Chapter 11 - The Asia Pacific region. What you should learn about in chapter 11: The dynamic growth in the region, the importance and slow growth of Japan, the importance of the Bottom-of-the-Pyramid Markets, the diversity across the region, the interrelationships among countries in the region, the diversity within China.
Trang 115th edition
Trang 2(PRC) (1 of 2)
• Aside from the United States and Japan, there is
no more important single national market than
the PRC
• The PRC with a dual economic system,
embracing socialism along with many tenets of
capitalism, has produced an economic boom with expanded opportunity for foreign investment
• Its GNP averaged nearly 10% since 1970 and is
predicted to be around 8 – 10% in the next 10 to
15 years, equaling that of the US by 2015
Trang 3(PRC) (2 of 2)
• Two major events that occurred in 2000 had a
profound effect on China’s economy:
(WTO)
China on a permanent basis (PNTR)
• Two steps China must take if its road to
economic growth must be smooth:
Trang 4• After 155 years of British rule, Hong Kong
reverted to China in 1997, when it became a
special administrative region (SAR) of the PRC
• Hong Kong is given a high degree of autonomy.
It negotiates bilateral agreements (which are
then “confirmed” by the PRC0 and makes major economic decisions on its own
• Hong Kong is a free society with legally protected rights as the PRC continues to pursue a generally noninterventionist approach to economic policy that stresses the private sector
Trang 5• Both Taiwan and China continue to implement WTO provisions between themselves
• Taiwan companies have invested over %50
billion in China, and about 250,000 Taiwanese run factories are responsible for about 12% of
China’s exports
• Trade helps out both countries: Taiwanese
companies face rising costs at home China
offers a nearly limitless pool of cheap labor and engineering talent; China’s SOEs are laying off millions and Taiwan provides plentiful jobs
Trang 6• Japan’s fast growth in the 1970s and 1980s
amazed the world. Then came the early 1990s, and Japan’s economy produced a stunning
surprise: it slowed, sputtered, and stalled
• Four explanatory themes have emerged:
Trang 7• Japanese population is shrinking faster than the U.S. In 2005, while American baby boomers
were at their peak of productivity, the Japanese were about 10 years ahead to population
declines and graying hair
• Serious disadvantage in the information age: its complex language (three alphabet system)
hindered software innovations
• With historically low real prices of oil and the
U.S. peak consumption level of SUVs, Japan was late to tap this market
Trang 8• The lack of a national goal for Japan plagued
them after successfully building themselves from the ruins of World War II
• The Japanese management culture such as,
lifetime employment, job promotion based not on merit but on length of service, reciprocal
contractor/subcontractor loyalties, hindered their adjustment to the new economic era
• Japan is expected to continue its slowgrowth
economy; Toyota’s 2010 quality problems may
have disrupted its contributions to the economy
Trang 9• The following steps have already been taken:
– Privatizing stateowned companies ; reducing stake
to about 51%
– Recasting the telecom sector’s regulatory authority and demolishing the monopolies enjoyed by SOEs – Signing a trade agreement with the U.S. to lift all quantitative restrictions on imports
– Maintaining momentum in the reform of the
petroleum sector
– Planning the opening of domestic longdistance
phone services, housing, and real estate and retail trading sectors to foreign direct investment
Trang 10• India still presents a difficult business
environment
– Tariffs are well above those of developing world
norms
– Inadequate protection of intellectual property rights – Antibusiness attitudes of India’s federal and state bureaucracies continue to hinder potential investors and plague their routine operations
– Delay by policymakers on selling moneylosing
SOEs, making labor laws flexible, and deregulating banking
– Widespread corruption and ingrained bribery
Trang 11• But India presents a lot of opportunities
– Massive market (over 1 billion, second in size only
to China)
– Cheap and qualified labor
– Knowledge of English
– Educated middle class numbering 250 million
(college graduates, scientists, engineers, etc)
– Supplier and exporter of expertise in all areas of
information technology
– Time zone puts India in a competitive position with their European counterparts (they work while
Americans sleep)
Trang 12• Once a source of inexpensive labor for products shipped to Japan or to third markets, countries in the Asia Pacific region are now seen as viable
markets
• Three free trade associations in this region:
China, Japan, and South Korea)
Trang 13Nations (ASEAN)(1 of 2)
• Goals of the ASEAN
differing tariff and nontariff barriers
effective point rather than having distribution
points dictated by tariff restrictions
reduce smuggling and parallel importing
centrally managed
Trang 14AsiaPacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
• APEC was formed in 1989
– Provides formal structure for major governments to discuss mutual interests in open trade and economic collaboration – Includes all major economies of the region and the most dynamic, fastestgrowing economies in the world
• Common goal and commitment to:
– Open trade
– Increase economic collaboration
– Sustain regional growth and development
– Strengthen the multilateral trading system
– Reduce barriers to investment and trade without detriment
to other economies
Trang 15Greater China
• Across this vast land of opportunity, there are extreme differences in economic wellbeing, cultures, and
political structures
• The following sectors are great for American exporters:
– Automotive components, cleaner coal, construction
equipment, education and training services, machine
tools, marine industries, healthcare, water and
wastewater treatment, rail equipment, renewable
energy, and green building
• Finally, the influence of national government policies and regulations of marketing will often be minor
compared with that of their local counterparts