Chapter 4 - Cultural dynamics in assessing global markets. In this chapter, the following content will be discussed: The importance of culture to an international marketer, definition and origins of culture, the elements of culture, the impact of cultural change and cultural borrowing, strategies of planned and unplanned change.
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Trang 2• The importance of culture to an international
marketer
• Definition and origins of culture
• The elements of culture
• The impact of cultural change and cultural
borrowing
• Strategies of planned and unplanned change
Trang 3Definitions and Origins of Culture
• Traditional definition of culture
– Culture is the sum of the values, rituals, symbols, beliefs, and thought processes that are learned,
shared by a group of people, and transmitted from generation to generation.
• Individuals learn culture in three ways
– Socialization (growing up)
– Acculturation (adjusting to a new culture)
– Application (decisions about consumption and
production)
Trang 4Origins, Elements, and Consequences of Culture
Exhibit 4.4
Trang 5• Exercises a profound control
– Includes climate, topography, flora, fauna, and
microbiology
– Influenced history, technology, economics, social
institutions and way of thinking
• The ideas of Jared Diamond and Philip Parker
– Jared Diamond
• Historically innovations spread faster east to west than north to south
– Philip Parker
• Reports strong correlations between latitude (climate) and per capita GDP
Trang 6• History Impact of specific events can be seen
reflected in technology, social institutions, cultural values, and even consumer behavior
– Tobacco was the original source of the Virginia
colony’s economic survival in the 1600s
– American values and institutions influenced by
Adam Smith’s book The Wealth of Nations
– Military conflicts in the Middle East brought about new cola alternatives such as Mecca Cola, Muslim
Up, and Arab Cola.
Trang 7• School – the most important social institution
– Direct link between a nation’s literacy rate and its economic development
– Difficult to communicate with a market when a company must depend on symbols and pictures
• The media – it has replaced family time
• TV and the Internet
• American educational system produces a lower percentage of college graduates than 12 other countries including Russia, Japan, and France
Trang 8• Government influences the thinking and
behaviors of adult citizens
– Propaganda through media
– Passage, promulgation, promotion, and
enforcement of laws
• Corporations most innovations are introduced
to societies by companies
– Spread through media
– Change agents
Trang 9• Values
• Rituals
• Symbols
• Beliefs
• Thought processes
Trang 10• Cultural values – Geert Hofstede
– Individualism/Collectivism Index
• Reflects the preference of behavior that promotes one’s self interest
– Power Distance Index
• Measures the tolerance of social inequality
– Uncertainty Avoidance Index
• Measures the tolerance of uncertainty and ambiguity
– Cultural Values and Consumer Behavior
Trang 11Hofstede’s Indexes Language, and Linguistic Distance
Exhibit 4.6
Trang 12• Rituals – patterns of behavior and interaction that are
learned and repeated
– Marriages , funerals, baptisms, graduations
• Symbols
– Language
• Linguistic distance – relationship between language and international marketing
– Aesthetics as symbols
• Insensitivity to aesthetic values can offend, create a negative impression, and, in general, render
Trang 13• According to www.ethnologue.com :
– A total of 7,413 known living languages exist
in the world
– 311 being spoken in the U.S.; 297 in Mexico,
13 in Finland, and 241 in China
– EU has 20 official languages
– India alone has 452 known languages!
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Trang 14• Beliefs
– Superstitions play a large role in a society’s belief
system and therefore, to make light of superstitions in other cultures can be an expensive mistake
– The number 13 in the western hemisphere is
considered unlucky, where as the number 8 in China connotes “prosperity”
– The practice of “Feng Shui”
• Thought processes
– Difference in perception between the East and the
West
Trang 15• A common language does not guarantee a similar
interpretation of word or phrases
– Difference between British and American English
• Just because something sells in one country
doesn’t mean it will sell in another
– Cultural differences among member of
European Union a product of centuries of
history