Lecture Discovering nutrition - Chapter 12: Life cycle: childhood through older adulthood spotlight on world nutrition

After studying this chapter you will be able to understand: Childhood, adolescence, staying young while growing older, nutrient needs of the mature adult, nutrition-related concerns of mature adults.

Chapter 12

Life Cycle:

From Childhood Through Older

Adulthood

• Energy and nutrient needs during childhood

– Energy and protein

• Total energy requirements gradually increases

• Kilocalories and grams protein per kg

decrease from infancy– Vitamins and minerals

• Variety of foods needed

• Assess iron intake

• Need for supplements?

• Influences on childhood food habits and

intake

– Usually temporary

– Caregivers have increased role in the

development of child’s health and nutrition habits

– Kids are responsible for when and how

much to eat

– External factors

• Television

• Environment

• Nutritional Concerns of Childhood

– Malnutrition and hunger

• Food insecure households

• Low food security

• Federal assistance programs

–WIC–National School Lunch–Breakfast and Summer Food Service Programs Summer Food Service

• Nutrition Concerns of Childhood

– Food and behavior

• Foods associated with hyperactivity

• Childhood and Teenage Obesity

– 16-33% of children and adolescents

obese

– Overweight children likely to become

overweight adults

– The Path to Obesity

• Most commonly begins between ages 5-6 or during adolescence

• Childhood and Teenage Obesity

– What Causes Obesity?

• Genetic, biological, behavioral, and cultural factors

• 80% chance for children with two obese parents

• Childhood and Teenage Obesity

– Risks and Complications

• Increased risk of heart disease

• High blood pressure

• Diabetes

• Breathing problems

• Trouble sleeping

• Childhood and Teenage Obesity

– Management

• Start a weight-management program

• Change eating habits

• Plan meals and make better selections

• Control portions

• Increase physical activity

• Limit snacking

• Nutrition and chronic disease

– Dietary Guidelines for Americans

• Screening children with family history of high lipid levels

• Lead toxicity

– Slow growth

– Iron-deficiency anemia

– Damage to brain and CNS

– Low-iron, calcium, and zinc intakes

increase lead absorption

• Physical growth and development

– Adolescent growth spurt

• Boys: begins between 12 and 13 years

–Gain about 8 inches in height, 45 pounds in weight

• Girls: begins between 10 and 11 years

–Gain about 6 inches in height, 35 pounds in weight

• Changes in body composition

• Changes in emotional maturity

• Adolescents

– Energy and protein

• Highest total calories and protein grams per day

– Vitamins and

minerals

• Nutrients of concern

–Vitamin A –Calcium –Iron

• Nutrition-Related Concerns for Adolescents

– Fitness and sports

• Provide catalyst for learning about nutrition and improve daily habits– Acne

• Investigating the connections between diets and acne

–High-glycemic-index foods, fat intake, and fatty acid composition

– Eating disorders

• Become preoccupied with weight, appearance, and eating habits

• Adolescent Obesity

– Increased risk for

• Developing high blood pressure

• Abnormal blood glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes

• Breathing problems, joint pain, and heartburn

• Poor self-esteem

• Metabolic syndrome

– Teens who use drugs are usually

underweight and report poor appetites

Staying Young While Growing

Older

• Age-related changes

– Weight and body composition

• Add fat; lose lean body mass– Physical activity

• Reduced muscle and skeletal strength– Immunity

• Decline in defense mechanisms– Taste and smell

• Decline in sensitivity– Gastrointestinal changes

• Reduced acid secretion; reduced motility

Nutrient Needs of the Mature

Nutrient Needs of the Mature

Nutrient Needs of the Mature

• Reduced ability to absorb vitamin B12

• Folate, B6, B12 may help reduce heart disease risk

Nutrient Needs of the Mature

Adult

• Antioxidants

– Found in fruits and vegetables

– Important to reduce oxidative stress and degenerative diseases

– May protect against damage to the

brain

Nutrient Needs of the Mature

• Marginal deficiencies likely

• May compromise immunity, wound healing

– Iron

• Elders may have limited intake

Nutrition-Related Concerns

of Mature Adults

• Drug–drug and drug–nutrient interactions

– Can affect use of drugs or nutrients

– Possible interactions should be

identified and avoided

• Depression

– May reduce food intake

– Alcoholism can interfere with nutrient use

Nutrition-Related Concerns

of Mature Adults

• Anorexia of aging

– Loss of appetite with illness

– Can lead to protein-energy malnutrition

Nutrition-Related Concerns

of Mature Adults

• Bowel and bladder regulation

– Increased risk of urinary tract infection

– Chronic constipation more common with age

• Need for increased fluids and fiber

• Dental health

– May interfere with eating ability or food choices

Nutrition-Related Concerns

of Mature Adults

• Vision problems

– Can affect ability to shop and cook

– Antioxidants may reduce macular

Nutrition-Related Concerns

of Mature Adults

• Alzheimer’s disease

– Affects ability to function

– Reduced taste and smell

– Risk for weight loss and malnutrition

Meal Management for Mature

Adults

• Managing independently

• Wise eating for one or two

• Finding community resources

– Services for elders

• Meals on Wheels

• Elderly Nutrition Program

• Food Stamp Program