multinationals.

At the onset of his career, he contributed to the establishment of a research

research through secondments to all the UN emergency agencies and duce a collection of award winning case studies, chapters and books onemergency supply chain and humanitarian logistics He holds a SpecializedMaster in International Procurement, MCIPS and a PhD in Supply Chain

pro-on public private partnerships His commitment to research keeps himengaged in multiple projects and lecturing at business schools and corporateacademies in Spanish, French and English

Lijo John is currently a Researcher in the Quantitative Methods andOperations Management area at Indian Institute of ManagementKozhikode (IIMK) Prior to joining IIMK, he did his B Tech in

Subsequently he joined for M Tech in Industrial Engineering andManagement at National Institute of Technology Calicut His currentresearch interest includes supply chain management, humanitarian logisticsand sustainable supply chains He has published papers in various peer-reviewed international journals and has presented his research in variousinternational conferences in India and abroad He has also contributed tobooks on his research topic

Richard Oloruntoba, PhD, is Senior Lecturer in Logistics, Operations andSupply Chain Management Richard’s expertise is humanitarian operationsand humanitarian logistics His research program focuses mainly on theinterface of logistics for humanitarian aid delivery and distribution, huma-nitarian supply chains, and management of the aid and service supply chainsfor responding to and managing crises, conflicts and disasters Richard hasundertaken several international and national projects resulting in over 40refereed articles including 16 in leading logistics, operations, disaster andsupply chain management journals, 4 refereed book chapters, and severalother research and media publications primarily on the topic of humanitar-ian operations and humanitarian logistics

Eija Meriläinen is Researcher at HUMLOG Institute at Hanken School ofEconomics She studies how top-down disaster relief can support the

recovery that emerges from within the disaster struck community The focus

of her research is on post-disaster reconstruction with respect to in/formality

of settlements The common nominators of her research are natural, suddenonset disasters and the involvement of local actors in disaster relief In 2015

that the reconstruction of the 2010/2011 Christchurch earthquakes Prior toembarking on an academic career she worked in supply chain managementfunctions within the fast-moving consumer goods industry

Fig 1.1 Net 2013 official development assistance (ODA) of at least

100 million USD between Development Assistance

Committee (DAC) members of the Organisation for

Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and

in support of food security in Liberia during 2015 Nodes

are scaled to reflect SNA metric ‘degree’, or number of

network, representing all private sector cash contributions

supporting the humanitarian response to the 2014 Ebola

scaled by in-degree centrality, or the number of citations

Fig 2.7 Deploying collaborative approach in humanitarian logistics

et al (2004), Coughlan and Coghlan (2002), Müller

zones in Pakistan Source: NDMA and SADKN (May

Fig 12.1 (a) Activities and parties involved in short-term refugee

supply chain (b) Activities and parties involved in

Netherlands from September 2015 to August 2016 (based

September 6th, 2010 (Adapted from MapAction 2010;

other tools can be selected from the menu

Fig 17.5 After specifying a set of buildings that have to be evacuated,

selected gathering points have their expected number of

people attached above their pins (© OpenStreetMap

given as input to scientific modules (© OpenStreetMap

Table 1.1 Descriptive SNA metrics for individual nodes 13

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Table 8.5 Two sources of evidence chosen for the research: Strengths

Table 14.4 Agency assumptions applied to service triads in

Disaster trends show an increase in the impact of natural disasters, not to

disaster in the spotlight is Hurricane Matthew (2016), which is one of thelarger hurricanes in the annual hurricane season, and which is mirrored withcyclone seasons in the Pacific, floods in Pakistan, and for years, erraticweather conditions in the Sahel Adding to the demand of humanitarianaid are the various insurgencies and wars around the world leading to

spotlight are the wars in Syria, Iraq and Yemen, but there are many others

Central African Republic or South Sudan Other disasters trigger oneanother, as in the cascading events of Fukushima from earthquake to tsunami

to a nuclear disaster in 2011 In parallel to natural disasters and wars are

the Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004, the role of logistics has been highlighted inthe support of disaster relief Therefore, research within humanitarian logis-tics has increased particularly during the last decade

This led to the establishment of the Journal of Humanitarian Logistics andSupply Chain Management, which now in 2016 is in its sixth volume But

special issues in international peer-reviewed journals that were dedicated tohumanitarian logistics and/or humanitarian operations since 2009 In addi-tion, universities across the world initiated teaching courses or running

xxxiii

training programmes on humanitarian logistics There are also more and

That said, humanitarian logistics, humanitarian operations and supply chainmanagement literature has faced substantial criticism over the years for its lack

of empirical studies Conducting research in humanitarian logistics has itsspecific challenges, especially in terms of finding research questions that are

humanitarian logistics at large Further challenges relate to the use of appropriatemethods, due to the combination of a lack of access to data, the need to develop

willing to contribute with their knowledge and expertise

This handbook, therefore, assembles a variety of research questions andtypes of studies in humanitarian logistics, and focuses on research methods as

a cross-cutting theme The aim of the book is to provide an overview of thestate of the art of humanitarian logistics research, but also to help researchersidentifying when and how to apply certain research methods We havetherefore asked authors to be very honest in their descriptions of their

struggles with particular methods and also to give advice in how to overcomethese struggles Thereby, this book allows us researchers to share our knowl-

for future research and to guide junior researchers conducting researchprojects within humanitarian logistics and supply chain management

An Overview of the Handbook

This handbook covers a variety of current topics in humanitarian logisticsand supply chain management practice, from the use of logistics emergencyteams of commercial logistics service providers in humanitarian logistics, tothe evacuation of cities in light of a natural disaster, to managing a suddeninflux of refugees Even larger is the conceptual variation, which ranges from

a strong focus on various aspects of (supply chain) collaboration to otherstrategic questions of supply chain configuration, to very functional focusareas in logistics There are chapters that focus on process alignment, thesupport of information and communication technology, and also chaptersthat question the current system of humanitarian aid Reflecting also trends

in practice, resilience is much discussed, both from the perspective of thesupply chain and also the community But as we set out with methods as across-cutting theme, the book is also structured around those

The handbook starts with a number of chapters in Section 1 that focus onresearch methods that are not (yet) commonly used in humanitarian logisticsliterature and outline the use and usability of these methods These includesocial network analysis (SNA), action research and clinical inquiry, as well as

context of supply chains outlining SNA concepts and metrics, and elaborates

on the potential of SNA in the context of humanitarian logistics Nextchapter explores the appropriateness of deploying collaborative researchapproaches in humanitarian logistics and supply chains management (i.e.action research, and clinical inquiry) The chapter examines how to ensurethe rigour, relevance and reflectiveness, while adopting two collaborativeapproaches The third chapter reviews the steps within behavioural experi-ments, simulation and agent-based modelling In addition, it introduces the(potential) applications of the three methods within the humanitarian logis-tics and supply chain management

Section 2 continues with a focus on empirical research, whether tative or qualitative Responding to the trend in various journals to ask for

is dedicated to these including also their potential shortcomings, aptly calling

Frontières, or one on resilience in the food supply chain

Section 3 combines various chapters on the topic of collaboration and showsthe use of different methods on researching similar topics There are casestudies on supply chain integration and on learning agility from humanitarianorganizations through cross-sectoral partnerships, as well as a survey on the

humanitarians work together, in contrast to habitual trust that is more typical

tease out the drivers of coordination Each of these chapters argue for theirchoice of research methods as appropriate to answer their research questions.Section 4 moves on to a variety of topics in humanitarian logistics Thesection starts with an interview study focusing on demand variability in theasylum seeking process Next, a systematic literature review is combined with

a pilot study in the area of developing humanitarian logistics skills and

The section ends with case studies on planning multimodality in disasterrelief

Section 5 is a combination of chapters that all develop a tool that is thenapplied to the humanitarian setting Two chapters develop decision support

focused on urban evacuation The next chapter concentrates on the topic ofaccessibility after an earthquake Access to beneficiaries, and their ownaccessibility of aid, remain important topics in the area of humanitariansupply chains overall Finally, the topic of agility is taken up once again inthe development of a diagnostic tool for organizational agility Both this andthe chapter on agility in Section 3 pay tribute to humanitarian organizations,and humanitarian supply chains often being attributed the label of being

“most agile”, which is why they are much in focus in research and practicealike when wanting to learn about agility

these chapters are conceptual in nature, they take up important topics thatbear the potential to systemically change how we view and organize huma-nitarian supply chains The section commences with an outlook to how the

UN Global Compact and more recently, Agenda 2030 and the SustainableDevelopment Goals are shaping cross-sectoral partnerships The next chap-ter provides an overview of trends and considerations in the use of researchmethods in empirical studies in humanitarian supply chain management.This is followed by a conceptual suggestion of four main groups of theories

in humanitarian logistics; and last but not the least, the section includes achapter focusing on a change in perspective from humanitarian aid towardscommunity resilience

A Final Comment on the Use of This

Handbook

This handbook is of course an anthology, and as such, there may bediscrepancies in the use of terminology, or in the understanding of termsacross chapters While there are more commonly adopted definitions in thefield – starting with the list of definitions in the United Nations International

differences between (a) the practitioner and the researcher understanding of

chain” would encompass in this area; (b) the understanding of the sameterms across various organizations; and (c) their understanding dependent onthe background discipline, or stream of discipline, a scholar attributes herself

interests cross-sect, whether these stem from disaster management versuspublic health versus development research, or logistics versus purchasingversus operations views on supply chain management We have notattempted to resolve such differences, rather, the book is a kaleidoscope ofextant research in humanitarian logistics.

We have asked contributors to send us their current work, and to bebrutally honest with any challenges in research methods The handbook thusprovides a current overview on what is going on in research, but is also meant

to be of use when designing a study, to be able to watch out for potentialpitfalls and problems, and to thereby improve the quality of research in thisfield in future Do, however, not criticize the studies presented here for their

help the next generation of researchers on their way We rather invite you tolearn from their challenges, and hope that the handbook can thereby con-

management overall

Part I

Innovative Methods - not that Much

Used Yet

Social Network Analysis in the Context

of Humanitarian Logistics

Natalie Simpson, Zhasmina Tacheva

and Ta-Wei (Daniel) Kao

Introduction

Increased attention to the adaptive and emergent properties of whole networkshas been posited as vital to the future development of supply chain management

humanitarian sector Humanitarian operations are uniquely challenged to serveuncertain yet urgent demand in highly dynamic environments, where successrelies on coordination within supply chains otherwise heavily influenced by

better understanding of why this process is more successful in some instanceswhen compared to others, but this in turn depends upon an ability to captureand study complex and changing logistical relationships One branch of emer-ging supply chain research employs social network analysis (SNA) to quantifycomplex supply networks, enabling holistic assessments of network structure

to be empirically related to outcomes such as profitability and risk (Borgatti

N Simpson ( * )
Z Tacheva

University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, New York, USA

e-mail: nsimpson@buffalo.edu; zhasmina@buffalo.edu

T.-W (Daniel) Kao

University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan, USA

e-mail: taweikao@umich.edu

© The Author(s) 2018

G Kovács et al (eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Humanitarian Logistics

and Supply Chain Management, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59099-2_1

3

methodology, SNA provides a new lens through which to study dynamiclogistical networks in search for the antecedents of success in this context Inlight of this potential, the objective of this chapter is to provide a state-of-the-artbriefing on SNA, blending literature review with SNA tutorial, to ultimatelyargue humanitarian logistics as best positioned to lead network research inSCM.

SNA provides a methodology and related metrics for mapping relationshipsbetween members of a group, characterizing the individual entities as nodes

of humanitarian relief are amenable to this approach, as demonstrated by ourfirst example, a network of developmental assistance between nations pictured

inFig 1.1 Here, ties represent recent official development assistance of at least

100 million US$ between nodes that represent OECD DevelopmentAssistance Committee (DAC) members and recipient countries These nodeshave been arranged such that recipients with similar sets of benefactors aregrouped closer, reducing visual noise and demonstrating one powerful feature

Rendering major donation data as a network highlights the politicized

main donors have geographical or historical ties, such as Australia’s aid to PapuaNew Guinea, Timor-Leste, and the Solomon Islands, or France’s support ofGuinea and Cameroon This visualization also highlights the complexity ofJapan in the lower left quadrant, a DAC member providing aid to developingcountries such as Vietnam and Myanmar while simultaneously receiving fundsfrom countries such as Thailand and Malaysia, reflecting the fact that Japan hastraditionally been a top donor to Southeast Asia, likewise making it a topcreditor in the region

In the following section, we begin with a brief chronological survey ofSNA and supply chain-related literature, starting from SNA’s early socio-logical origins and concluding with a discussion of recent humanitarianlogistics research featuring this methodology This is followed by tutorialdiscussion and demonstration of common SNA concepts and metrics appear-ing within that body of literature This aspect of briefing is organized intotwo sections, starting with the node-level focus of Part III and proceeding tothe whole network focus of Part IV Throughout the discussion, content isdemonstrated with humanitarian sector data, creating a series of illustrations

to pursue any particular research hypothesis within the confines of thischapter, but rather to transform the abstract into the concrete, a powerful

Furthermore, the illustrations have been prepared with a range of softwaretools to simultaneously serve as a gallery of technical options readily available

to interested researchers Consistent with an overarching goal of promotingresearch interest in the application of SNA to humanitarian logistics, thedetails required for obtaining both the example data and the software used inany chapter example are provided in an Appendix at the end of this discus-

Part V, where we employ network visualization to clarify how the existingliterature relates to itself, highlighting the fact that not only does SNAmethodology offer multiple research opportunities in the context of huma-nitarian logistics, it is humanitarian logistics that may bridge a divide

A Review of the Literature

SNA: Origins and Growth

Current interest in SNA in the context of supply chain research isarguably one branch of its uptake into multiple disciplines (Borgatti

net-works of individuals for well over a century SNA’s sociological

focus to the concept of a social circle and the ensuing dynamics ofaffiliation The influence of this work spread across sociology and orga-

prominence, creating an intersection that would become the genesis of

weak ties, postulating that the stronger the tie between two actors, themore likely their social worlds would overlap, and that aside from strongconnections, weak ties can exist between communities, particularlyimportant to the linking of macro- and micro-levels of society

from an actor’s pattern of links, value that is distinct from financial,

theoretical reconciliation between the socialized and the rational, interested lenses of sociology and economics, respectively, and furtheremphasized the public good aspect of social capital, describing closure as