Chapter 18 - Pricing for international markets. What you should learn from chapter 18: Components of pricing as competitive tools in international marketing, how to control pricing in parallel import or gray markets, price escalation and how to minimize its effect, countertrading and its place in international marketing practices, the mechanics of price quotations, the mechanics of getting paid.
Trang 115th edition
Trang 2Pricing Policy Parallel Imports
– Develop when importers buy products from
distributors in one country and sell them in
another to distributors who are not part of the
manufacturer’s regular distribution system
than cost of transportation between two markets
.
Trang 3• Variablecost pricing
– Firm is concerned only with the marginal or
incremental cost of producing goods to be sold in overseas markets
– Companies insist that no unit of a similar product
is different
from any other unit in terms of cost
– Each unit must bear full share of the total fixed and variable cost
FullCost Versus VariableCost Pricing
Trang 4Skimming Versus Penetration Pricing
– Used by a company when the objective is to reach
a segment of the market that is relatively price
insensitive
– Market is willing to pay a premium price for the value received
– Used to stimulate market and sales growth by
deliberately offering products at low prices
Trang 5of Price Escalation
Exhibit 18.2
Trang 6Price Escalation (1 of 2)
– Manufacturing in a third country
– Eliminating costly functional features
– Lowering overall product quality
– Reclassifying products into a different, and lower customs classification
– Modify product to qualify for a lower tariff rate within classification
– Requiring assembly or further processing
– Repackaging
Trang 7Price Escalation (2 of 2)
– Shorter channels
– Reducing or eliminating middlemen
escalation
– Establish free trade zones (FTZs) or free ports
• Taxfree enclave not considered part of country
• Postpones payment of duties and tariffs
– Use of marginal (variable) cost pricing
– Selling goods in foreign country below the price of the same goods in the home market
Trang 8How Are Foreign Trade Zones Used?
Exhibit 18.3
Trang 9Markets(1 of 2)
capital shortages
financed foreign firms
– Firms can be sold on a lease option but might be unable to buy for cash
experimental equipment
– Because less risk is involved for the users
Trang 10Markets(2 of 2)
on overseas equipment
time than direct sales
– Inflation may lead to heavy losses at end of
contract period
– Currency devaluation, expropriation and political risks
Trang 11– Barter
– Compensation deals
– Counterpurchase or offset trade
– Product buyback agreement
Trang 12– Determining the value of and potential demand for the goods offered
– Barter houses
– Electronic trade dollars
– Universal Currency/IRTA
– Included as part of an overall market strategy
– Effective for exchangepoor countries
Trang 13(1 of 2)
operations or sales units in one country to its
units elsewhere
– May be adjusted to enhance the ultimate profit of company
– Lowering duty costs
– Reducing income taxes in hightax countries
– Facilitating dividend repatriation when dividend repatriation is curtailed by government policy
Trang 14(2 of 2)
• Objectives
– Maximizing profits for corporation
– Facilitating parentcompany control
– Providing all levels of management control over profitability
• Arrangements for pricing goods for intracompany transfer
– Sales at the local manufacturing cost plus a standard markup
– Sales at the cost of the most efficient producer in the company plus a standard markup
– Sales at negotiated prices
– Arm’slength sales using the same prices as quoted to
independent customers