The mountainous region of northern Vietnam is potential to develop agriculture, forestry, hydro power, minerals, tourism and border gate economic zones. However, this region has been facing difficulties because of poor economic conditions, backward development, and low socio-cultural awareness (as people there mainly belong to ethnic minority groups). This requires appropriate policies to promote trade in the mountainous region of Vietnam. Based on two experiential lessons from Chongqing and Yunnan, the author has drawn some experiences and useful measures to develop trade in the region.
Trang 1Vu Thanh Tu ANH - Fulbright University in Vietnam, USA
Le Xuan BA - Centural Institude for Economic Managerment, Vietnam
Hervé B BOISMERY - University of La Reuinion, France
H Eric BOUTIN - Toulon Var University, France
Nguyen Thi DOAN - Vietnam Learning Promotion Association, Vietnam
Haasis HANS - Dietrich - Institute of Shipping Economics and Logistics (isl) Bremen - Germany
Le Quoc HOI - National Economic University, Vietnam
Nguyen Thi Bich LOAN - Thuong mai University, Vietnam
Nguyen Hoang LONG - Thuong mai University, Vietnam
Nguyen MAI - Vietnam Economist Association, Vietnam
Duong Thi Binh MINH - University of Economics HoChiMinh City, Vietnam
Hee Cheon MOON - Korean Trade Research Association, South Korea
Bui Xuan NHAN - Thuong mai University, Vietnam
Luong Xuan QUY - Vietnam Economicst Association, Vietnam
Nguyen Van Song - Vietnam National University of Agriculture
Nguyen TAM - California State University, USA
Truong Ba THANH - University of Danang, Vietnam
Dinh Van THANH - Institude for Trade Research, Vietnam
Do Minh THANH - Thuong mai University, Vietnam
Le Dinh THANG - University of Québec à Trois Riviéres, Canada
Tran Dinh THIEN - Vietnam Institute of Economics, Vietnam
Nguyen Quang THUAN - Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, Vietnam
Le Nhu TUYEN - Grenoble École de Managment, France
Washio TOMOHARU - Kwansei Gakuin University, Japan
Zhang YUJIE - Tsinghua University, China
THE Members
Editor in chief NGUYEN BACH KHOA Deputy Editor in Chief
SECTRETARY OF EDITORIAL OFFICE
PHAM MINH DAT Editor in English NGUYEN THI LAN PHUONG Editorial SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL Dinh Van SON - Thuong mai University, Vietnam - President
Pham Vu LUAN - Thuong mai University, Vietnam - Vice President
Nguyen Bach KHOA - Thuong mai University, Vietnam - Deputy President
Trang 2Journal of
Trade Science
C O N T E N T S
1 Nguyen Thi Phuong LIEN - Solutions to Develop Government Bond Market in Vietnam
2 Nguyen Tran HUNG - Attract Online Customers to Job Websites in Vietnam
3 Nguyen Thi Kim OANH - Research Factors Affecting Hanoi Consumers Buying Decisions of
Fashion Products
4 Chu Viet CUONG - Trade development in the mountainous region of northern Vietnam: Lessons
from Chongqing and Yunnan, China
5 Dang Thi Minh NGUYET - Factors Affecting Productive Efficiency of Vietnam Joint Stock
Commercial Bank for Industry and Trade
6 Ying-Kai LIAO and Vu Minh QUAN and Alfiyatul Qomariyah - An Integrative Approach to
Investigate Antecedents, Moderators and Consequences of Brand Equity
Page
3 13
24
33
41
53
Trang 31 Theoretical basis, frameworks, and research
methods
Mountainous provinces of northern Vietnam are a
large region, which plays an important role in
devel-oping national security, defense, economy, politics,
culture and society Therefore, for tens of years,
Vietnamese Communist Party and the government
have been giving special treatments to the region with
preferential policies in socio-economic development
and poverty reduction in order to promote
socio-eco-nomic development and to preserve cultural identity,
which allows these provinces to fairly and stably
develop and to make contribution to fulfill the
com-mon target of the country There are a lot of programs
and policies that have been set up in these provinces
such as the National Targeted Program for Poverty
Reduction, CT 135, CT 134, and decision no 30A
In addition to early achievement of the programs and projects, there have been several challenges in developing the region such as: poor living condition, developed but unsustainable economy, lack of connec-tion among these provinces, and unfair investment in infrastructure especially in transportation Besides, the percentage of poor households and the risk of falling back into poverty are still high Most localities of the region have not had any strategy in training, recruiting and using high quality human resources especially ethic minority people, and special compensation and benefits packages Drug using and trafficking still occur, particularly in near-border provinces In order to effectively develop trade in mountainous provinces of northern Vietnam and deal with these problems, it is
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Chu Viet Cuong Thuong mai University Email: chuvietcuong0906@gmail.com
Received: 20th January 2017 Revised: 6th March 2017 Approved: 13th March 2017
Keywords: Trade development, mountainous region of northern Vietnam, experiential lessons
he mountainous region of northern Vietnam is potential to develop agriculture, forestry, hydro power, min-erals, tourism and border gate economic zones However, this region has been facing difficulties because
of poor economic conditions, backward development, and low socio-cultural awareness (as people there mainly belong to ethnic minority groups) This requires appropriate policies to promote trade in the mountainous region
of Vietnam Based on two experiential lessons from Chongqing and Yunnan, the author has drawn some experi-ences and useful measures to develop trade in the region
Trang 4essential for Vietnamese Communist Party and the
government to take sound steps which is suitable for
cultural and socio-economic features of the region It is
also significant to learn from other provinces with
sim-ilar geographical and cultural features in our
neighbor-hood, China As Vietnam and China share the same
border and have gone through thousands of years
together so there are similarities between the two
coun-tries in culture, people, and custom Moreover,
Chongqing and Yunnan have the same features as
mountainous provinces of northern Vietnam in many
aspects For example, the two provinces also possess
mountainous terrain with an abundance of natural
resources but poor economic condition The people
here are mainly ethnic minority ones, which creates the
racial and linguistic diversity However, after nearly a
decade of implementing development policies,
Chongqing and Yunnan have gained remarkable
achievements in economy, culture and society This is
a valuable lesson in trade development for the
moun-tainous region of northern Vietnam
In this research, trade development of a
socio-eco-nomic zone is the process of transformation and
man-ufacture based on market orientation and regional
comparative advantages to improve the quality and
efficiency of the trade process and the market in order
to accomplish the socio-economic development goal in
the long term
This research has been conducted when the
quali-ty of the market and trade in the northwest region of
Vietnam is still low on both sides: the first side is
consumer goods and means of production distribution
system from developed regions to the northwest
region and the other side is agricultural goods
distri-bution system from the northwest region to its
poten-tial markets
Therefore, trade development in the northwest
region should be based on its core factors which means
the input factors of the trade process) Next, in order to
ensure the stability and sustainability of trade
develop-ment, it is necessary to consider efficient factors of
each system Finally, it needs to be developed
innova-tive factors and a creainnova-tive system as a perfect whole
This research focuses on the first factors which is
to improve the "input" factors of the trade system including: the infrastructure factors, the unique com-parative advantages factors, the human resources fac-tors, the attraction and openness of the region's market factors to allure trade investment and tourism, and trade - economic connection factors The research framework for trade development in the northwest region of Vietnam based on the input factors is demon-strated in the figure no 1
Research method: In this research, the author has applied the comparison and contrast method with the following steps: Firstly, the author chose a locality or a region which has similarities and dominant achieve-ments in trade development of the region near China Next, through field trips, he identified and analyzed how the region has developed trade Then, he analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of the northwest trade zone of Vietnam Finally, he came up with solu-tions to develop the northwest region
2 Pragmatic experiences in trade development
of China When studying about trade zone development in Chongqing and Yunnan, two outstanding provinces of China, it is clear to realize that there are common poli-cies applied to both provinces, such as: utilizing natu-ral resources, adjusting sectors to appropriately
devel-op, investing in infrastructure to create motivation development Furthermore, while Chongqing tends to sustainably develop and protect natural environment, Yunnan focuses on improving the quality of education and labor as well as opening market and enhancing domestic and foreign trade This is not only the key leading to success in trade zone development but also
a lesson for Vietnam to learn
2.1 Lessons from Chongqing
In March 1997, Chongqing was separated from Sichuan and became a national central city as well as one of the ten provinces, cities and autonomous regions of western China Located on the edge of the Tibetan Plateau and flown cross by the upper course of the Yangtze, Chongqing borders the following provinces: Hubei, Hunan, Guizhou, Sichuan and
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Trang 5Shaanxi It is not only the youngest city of China but
also the fastest growing one Although Chongqing's
area is just 82,400km2, its population is higher than
Iraq, Peru and Malaysia (its population as of 2006 is 32
million people) [3] The establishment of Chongqing
has been considered as a breakthrough and a
signifi-cant policy in promoting economic development in the
western region
Pragmatic experiences in trade development of
Chongqing
Rapid development of infrastructure
Compared to eastern provinces, the infrastructure
of western provinces in general and of Chongqing in
particular was more underdeveloped, which hinder
economic development Therefore, China invested in
improving infrastructure with the slogan "big
invest-ment, bigger construction, and gaining a head start by
taking a shortcut" Chongqing's infrastructure mainly includes transportation and electrical grids
Chongqing's transportation has gained remarkable achievements, thanks to the strategic position of the city, as follows [4]:
- Five freeways have been built in Chongqing and the most important one is Chengdu -Chongqing freeway which connects two urban cities "level one" of the western China (Urban cities "level one" are central cities which are able to create breakthroughs After short period of develop-ment, these urban cities will spread and become significant sources for the economic development
of the western region.)
- Three railways have been constructed in Chongqing in which Lanzhou - Chongqing railway is the one connecting the North and the South It is
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Source: Reference
Figure 1:The research framework for trade development in the northwest region of Vietnam
Infrastructure development
Commercial human resources
development
Unique factors and market
identity development
Attraction and openness of the
region’s market development
Intra-regional and interregional
economic - trade structure
development
Trade develop-ment efficiency
in the northwest region
Trang 6mated that by 2020, eight major railways will have
been built in Chongqing
- Chongqing international airport has launched
flight routes to Hongkong, Dusseldorf, Tokyo,
Nagoya, and Seoul
- Located in the highlands of the Yangtze river,
Chongqing harbor can accommodate vessels up to
12,000 tons Furthermore, the Three Gorges Dam also
helps raising the water level so vessels can move
faster, which takes less time to go to Shanghai
- In addition to developing transportation, China
also invests in electrical grids Thanks to the water
power resources of the Yangtze river, the Three Gorges
hydropower station has been built with an estimated
maximum capacity of 22.5 gigawat, accounting for 11
percent of China's total hydropower capacity [5]
Focusing on dealing with ecological problems
Located in the highlands of the Yangtze river, source
water and land protection has played an important role
in not only Chongqing's but also the lowlands'
develop-ment Therefore, the plan of building environmental
protection centers has been implemented According to
scientists, China should not make the same mistakes as
developed countries but it should exploit and protect
natural at the same time as well as ensure the balance
between the socio-economic development and
environ-ment, human development and nature
As a result, China imposes a ban on deforestation
in the highlands of the Yangtze river and it also
trans-forms timber and lumber companies into forest
protec-tion units Furthermore, China has tried to build waste
water treatment centers
The development of "special economy"
Chongqing has chosen to develop sectors that have
comparative advantages It has focused on electronics,
engines and motorcycles manufacture, information
technology and pharmaco - chemical products
Chongqing is the fourth biggest engines
manufac-turing center in China and is a home to well-known
groups such as Honda and Ford Many small-sized and
big-sized industrial clusters and zones have been
established to promote the economic development of
the city [3]
2.2 Lessons from Yunnan Yunnan is located near the border of Southwest China with the size of more than 390,000 km2 It bor-ders provinces such as Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi and Tibet as well as 3 neighboring countries such as Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam Also, Yunnan is close to Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore, and South Asian countries such as Bangladesh and India As a result, it is considered as a bridge between China and South and Southeast Asia Besides, Yunnan has the highest number of ethnic groups in China 38 percent
of the province's population is members of minorities Pragmatic experiences in trade development of Yunnan
Rapid development of infrastructure Like Chongqing in the past, the underdeveloped infrastructure hindered the development of Yunnan Therefore, it is essential to construct and enhance the infrastructure conditions there Moreover, since Yunnan is situated in the strategic position as stated above, convenient transportation system is the motiva-tion to promote the movement of goods and services Until 2009, Yunnan has built a total 167,000km of roads The highway network from Kunming connects with the borders of 3 neighboring countries In the air-line industry, Yunnan has constructed 12 airports and launched domestic flight routes and international flight routes to East and Southeast Asian countries [7]
In addition to transportation development, China also focuses on the electrical grids Yunnan has the potentials of hydropower because of the system of 600 rivers with appropriate height It is estimated that its electricity generation capacity can be up to 470,000 million KWh which accounts for 25 percent of total electricity generation capacity of China Not only do hydropower plants in Yunnan domestically provide electricity but they also supply Southeast Asian coun-tries such as Vietnam and Laos
The development of "special economy"
Yunnan is rich in natural resources with 19 kinds of minerals of high economic value which have been dis-covered such as tin, nickel, cobalt, and coal Therefore, the mining industry has had a significant place in the
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Trang 7Chinese industry Yunnan's annual total value of
min-eral production is more than 200 billion yuan
Besides, Yunnan has also invested in biological
technology Thanks to special natural geography and
climate with diversified ecosystem, Yunnan is famous
for its natural resources Its major sectors include
tobacco production, biotechnology, medicine
produc-tion especially oriental medicine, and processing
agri-cultural products such as flowers, pecans, mushrooms
and coffee
Tourism is also an economic pillar of Yunnan
Diversified natural conditions and unique culture of
ethnic groups are the advantages to develop this
non-smoke industry in Yunnan In 2005, it was in the top
ten attractions of China
Focusing on educational development
Since Yunnan is a home to ethnic groups, the
intel-lectual level of people here is not very high Statistics
in 1999 showed that the illiteracy and semi-illiteracy
rate among people above 15 was 24.34 percent, which
would impede the province's development
Consequently, the local authority has quickly
univer-salized education and ameliorated labor qualification
and vocational education
Market openness
Playing as a bridge between China and East and
Southeast Asian countries, Yunnan has actively opened
its market and traded with countries in the regions In
particular, countries in the Mekong sub-region are big
partners of Yunnan in exchanging commodities such as
electronics, chemicals, and electricity [4]
3 Socio - economic characteristics and
chal-lenges in trade development of the northwest region
of Vietnam
In order to make development policies suitable for
the mountainous provinces of northern Vietnam, it is
crucial to fully understand natural, cultural and
socio-economic characteristics of the region
3.1 Natural geography
Under the administration of theNorthwest
Steering Committee, the region includes 12
provinces: Lai Chau, Dien Bien, Son La, Hoa Binh,
Phu Tho, Ha Giang, Lao Cai, Yen Bai, Cao Bang, Bac
Kan, Lang Son, and Tuyen Quang This region has an area of 109,411km2 and a population of 10.7 million people, accounting for more than 33 percent of the area and approximately 12 percent of the population
of Vietnam It shares a border with the People's Republic of China and the Lao People's Democratic Republic with the total border of 2,578km It has 61 border gates consisting of 8 international border gates, 11 national border gates and 43 auxiliary ones The region is situated at the transitional area between Lao, western China, Myanmar, South China Sea and other Asian countries These characteristics are a tes-tament to the important role of the region in ensuring security, politics, culture and the stability of
econom-ic development
Northern mountainous provinces are featured by complex terrain with large sloping areas and divided
by high mountain ranges The region is also the start-ing point of the big rivers such as the Red river, Black river, Chay river, Lo river, Ma river and Lam river Diversified climate conditions have created ecological subregions including tropical, sub-tropical, and tem-perate weather The differences between the subre-gions are competitive advantages in goods and
servic-es of the region
3.2 Economy Northern mountainous areas have a great advan-tage in forestry development with more than 5.8 mil-lion hectares of forestry land and nearly 2 milmil-lion hectares of unused land which is capable of developing forestry Primary forests of the region are rich in high quality forest products such as woods, bamboos, fruit trees, herbs and wild animals They also greatly con-tribute to hydrological inputs, ecological environment adjustment and environmental security for Northern and Northern Central lowlands Besides, the northwest region has the advantage to develop agriculture espe-cially livestock farming and trees planting such as rub-ber trees, coffee trees, fruit trees and herbs
The river system covers nearly all the region, which not only generates over 50 percent of hydropower capacity of Vietnam but also causes floods and landslides This region is also rich in mineral
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Trang 8resources with high quality and quantity such as
bronze, nickel, tin and iron This is potential to
devel-op the mining and mineral processing industry
3.3 Population, culture, and society
The population of northern mountainous provinces
is 10.7 million people which accounts for 12 percent of
Vietnam's population The working-age population
represents 60 percent of the region's population
Agro-forestry-fishery workers account for 70 percent,
indus-trial workers 13 percent, service workers 17 percent of
economically active workers.[1] The labor structure is
decreasing in the agro-forestry-fishery sector and
increasing in the industry - construction - service
sec-tor Young human resources make up for major
pro-portion, which is not only the advantage for
socio-eco-nomic development but also pressure on education and
training, employment, and daily needs
Northern mountainous provinces are a home to
more than 30 ethnic minority groups Kinh people
account for 37 percent of the region's population while
ethnic groups account for 67 percent The groups
which have the highest number of people living there
are Tay, Thai, Muong, Mong, and Nung Most people
of Mong and Dao groups live in highlands, people of
Kho Mu, Mang, Khang, and Xinh Mun groups live in
midlands and mountain sides and mountain flanks,
while people of Thai, Tay, Nung, and Muong groups
live in valleys, mountain feet, and near rivers
Northern mountainous provinces are divided into
two distinctive areas which are the midlands and the
mountainous areas The region includes 9 provinces,
141 towns, districts and cities, 2,541 communes and
wards, and 28,636 hamlets and villages Also, it has
1,366 communes of extreme poverty, which accounts
for 59 percent of the total poorest communes of the
country, and 45 districts of poverty, which represents
70 percent of the poorest districts in accordance with
the government's resolution no 30A The midlands are
large and have synchronous infrastructure, which is
potential to develop goods economy with specialized
areas associated with the processing industry and
con-sumer markets On the contrary, the mountainous areas
have complex terrain and is cut sharply The area's
population is 5,957 people accounting for 56.13 per-cent of the population of the northern mountainous provinces
Living styles and farming practices are different between ethnic communities Besides, people there often live in remote villages The distance from vil-lages to central areas or high ways is rather far so there are differences in customs, qualifications and living standards between villages and central areas.[2] 3.4 Difficulties in trade development in the north-ern region of Vietnam
Northern mountainous provinces border China and Laos and are rich in mineral and forestry resources, which is the advantage to develop their economy However, the differences in infrastructure, human resources, and culture between the subregions have greatly impaired the region's development Here are the main challenges in trade development of the region [2]:
- The region is short of infrastructure for trade The region's stratified terrain has posed challenges in the investment and development of infrastructure, popula-tion distribupopula-tion, and the construcpopula-tion of industrial zones and urban areas Besides, it is difficult to expand agricultural land to establish specialized goods produc-ing areas in the way of industrialization and modern-ization Furthermore, the lack of transport infrastruc-ture has also hindered investment in the region, increased the cost of goods, and reduced competitive ability of enterprises
- The region's human resources are lacking in both quality and quantity As a result, they are not able to learn or apply technology to manufacturing, trade and real-life situations In addition, due to the distance and isolation, the people there cannot approach to the mar-ket economic mechanism and new economic mecha-nism so they continue to self-sufficiency
- There are differences in languages and customs between ethnic groups Therefore, it is not easy to fully propagate the government's policies to the people in remote areas As a result, ethnic people, especially the poor ones, have not understood their rights and obliga-tions to fulfill
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Trang 9- It lacks intra-regional investment resources The
low qualification of production has led to limited
cap-ital Most local expenditures have been derived from
the national budget because the region does not have
enough resources to deploy creative management
methods in developing economy and society and
ensuring national security Besides, people in the
region cannot approach goods producing methods so
they are not able to efficiently use the capital
support-ed by the national targetsupport-ed program
- Local officers and people of the region lack
management ability Management ability of local
officers has not met the standard so it limits the work
efficiency
- Forestry economy has decreased People in the
northern region of Vietnam mainly are heavily
depend-ent on forests for their livelihood However, many
pri-mary forests have been depleted and in danger of
exhaustion Therefore, forest products have decreased
greatly Without forests soil fertility, cattle feed, fresh
water and living environment cannot increase while
flash floods and landslides poses a threat to people
liv-ing there Furthermore, climate in the region is rather
harsh because it is frozen and dry in winter, which has
bad impacts on the growth of crops
Vietnamese Communist Party and the government
have made many policies to develop trade in the
northern mountainous provinces However, the
effec-tiveness of these policies and programs is not really
high as the economy of the region and subregions has
shifted slowly and the living condition of people has
remained difficult To address these problems, in
addition to being aware of the intra-region
chal-lenges, policy makers need to learn from neighboring
countries Therefore, in the part below, the author will
present two successful stories from Chongqing and
Yunnan, China
4 Suggestions on trade development in the
northwest region of Vietnam
Under the trend of development and integration,
region development is considered a significant policy
in sustainable development Programs and policies
which concentrate on developing strategic
geographi-cal but poor regions have gained much investment from the government The northern mountainous provinces have competitive advantages for trade development such as diversified natural resources and unique cultural identity However, the region has faced
a lot of difficulties in development such as low quality infrastructure and human resources or natural disas-ters Therefore, it is essential to mitigate problems and promote potentials to generate profit for the region This should be taken from experiences of Chongqing and Yunnan whose conditions are similar to that of the northern region of Vietnam
The author thinks that we can learn from studies
in the characteristics, history and development poli-cies of Chongqing and Yunnan to develop trade in the northern region In particular, he believes that it is appropriate to focus on sustainable development in associated with special economy development Steps should be taken logically to avoid mistakes in invest-ment, resources allocation or policy and program implementation
Firstly, the most important thing is investing in infrastructure, especially transportation networks in districts, communes and villages, to promote goods manufacturing and exchanging Complete infrastruc-ture and transportation networks will contribute to cul-tural and socio-economic development
Secondly, the government needs to quickly realize strengths of each subregion to build strategies for industrial and services cluster development This will help to utilize and promote full potentials and resources available of every subregion Besides, sig-nificant sector development strategies should ensure both particular characteristics of each subregion and general ones of the whole region Industry sector needs
to focus on natural conservations, woods and herbs processing, and mining industry In addition, services sector should diversely develop cultural tourism, com-munity-based tourism and tourist attractions tourism Thirdly, it is critical to develop education and envi-ronment protection in the way of sustainable develop-ment With regard to education, it is necessary to focus
on vocational training and implementing vocational
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Trang 10development projects in localities As a result, people
there will have an opportunity to study and work at the
same, which will ensure the living quality
improve-ment and their livelihood Besides, companies which
are exploiting natural resources of the region must hold
responsibilities for the environmental protection and
the full weight of the law should be imposed
The last but not least is financial problems which
have influences on methods above Due to the lack of
capital resources, it is critical for public and private
sectors to collaborate with each other However, it is
also crucial to determine the rights, obligations and
responsibilities and interest distribution of each
devel-opment program and project to avoid group interests
which can badly effect on the implementation
Besides, each project or program should mention
inter-regional assistance, which means provinces which are
close to other provinces are more convenient to help
each other while provinces which are far from other
provinces can make technological, financial and
orien-tation aid each other
References:
1 Vietnam Institute for Development Strategies
Overall plan forsocio - economic development of
Northern midland and mountainous region by 2020,
Ministry of Planning and Investment
2 Le Kha Dau, Analysis and evaluation report on the National Targeted Programs in the period of 2001
- 2015 in the northwest region, A special subject of sci-entific project no NCKH-TB/13-18, 2014
3 http://www China-briefing.com
4 Nguyen Kim Bao, et al., The adjustment of Chinese economic policies (From 1992 to 2010) 2004: Social Sciences Publishing House
5 http://www.bbc.com
6 http://www.chinaculture.org
7 Zhenming.Z, Yunnan's industrial development policy and intermediate goods trade with MRBCs, in intermediate goods trade in East Asia: Economic deepening through FTAs/EPAs 2011, Bangkok Research Centre
Summary Miền núi là khu vực giàu tiềm năng, với lợi thế phát triển nông, lâm nghiệp, thủy điện, khoáng sản,
du lịch và kinh tế cửa khẩu Tuy nhiên, đây cũng là khu vực còn gặp rất nhiều khó khăn do kinh tế nghèo nàn, chậm phát triển, trình độ văn hóa xã hội thấp (chủ yếu là người dân tộc thiểu số) Điều này đã đặt
ra yêu cầu cần phải có những chính sách phù hợp để phát triển thương mại miền núi của Việt Nam Dựa vào bài học từ 2 tỉnh Trùng Khánh và Vân Nam của Trung Quốc, bài viết sẽ rút ra một vài kinh nghiệm và giải pháp hữu ích cho phát triển thương mại các tỉnh miền núi phía Bắc của Việt Nam
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CHU VIET CUONG
1 Personal Profile:
- Name: Chu Viet Cuong
- Date of birth: 09/6/1981
- Title: Master
- Workplace: Thuong mai University
- Position: Officer
2 Major research directions:
- Commercial economy
- Regional economic development
- Economic management
3 Publications the author has published his works:
- Trade Science Review