Research objectives: Overviewing scientific works relating to development of trade relations between Viet Nam and SACU countries, issues had been researched, identifying issues have not been or not deeply been then decide to further research in this thesis. This thesis will theoretically and practicially resarch international trade in general and trade relations between a country and member countries of a customs union in particular. Analising and evaluating trade policies and measures have been implemented to develop trade relations between Viet Nam and SACU countries; current situation of trade exchange between Viet Nam and SACU countries; analising prospects and proposing viewpoint, orientation and measures to develop trade relation between Viet Nam and SACU countries up to 2020 and vision to 2030.
Trang 1The Strategy of Import and Export for 20112020 with orientation to 2030, issued in the Decision 2471/QDTTg dated 28/12/2011 The strategy laid out instruction for developing the markets, emphasized on “diversifying export markets; enhancing and expanding the share of Viet Nam’s goods in traditional markets; creating a breakthrough in developing new export market that have potentials”. For the Africa market, the strategy set a target that this market should account for 5% of the country’s total exports by 2020.
In order to implement these policies and orientations, Viet Nam have to decrease its level of independence to a small number of markets, it should actively expanding export markets, including the due attention to new markets like Africa. In the context
of globalization, high degree of competition for new markets, it is needed to have regular and updated studies on the Africa market. Africa including 55 countries. Each country and regional market have their own characteristics that need to be studied carefully
Among regional economic organizations in Africa, the Southern Africa Customs Union (SACU) is the most successful one in Africa and it is also the locomotive for economic development of the continent. SACU was established in 1910 and is the first customs union in the world. It now has five members, namely South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland.
The SACU’s countries market is appreciated with high potentials for stable economic growth, huge and diversified demand of goods, mainly the products that have reasonable quality and price. In addition, the political stability of the SACU countries; preferential trade given by the US and EU to products of SACU countries
as well as attracting policies for FDI that made SACU region to be an attention of many countries in the world
SACU region is a new market for Vietnamese enterprises Trade exchange between Viet Nam and SACU is still limited. In 2014, the twoway trade was USD 1.014 billion, of which exports was USD 814 million and imports was USD 200 million. The main reason for the limitation of trade exchange between Viet Nam and SACU countries is that the government and the enterprises of Viet Nam do not have effective measures to enhance and develop trade relations with these countries.Therefore, studying the thesis Measures to develop trade relations between Viet Nam and member states of the Southern Africa Customs Union (SACU) will contribute scientific ground for the working out policies, macro and microlevel
Trang 22. Study objectives and tasks
* Study objectives:
The study objectives of this thesis are identifying viewpoint, orientation and measures at institution and entity levels in developing trade relations between Viet Nam and SACU countries
* Study tasks:
Overviewing scientific works relating to development of trade relations between Viet Nam and SACU countries, issues had been researched, identifying issues have not been or not deeply been then decide to further research in this thesis
This thesis will theoretically and practicially resarch international trade in general and trade relations between a country and member countries of a customs union in particular
Analising and evaluating trade policies and measures have been implemented to develop trade relations between Viet Nam and SACU countries; current situation of trade exchange between Viet Nam and SACU countries
Analising prospects and proposing viewpoint, orientation and measures to develop trade relation between Viet Nam and SACU countries up to 2020 and vision to 2030
3. Study subjects and scope
* Study subjects:
Thesis will focus on theoritiall and practical issues on developing trade relations between Viet Nam and SACU countries
* Study scopes:
Researching content: Thesis focus on theoritial issues about on development of
trade relations between countries; Study implementation of policies and measures to develop trade relations between Viet Nam and SACU countries and propose solutions for further enhancing these relations
Researching time: Thesis will be studied about status of development of trade
relations between countries, mainly trade in goods, between Viet Nam and SACU countries from 1992 upto now and submit solutions to 2020 with vision to 2030
4. Study methods
* Method using primary data
Beside using theoretical study at desk for international trade, this thesis investigate realities, like policy makers, staffs involved in trade promotion, representatives of enterprises and consumers in Viet Nam and SACU countries.
* Method using secondary data
This thesis has collected scientific works, thesis’s, books, newspapers relating to international trade and trade development between Viet Nam and SACU countries to research using chosen, analyzed, evaluated, summarized methods
5. The new findings of the thesis:
Trang 3on the other side; clarified contents, forms, criterions of assessment and affecting factors of this relation.
Practically, this thesis has researched experiences of China and India about the development of their trade relations with the member states of SACU, then found out successful lessons that Viet Nam can lean and also the failures that should be avoided.
Analyzed and assessed trade policies and measures that have been implemented
to develop trade relation between Viet Nam and member states of SACU; the current situation of trade exchange between Viet Nam and SACU countries, its succesfull outcomes as well as limitations and the reasons.
This thesis also forecasted the context and prospect of the development of trade relation between Viet Nam and member states of SACU.
Finally, the thesis has submitted some measures to develop trade relation between Viet Nam and member states of SACU, including means to push the exchange of goods between the two sides, creating favorable conditions for the enterprises to access the market and increase the competitiveness of the exports of Viet nam in SACU countries
OVERVIEW ON RESEARCHING SITUATION
* The foreign studies
There are several foreign studies relating to SACU countries, like Colin Mc Carthy’s The Southern African Customs Union; Gerhard Erasmus’ New SACU Institutions: Prospects for Regional Integration; Carine Zamay Kiala’s The Politics
of Trade in the Southern African Customs Union: Prospect of a SACUChina Free Trade Agreement; Debesh Bhowmik’s Regional Integration in Africa: a case study
of SACU; WTO Trade Policy Review of the Southern African Customs Union; Sukati Mphumuzi’s The Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) and the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) Region – The Case for South Africa.These studies show the creation and developments of SACU, its economic development, trade policies and trade relations with some countries in the world.However, all of these studies do not directly mention the trade relation between Viet Nam and SACU countries
* The domestic studies
In Viet Nam, up to now there are several studies on Africa market, which mention the SACU countries, mainly to South Africa, including: Tran Thi Lan Huong’s Economic Reform in South Africa during 19942004; Nguyen Van Thuong
et. al. – Measures to develop trade relation between Viet Nam and Africa; Ministry
of Industry and Trade’s – Measures to develop trade relations with some countries in Africa; Measures to increase export to the Africa market; Studying measures to increase exports of industrial goods to the Africa market
These studies have issues relating to Africa, the market of Africa, SACU countries, economic and trade relations between Viet Nam and African countries Each study, with its own way of approach, at different level, had mentioned trade
Trang 4Therefore, it can be seen that developing trade relation between Viet Nam and SACU countries is a new issue, that is needed to be studied entirely
Chapter 1THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL BASIS FOR DEVELOPMET
OF TRADE RELATION BETWEEN A COUNTRY AND MEMBER STATES
OF A CUSTOMS UNION1.1. Theoretical basis for trade relation between countries
Since early 1900, new therories of international trade arose. They were called new trade theories, including theory of factor endowments by Heckcher – Ohlin, theory of national comtitiveness advantage by Michael Porter, theory of product cycle life of Raymond Vernon and theory of global value chain
1.1.1.2. Theory of international trade policy
International trade policy is a system of regulations, tools and measures that the governments implement to regulate its international trade activities during a given period of time in order to achieve the determined targets
The targets of international trade policy of a country and be different at each period, however, they all aim at taking use of national comparative advantage, support the development of domestic production, increase the competition and expand to the international markets
Theory of international trade policy is the theory relating to the intervention of a government to reach a certain goal in international trade. These policies include policy of free trade and policy of trade protectionism. The tools and measures of the goaled policy (to increase or to limit trade) include economic, technical and administrative ones. They are usually divided into tariff and nontariff policy
1.1.2. Characteristics of international trade relations of a custom union
International economic integration is an irreversible trend with the level of integration getting more tighten According to Balassa, there are five levels of international economic integration, from low to high: (i) Free Trade Area (FTA); (ii) Customs Union (CU); (iii) Common Market; (iv) Economic Union and (v) Comprehensive Economic Union
Trang 5of the governments to liberalize or facilitate trade on regional basis between two or more countries
A customs union is defined as a regional economic organization, in which member countries agree to eliminate trade barrier among its members and accept a common external trade policy. The Southern Africa Customs Union is the first customs union in the world, established in 1910
Argument on customs union studies economic effects in the customs union’s states of movement and rest. The main arguments are: Firstly, a customs union has trade creation effect and trade diversion effect. Secondly, economic benefit of a customs union is determined by the difference in tariff rates and the similarities of the imports and exports of the member countries before the establishment of the customs union. Thirdly, the establishment of a customs union can also create the effect of economic dynamic
1.2. Contents, forms, criterions of assessment and affecting factors of trade relation between a country and the member countries of a customs union
1.2.1. Contents and forms of development of trade relation
In principle, development of trade relation is carried out at two levels, namely institution level and entity level
At institution level, international trade having the participation of nations and public entities can be referred as international relations at the level of trade policies, like policies of tariff and nontariff, economic integration… of a country; or the choice of integration at the global, regional, bilateral or unilateral level in trade cooperation; or the relation between the implementation of international commitments and domestic laws
The major stakeholders of this international trade relations are states and international economic institutions
At institution level, the contents of trade relations including: Joint governmental relations on trade; Negotiation and signing of bilateral and multilateral trade agreements; Cooperation on trade promotion and facilitation at macro level; Mechanism for trade dispute settlements
At entity level, the major stakeholders of international trade are entrepreneur, comprising persons and enterprises
In present, expanding business abroad of an enterprise usually aiming at increasing its revenue and profit, creating new markets, heighten the position of the enterprise at international level or to secure its inputs
The contents of developing trade relations between a country and member countries of a customs union comprising of: Firstly, developing trade in goods. Secondly, promoting trade in services. Thirdly, enhancing investment cooperation
1.2.2. Criterions of assessment for development of trade relation
Within the scope of study, the thesis will mainly study trade in goods and the assessment will be at institution and entity level
The criterions of assessment for the development of relation at institution level are: i) The number and level of joint governmental relations on trade; ii) The number
Trang 6of activities of trade promotion and facilitation cooperation at macro level; The number and level of mechanisms for trade dispute settlements
At entity level, the development of trade relation between a country and member countries of a customs union can be assessed by the quantitative criterions, including: i) Export and import turnover; ii) Trade balance; iii) Composition of imports and exports; iv) Composition of import and export markets; v) Growth rate
The multinational corporation dominate the world economy in general and international trade in particular
The process of regionalization and globalization requires all countries to develop international relations and participate in international division of labor
The process of trade liberalization with the removal of trade barriers and creation of principles to regulate international trade relations (regulations of WTO) requires all countries to follows a common playing rule
1.2.3.2. The subjective factors
The right strategic choice, making policy and its implementation of a country are important factors that affecting trade relations among countries. In case of a customs union, it is required that a consensus to be reached among all members for choosing a trade strategy and policy as well as the role of coordination of the steering agency or the country that have influence in the block
Condition and level of economic development of the countries is material factor that decisively promoting their trade relations, enabling the countries to take advantage of their potentials
The momentum for promoting trade relations between the countries is the trade promotion activities, of which promotion at macro and micro level are supporting each other
The regular surveillance and solving dispute during the process of trade relations development will create a favorable condition for a sound trade relations between countries
1.3 The experience of some countries to develop the trade relations with countries in SACU and the lessons for Vietnam
1.3.1 The experience of some countries to develop the trade relations with countries in SACU
1.3.1.1. The experience of China
The development of trade relations of China with countries in SACU is within the developing relationship framework between China and the African countries
Trang 7At the institutional level, recognizing the important of Africa in the development and construction of the Chinese nation in the new period, China has built its complete policy system in relation with the African countries, including the policies
to boost exports Chinese goods into African market
To create the framework for promoting export the goods of the domestic enterprises to the African market, China enhanced the establishment of the friendly cooperation relations with African countries, signed the agreements with the favorable terms for the Chinese goods to penetrate into the African market.
Simultaneously, through the nonrefundable aids and preferential loans for the African countries to develop the infrastructure, the Chinese Government has created the opportunities for the Chinese enterprises to bring the machineries, materials and technology to the African market
To promote the trade relations between the SACU countries and China, shortly after China joined WTO in 2001, South Africa and other SACU countries recognized that China has the market economy (while, according to the negotiation agreements
of joining WTO, China would be recognized as the country has the market economy
in 2015). In 2004, Mr. Jacob Zuma, the Deputy President of South Africa at that time, declared that SACU would consider the possibility of FTA negotiation with China. Currently, the two Sides are studying to negotiate this agreement.
At the business entity level, the Chinese enterprises, especially the Stateowned enterprises, are encouraged as well as supported in exporting to the African market.
At the moment, there are around 700 Stateowned enterprises of China which have the export activities to the African market and occupy the high proportion compared with other business types, due to these enterprises have large capital and receive the support from the China Government
On the part of Chinese enterprises, besides the facilitation and support by the Government, they are always interested in diversifying the export industries, enhance the competitiveness of products, focused on market research to produce the products which meet the needs of African market.
1.3.1.2. The experience of India
At the institutional level, the Indian Government launched several initiatives to promote the trade relation with Africa, including focus on facilitating and supporting for enterprises to export to African market
With SACU countries, India and SACU countries have negotiated since 2002 and expected to sign Preference Trade Agreement (PTA) soon to reduce the tariffs for the import and export of the both parties
India also provided the export credits for SACU countries, in which, USD 100 million for Namibia and increased USD 100 million in 2013; the enterprises of South Africa and Lesotho were also provided the export credit by India for importing goods from India
At the trade entity level, the Indian enterprises also are active in exploring African market. Since the mid90s, the organizations, such as the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), the Federation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI), the Confederation of Indian Export Organizations (FIEO) identified the enormous
Trang 8potential of Africa and launched a series of the business delegation exchange and economic cooperation programs, including information exchange, organize the business conferences, and display the Indian goods over the Africa continent.
The Indian community in SACU countries, which concentrated mostly in the Durban city, South Africa, also plays an important role in the trade development between India and SACU countries through the establishment of commercial enterprises which specializing in importing and exporting the goods between SACU and India
1.3.2. Lessons for Vietnam
1.3.2.1. The successful lessons could be applied
From the experiences of China and India, we could draw some successful experience which could be applied for Vietnam in developing the trade relations with SACU countries, including:
Firstly, need the determination and the strategic direction of the State for the African market development in general and SACU countries in particular. Through the development of political, diplomatic and economic relations with SACU countries, the State needs to establish the favorable business environment for the enterprises to entering the market of SACU countries
Secondly, the State needs to use flexible the support tools for the enterprises, which suitable with the characteristics of SACU market as well as the development level of the domestic enterprises. In which, need to pay attention to provide the financial supports, due to it is the biggest difficulty of enterprises when making the business with the African market in general and SACU countries in particular.Thirdly, the enterprises need to make a reasonable effort in penetrating into SACU market, should carefully study the need and taste of the market to create the suitable products, competitive in terms of quality and price. At the same time, to access the SACU market in particular and the African market in general, need to be patient, flexible and flexibility, due to these markets have the high variability and the little consistency
1.3.2.2. The failure lessons to avoid
Besides the achieved successes, China and India also faced with some difficulties
in developing the trade relations with SACU countries
For China, the Chinese enterprises boosted export the cheap and low quality products to SACU markets, lead to the credibility of the Chinese products has reduced. Besides, the export of textile and footwear products to South Africa market rose too fast, negatively impact to the manufacturing of these items of South Africa, led to South Africa set up the quotas on the import of these products from China.For India, although PTA negotiations with SACU countries has implemented since 2002, but due to lack of political will and the flexibility in negotiations of India, so far until now, this agreement has not yet signed. This has reduced the favorably access ability of India enterprises to SACU market
Trang 9* The conclusion for Chapter 1:
Through studying the basic issues about the rationale and practical bases of developing the trade relations between one nation and the countries in a custom union, Chapter 1 of the thesis has achieved the following results and contributions:Firstly, systematizing the theoretical issues on the international trade from the classical trade theory, such as mercantilist school, theory of absolute advantage, theory of comparative advantage, theory of opportunity cost… to the modern trade theory, such as HO theorem, theory of national competitive advantage, theory of product life cycle and theory of global value chain
Secondly, clarified the content and form of the development of the trade relations between one nation and other countries in a custom union, based on bilateral relations of each member country, as well as the relations with the whole blocks.Thirdly, through studying the experience of developing the trade relations of China and India with African countries in general and with SACU countries in particular, has drawn some lessons for Vietnam to apply in developing the trade relations with SACU countries
Chapter 2THE CURRENT SITUATION OF TRADE RELATIONS BETWEEN VIET NAM AND MEMBER COUNTRIES OF SOTHERN AFRICA CUSTOMS UNION2.1. SACU and its trade policy for Viet Nam
2.1.1. Economic characteristic of SACU
2.1.1.1. Overview on SACU
The Southern African Customs Union (SACU) was founded in 1910 as the first customs union in the world. There are now 5 members of SACU, including South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland
The new Agreement SACU 2002, signed on October 21st 2002 and came into force from July 15th 2004 with the aim of (i) facilitating for freighting the commodities among the member countries, (ii) establishing effective, transparent and democratic institution to ensure the fair trade among member countries, (iii) promoting the healthy competition conditions in the common customs area, (iv) increasing investment opportunities in the common customs area, (v) strengthening economic development, diversification, industrialization and competitiveness among member countries, (vi) enhancing the integration of each member in the global economy through boosting trade and investment, (vii) facilitating for the equal delivery of income from customs and special consumption tax of member countries and (viii) creating favorable conditions for upgrading common policies and strategies
Trang 10 Overview:
The total area of SACU is 2.7 million km2 and the SACU’s population is 56.3 million people in 2012, of which 86.4% is South Africa
From 2002, the SACU economy’s average growth reaches 45%. The economic growth of some member countries is limited by the poor developed infrastructure, shortage of energy, fluctuation of mining output, changing exchange and the effect
of the global recession
The GDP of SACU reaches USD 423 billion in 2012, in which the GDP of South Africa proportion is 92.1% South Africa is an important member and highly influences on any activities of the Union
In terms of economic structure of SACU, in 2012, service accounts for 64%, industry for 33.4% and agriculture for 2.6%
The area economic integration in the framework of SACU has encouraged the economy of its members to stably develop since the signing of SACU Agreement in 2002.However, the extent and level of the economic development of 5 members of SACU continue to show a great difference. The average income of Botswana and South Africa are ranked high while that of Namibia and Swaziland are low. Lesotho
is considered as underdeveloped country. However, all SACU countries are facing
up with such challenges as unemployment, inequality of income, poverty and AIDS
2.1.1.3. The import and export of SACU
The SACU’s economy depends much on foreign trade. The ratio between foreign trade and GDP of SACU increases from 45% in 2002 to 56% in 2012
In recent years, the export of the union has risen sharply. In 2012, the total turnover reached USD 113.43 billion, in which export is USD 113.43 billion, import
is USD 123.34 billion. The deficit in 2012 is USD 9.91 billion
The biggest export market of SACU is EU, followed by the US. However, except SACU, US is the most important single market to Lesotho and Swaziland because of the incentive terms from AGOA law. The export of SACU to China has witnessed high growth rate The main SACU’s export commodities are minerals, metal, diamond, meat, fish, textile and sugar
SACU mainly imports from EU, China and the US. The key import commodities
of SACU are transporting machine and equipment, fuel and chemistry
Intraregional trade has rocketed from 2003 and South Africa still plays a center role of the union. 95% of trade flow of SACU is influenced by South Africa. The trade exchange between South Africa and 4 remaining members account for about 60% of the trade exchange between Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho, Swaziland with the world but just for a little ratio in the South Africa’s foreign trade, which expresses the more diversification in foreign markets of South Africa in compared with other members in SACU
Like the economic development, the foreign trade activities of SACU’s member countries are definitely different in terms of scale South Africa continues to dominant the import and export of SACU countries with 89.2% export and 86.6% import of the whole union.
Trang 11The countries in SACU are members of a custom union. The intraregional trade policies facilitate for the trade exchanging among members in the union. The penetration into such a country member opens opportunities to get into the other members
The demand of commodities of SACU’s countries is diversifying and not so highquality, mainly focus on machines and equipment, materials to develop the economy. Besides, these countries also have high demand on food, consumer goods
to serve the people daily lives, especially in the context of the countries’ population that is increasing at a fast pace
The import demand and structure of SACU countries are abundant with a lot of quality level. Based on the high income of a part of people in SACU countries like the white in South Africa, Botswana and Namibia, the demand on quality goods of such these people is as high as people in developed countries Meanwhile, the income of the major part of SACU’s people is still low, so the requirement on goods quality of these people is not too high
On the contrary, there are many export material such as metal ores, mineral, fuel… from SACU countries
As the higher development and larger scale than other member countries, South Africa dominates the operation of the Customs Union as well as the enterprises of this country do in the major part of economic activities of the union
Except South Africa and Botswana, the remaining members are developing and underdeveloped countries The poor infrastructure and regulatory environment, which still exist many inadequacies and are in the process of development, are one of the reasons why these countries have not yet created really favorable conditions for the trade development
2.1.2. SACU trade policies with Viet Nam
2.1.2.1. Overview of trade policies of SACU
SACU agreement concluded in 2002 set out the tariff cooperation in order to facilitate and harmonize legal documents and procedures related to trade; harmonize standards and technical specifications of goods However, with regard to SPS regulations, member countries can apply regulations that are compatible with their domestic laws and international standards
An important regulation of SACU agreement is that on the trade agreements with third parties. In order to unify its trade policies, SACU’s Ministerial Council decided that SACU would not negotiate preferential trade agreement with a third party separately but as an entity.
Regarding import tariff, South Africa continues to apply the MFN common effective tariff (CET) in consultation with other SACU’s members in cases that CET can not reflect the economic needs of other members
The CET average of SACU decreased from 11,4% as of 2002 to 9,1% in 2009. Meanwhile, there was a change in the protection of agricultural products when the CET average increased from 9,6% as of 2002 to 10,1% in 2009. For nonagricultural products, the CET average decreased from 11,6% as of 2002 to 7,8% in 2009
Trang 12SACU’s countries shall apply antidumping, countervailing and safeguard levies
as regulated by South Africa. South Africa (together with other SACU’s members) is among the list of countries which have applied antidumping measures most
Goods importing into a SACU’s member can be cleared at the first entry port (normally in South Africa) or they can be transferred to any port of a member country to be cleared. Movement of goods inside SACU is exempted from import tax but it has to be in customs surveillance
All SACU’s members apply preferential and nonpreferential rule of origin. The regulations on preferential and nonpreferential rule of origin are set in the laws on customs tax and special consumption tax of each member modeling the laws of South Africa. Regarding TBT and SPS issues, in the SACU Agreement in 2002, SACU promoted to harmonize its TBT and SPS measure. However, SACU’s members have not reached overall agreement until now. Lesotho and Namibia apply South African regulations while Botswana and Swaziland apply different regulations
Concerning exporting goods, some SACU’s members apply export tax (Namibia and South Africa apply export tax on raw diamonds) Botswana maintains its exclusive right on beef export)
2.1.2.2. Trade policies with Viet Nam
SACU’s trade development policies with Viet Nam are set out generally within the framework of SACU’s trade development policies with the developing countries and Asian countries
With Asian countries, SACU’s countries wish to enhance trade relation with Asian countries, especially with fast growing economies such as China, India and ASEAN With ASEAN, SACU had proposed to carry out a joint study on negotiation on a Preferential Trade Agreement between SACU and ASEAN With Viet Nam and within WTO, SACU expressed its support Viet Nam’s negotiation efforts on the accession into WTO by not requesting for separate negotiations. Besides, right after Viet Nam’s accession into WTO, South Africa, after consulting with other SACU’s members, announced and signed agreement to recognize the Viet Nam economy as a full market economy
Regarding bilateral relations, with the friendship built in the Viet Nam’s support
in the struggle to eliminate Apartheid regime in South Africa and the fight for freedom of the Namibia People, the Governments of South Africa and Namibia have always expressed their willingness to negotiate and sign trade agreements with Viet Nam Meanwhile, other SACU’s members Botswana, Lesotho, and Swaziland, although having primary political and diplomatic relations with Viet Nam, have always expressed willingness to encourage trade relations in the contacts with the Vietnamese side
2.2. Viet Nam’s trade policies with SACU
2.2.1. Overview of political and diplomatic relations
Trang 13With SACU’s countries, due to the less effective activity of the permanent body, the SACU’s Secretariat, as well as the low development in the relationship between Viet Nam with regional economic organizations in Africa, the relations between Viet Nam and SACU mostly depend on bilateral relations between Viet Nam and each SACU’s members
Viet Nam has sound traditional friendship relations with South Africa and Namibia, while the relations with Botswana and Lesotho are still limited and Viet Nam has newly established its diplomatic relation with Swaziland in 2013
2.2.2. Viet Nam’s trade policies with SACU’s countries
Viet Nam’s trade development policies with SACU’s countries are set out generally within the framework of Viet Nam’s trade development policies with the African countries
In the “Export Import Development Strategy for the Period 2011 – 2010”, the Government of Viet Nam requested to find more new markets in Latin America and Africa
In this orientation, an important event in the relation of Viet Nam and Africa was held in 2003 themed “Viet Nam – Africa Conference: opportunities for cooperation and development in the 21st century” in Ha Noi. The Conference marked an important corner stone in the relation between Viet Nam and the African countries. This was the first time Viet Nam held an International Conference on cooperation between Viet Nam and African countries. The Conference added to the understanding and it changed the views of all parties on possibilities, benefits and prospects for Viet Nam – Africa cooperation
Beside the Conference, in 2004, the Government of Viet Nam drafted and issued the National Action Plan to promote Viet Nam – Africa relationship in the period 2004 – 2010. With regard to trade, the Government set a target of USD 1.0 billion for the twoway trade volume between Viet Nam and Africa. In which, Viet Nam would export USD 700 million value of goods to Africa
In the implementation of the National Action Plan to promote Viet Nam – Africa relationship in the period 2004 – 2010 of the Government, in the trade and economic field, the Ministry of Industry and Trade issued the Action Program in order to implement the National Action Plan to promote Viet Nam – Africa relation.Continuously, in 2010, the Ministry of Industry and Trade a Working Scheme “Using capabilities of the general export enterprise in promoting export to the African market” aiming at helping the enterprises do long lasting business with Africa
In order to further promote trade and economic cooperation relation with African countries, in October 2010, the Government of Viet Nam organized the 2nd Viet Nam – Africa International Conference
December 28 2011, the Prime Minister issued the Decision No 2471/2011/QDTTg approving Export Import Strategy for the period 2011 – 2020, with orientation