Chapter 10 - Qualitative methods in health and human performance. This chapter includes contents: Qualitative methods, data collection methods, accurate interpretations? multiple methods, interviews, observations, constant comparison,...
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and Human Performance
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Qualitative Methods
Qualitative research is an umbrella concept covering several forms of inquiry that focus
on understanding and explain meaning of a social phenomena
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Data Collection Methods
Quantitative
– Statistical analysis
– Structured data
collection
– Table/graphs to display
results
Qualitative
– Subjective
– Nonstatistical analysis
collection
– Narrative for results
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Qualitative Methods
Eight characteristics of qualitative research
– Takes place in the natural setting: travel to sites – Researcher is the primary method of data
collection
» Observation
» Interview
» Audiovisual
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Qualitative Methods
Characteristic continued:
– Emergent rather than tightly prefigured
– Based upon interpretation
– Views social phenomena holistically
– Qualitative researchers reflect and are explicitly
regarding personal assumptions and values
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Qualitative Methods
Characteristics continued
– Uses both deductive and inductive logic
» Inductive: going from specific to large
» Deductive: Going from broad to specific
– Can use multiple methods
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Qualitative Methods
Grounded Theory Study
– Discover or invent theory grounded in real
world experiences
» Middlerange theories: situation related
Life histories
– Story of a single individual or groups of single
individuals
» Recall significant events of ones life
» Significant understanding of the historical context
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Qualitative Methods
Case Study
– Exploration of a bounded system (e.g., school) – Indepth data collection involving multiple
sources of information
Phenomenology study
– Describes the meaning of a lived experience for
several individuals about a phenomenon
– Explores the structures of human consciousness
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Qualitative methods
Ethnography study
– Interpretation of a culture of social group – Natural setting
Basic/Generic
– Studies that illustrate characteristics of
qualitative research
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Accurate Interpretations?
Verification: Interpretations are tested for plausibility, conformability and
trustworthiness (7 strategies)
– Prolonged engagement: Learning culture and
building trust by being in a culture for a long time
– Triangulation: use different methods for
corroborating evidence
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Accurate Interpretations?
Verification continued
– Peer review: group of peers review work
– Clarification of research biases and values
– Member checks: research participants check
credibility of interpretations and data
– Rich description statements: Provide evidence
by detail in write up – are findings transferable?
– External audit: External person(s) examine
process and interpretations
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Multiple Methods
“Rather than taking sides on this recurring issue, we suggest that multimethods
approaches can provide a more accurate and detailed research project than the traditional unidimensional (qualitative or quantitative) approaches provide”
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Interviews
Closed quantitative: Questions and response categories are determined in advance; responses are fixed
questions are determined in advance; same basic questions
in the same order
Interview guide: Topics and issues to be covered are
specified in advance, however, the interviewer decides the sequence and wording of questions during the interview
Informal conversational: Questions emerge from the
immediate context and are asked in the natural course
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Observations
Complete Participation: Researcher
conceals role
Observer as Participant: Role of researcher
is known
Participant as Observer: Observational role
is secondary to participant role
Complete Observer: Researcher observes without participating
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Constant Comparison
A technique for analyzing qualitative data
– Read through data (transcriptions of interviews)
and find similar (constant) themes among
people
Gain perspectives relevant to the context in which the data was observed and recorded
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Steps in a Constant Comparison
Read through interviews separately (among many) and make code/theme notes
After reading through the differing transcriptions, integrate and compare codes/themes
Delimit and refine the themes to find major or
primary themes (can have secondary themes)
Provide examples from the data that highlight the themes