Chapter 8 - Developing a global vision through marketing research. After studying this chapter you will be able to understand: The importance of problem defi nition in international research, the problems of availability and use of secondary data, sources of secondary data, quantitative and qualitative research methods, multicultural sampling and its problems in less-developed countries, using international marketing research.
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Trang 2• Research process steps
1 Define the research problem and establish research
objectives
2 Determine the sources of information to fulfill the research objectives
3 Consider the costs and benefits of the research effort
4 Gather relevant data from secondary or primary sources, or both
5 Analyze, interpret, and summarize the results
6 Effectively communicate the results to decision makers
• Research steps are similar for all countries
– Variations and problems can occur in implementation
Trang 3Defining the Problem and Establishing Research Objectives
• The major difficulty is converting a series of often ambiguous business problems into tightly drawn and achievable research objectives
• The first, most crucial step in research is more
critical in foreign markets because an unfamiliar environment tends to could problems definition
• Other difficulties in foreign research stem from failures to establish problem limits broad enough
to include all relevant variables
Trang 4Problems of Availability and Use of Secondary Data
• U.S. government provides comprehensive
statistics for United States
• Marketing data not matched in other countries
– Quality
– Quantity
– Exceptions are Japan and several European
countries
• Continuing efforts to improve data collection
– United Nations
– Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD)
Trang 5Availability and Reliability of Data
• Most countries simply do not have governmental
agencies that collect on a regular basis the kinds of
secondary data readily available in the U.S.
• Researchers’ language skills impede access to information
– Requires native speaker of language
• Official statistics are sometimes too optimistic, reflecting national pride rather than practical reality, while tax
structures and fear of the tax collector often adversely
affect data
– Lessdeveloped countries prone to optimism
– Willful errors
– “Adjusted reporting”
Trang 6• Issues with data (especially in less developed,
countries)
– Data can be many years out of date
– Data collected on an infrequent and unpredictable schedule
• Too frequently, data are reported in different
categories or in categories much too broad to be
of specific value
Trang 7• Questions to judge the reliability of secondary data sources
– Who collected the data?
– Would there be any reason for purposely misrepresenting the facts?
– For what purposes was the data collected?
– How was the data collected?
– Are the data internally consistent and logical in light of
known data sources or market factors?
• Checking the consistency of one set of secondary data with other data of known validity
– An effective and oftenused way of judging validity
• The availability and accuracy of recorded secondary data increase with level of economic development
Trang 8Gathering Primary Data – Quantitative and Qualitative Research
(1 of 2)
• Primary data
– Data collected specifically for the particular research
project
• Quantitative research
– Usually a large number of respondents
– Respondents answer structured oral or written questions using a specific response format (such as yes/no) or to
select a response from a set of choices
– Responses can be summarized in percentages, averages, or other statistics
• Toto – a Japanese firm with the premiers quantitative research on bathroom and toilet technology
Trang 9• Qualitative research
– If questions are asked, they are almost always
openended or indepth
– Seeks unstructured responses that reflect the
person’s thoughts and feelings on the subject
• Qualitative research interprets people in the
sample
• Qualitative research is helpful in revealing the
impact of sociocultural factors on behavior
patterns and in developing research hypotheses
Gathering Primary Data – Quantitative and Qualitative Research
(2 of 2)
Trang 10of Gathering Primary Data
• Hinges on the ability of the researcher to get
correct and truthful information that addresses research objectives
• Problems in international marketing research
– Stem from differences among countries
– Range from inability or unwillingness of
respondents to communicate their opinions
– Inadequacies in questionnaire translation
Trang 11Ability to Communicate Opinions
• Formulating opinions about a product or concept
– Depends on the respondent’s ability to recognize the usefulness of such a product of concept
– Product or concept must be understood and used in community
• The more complex the concept, the more difficult it
is to design research that will help the respondent communicate meaningful opinions and reactions
– Gerber has more experience in trying to understand consumers with limitations
• Babies can neither answer questions or fill out questionnaires
Trang 12• Cultural differences provide best explanation for unwillingness or inability of many to respond to research surveys
• The role of the male, the suitability of personal genderbased inquiries, and other genderrelated issues can affect willingness to respond
• Less direct measurement techniques and
nontraditional data analysis methods may also be more appropriate
Trang 13• Problems in sampling stem from the lack of
adequate demographic data and available lists
from which to draw meaningful samples
• Affected by a lack of detailed social and
economic information
– No officially recognized census information
– No other listings that can serve as sampling
frames
– Incomplete and outofdate telephone directories – No accurate maps of population centers
Trang 14• The most universal survey research problem in foreign countries is the language barrier
• Literacy poses yet another problem
• Marketers use three different techniques to help ferret out translation errors ahead of time
– Back translation
– Parallel translation
– Decentering
Trang 15• Two methods of forecasting demand
– Expert opinion
• The key in using expert opinion to help in forecasting demand is triangulation
– Analogy
• Assumes that demand for a product develops in much the same way in all countries as comparable economic
development occurs in each country