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Research purpose Based on the theoretical research, analysis and assessment of the actual status of managing self-defense skills education activities for elementary pupils in the mounta

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

NGUYEN LE THY GIANG

MANAGEMENT OF EDUCATING SELF-DEFENSE SKILLS FOR ELEMENTARY PUPILS IN THE MOUNTAINOUS COMMUNES OF HANOI CITY

Major : Education Management

No : 9.14.01.14

SUMMARY OF DISSERTATION OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

HANOI - 2019

The work is completed in GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

Supervisor: Assoc.Prof.PhD Le Kim Long

Reviewer 1: Assoc.Prof.PhD Nguyen Xuan Thuc

Reviewer 2: Assoc.Prof.PhD Nguyen Thi Thanh Huyen

Reviewer 3: Dr Nguyen Thi Yen Thoa

The dissertation will be defended in front of the Doctoral Thesis Jury

at the Academy Level of Graduate Academy of Social Sciences - Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences

At: , on 2019

The dissertation can be found at:

- National Library of Vietnam

- Library, Graduate Academy of Social Sciences

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PREAMBLE

1 Urgency of research topic

Elementary school pupils are quite little (about 6 to 10 years old) At this age, they have almost no life experiences, especially the early level pupils (1st and 2nd grades) When pupils do not have life skills, they will encounter many difficulties in learning and living, behaving with friends, teachers, family members and everyone in society One of the important life skills of elementary pupils is self-defense skills The reason why these skills become important, necessary and indispensable for elementary pupils is that they are not physically developed In other words, they are very young, weak, unable to react, respond to negative impacts from the outside, especially abusive behaviors that hurt them physically Therefore, education to form self-defense skills for elementary pupils has become an indispensable task in elementary schools

In recent years, in schools in general and elementary schools in particular, a number of problems occur, which causes families, schools and society to be interested and concerned Those are school violence, sexual abuse for pupils, abduction, accidents and risks that result in injuries and even deaths for pupils Food poisoning in schools is also alarming, traffic accidents and drowning are also alarming issues for pupils, etc The above actual situation requires schools, families and the society to pay attention to educating self-defense skills for elementary students

For the elementary students in mountainous communes due to difficult and complex living environment (rugged terrain, natural disasters, floods, etc.), they face more risks than elementary students in urban regions On the other hand, family and local economic conditions are still restricted, which makes taking care of and educating them face a lot of difficulties Therefore, educating self-defense skills for the pupils in mountainous communes becomes more urgent

For the education of self-defense skills for elementary pupils in general and elementary pupils in mountainous communes in particular is effective, one of the decisive factors is to manage self-defense skills education activities for elementary pupils in mountainous communes Because this activity helps effectively manage the goals, plans, program contents, methods, forms, facilities conditions, forces participating in education, of self-defense skills for elementary pupils

Coming from the above reasons, we chose the topic: "Management of educating

self-defense skills for elementary students in the mountainous communes of Hanoi City" to

write our PhD thesis

2 Research purpose and mission

2.1 Research purpose

Based on the theoretical research, analysis and assessment of the actual status of managing self-defense skills education activities for elementary pupils in the mountainous communes of Hanoi City, the thesis proposes measures for management of educating self-defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous communes of Hanoi City, contributing to developing self-defense skills for them in order to achieve the objective of comprehensive education for elementary pupils in the current period

2.2 Research mission

-Overview of research in education and management of self-defense skills education activities for elementary pupils

- Test the urgency and feasibility of the proposed measures and test a measure practice

3 Object and scope of research

3.1 Research object

Measures for managing self-defense skills education activities for elementary pupils in mountainous communes of Hanoi City

3.2 Research scope

3.2.1 Limitation on scope of research contents

There are many component skills of self-defense skills of elementary pupils in mountainous communes However, the thesis will focus on the in-depth study of 7 component skills of this skill such as: Safety skills when self-playing; skills of prevention from some emergencies and calling for help; physical abuse, sexual harassment avoiding skills; escape route seeking skills; Behavioral skills when lost; Traffic skills; Adaptive skills in social environments The research focuses on learning about the management contents of educating self-defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous communes according to the approach to the elements of the self-defense skills education process of elementary pupils in the mountainous communes The proposed measures are for the entities managing self-defense skills education activities for elementary pupils in the mountainous communes of Hanoi City as the decentralization requirements

3.2.2 Limitation on research area

This research is conducted at 15 elementary schools in the communes such as Phu Xuyen,

Me Linh, Ung Hoa, My Duc, Thach That, Ba Vi and Chuong My of Hanoi City (for details, see chapter 3 of the thesis)

3.2.3 Limitation on object and survey areas of the thesis

a Surveyed object

This research is conducted on 409 people of 3 object groups such as the group of educational managers; The group of elementary school teachers and the group of elementary pupils

b Surveyed area

This research focuses on studying teachers, managers and pupils at 10 elementary schools in mountainous communes as follows: Khanh Thuong Elementary school, Yen Binh Elementary school A; Yen Binh Elementary school B; Yen Trung Elementary school; Tien Xuan elementary school A; Tien Xuan Elementary School B, Mieu Village, Tien Xuan, Thach That; Dong Xuan Elementary School, Dong Ben village, Dong Xuan Commune, Quoc Oai District; An Phu Elementary school, My Duc District; Tran Phu Elementary school A and Tran Phu Elementary school B

4 Methodology and research method

4.1 Research approach

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- Systematic approach: A systematic approach aims at researching the management

of self-defense skills education activities for elementary pupils in mountainous districts It means that this issue must be studied in a dialectical relationship with comprehensive educational contents for pupils at elementary schools to help pupils form and develop their personalities

- Process approach: A process approach in researching self-defense skills

education activities for elementary pupils in mountainous districts means the in-depth study of the elements of educational process from purpose, contents, method, educational organization form, teachers, elementary pupils, facilities conditions, coordination between the forces inside and outside school in educating self-defense skills for elementary pupils

in mountainous districts

- Management function approach: Management function approach with 4 basic

functions such as planning, organizing, directing, testing and evaluating means the premise and action method of the entities managing self-defense skills education activities for elementary pupils in mountainous districts of Hanoi City to direct to operate the elements of self-defense skills education process for elementary pupils in mountainous districts

- Capacity approach: Capacity approach in studying educational activities and

management of educating self-defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous districts creates a methodological basis for interpretation of some basic theory issues of educational activities and management of educating self-defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous districts

4.2 Research methods

To carry out this research, the thesis will use the following quantitative and qualitative research methods in a synchronous combination way: Document and material research method; Expert method; Questionnaire- based investigation method; In-depth interview method; Active product research method; Observation method; Test Method; Method of processing data by mathematical statistics

4.3 Scientific hypothesis

The management of educating self-defense skills for elementary pupils in Hanoi mountainous communes of Hanoi also reveals limitations in goal management; contents; program; form; teaching activities, learning and training activities; tests and evaluation; facilities, the coordination between the forces serving the self-defense skills education activity, which results in the limitation and lack of this skill in pupils The research proposes and takes measures for managing self-defense skills education activities for elementary pupils in mountainous districts based on the approach to the educational process acting upon the weak stages found from the actual situation, suitable for the characteristics of pupil age, school conditions, living environment, economy, socio-culture

in mountainous communes of Hanoi City, which promotes this skill education activities to

be implemented effectively, thereby contributing to the development of self-defense skills

in elementary pupils in the mountainous communes of Hanoi

4.4 Research questions

Performing this thesis is to answer the following research questions:

1) What scientific point of view is the research in management of self-defense skills education activities for elementary pupils in mountainous districts approached from? What is the theoretical basis for managing educational activities and self-defense skills

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education activities for elementary pupils in mountainous districts?

2) What is the actual status of educational activities and management of defense skills education activities for elementary pupils in mountainous districts? What are its strengths and weaknesses? What factors influence the management of this activity? 3) What management measures will promote this skill education activity to be implemented effectively, thereby contributing to the development of self-defense skills among elementary pupils in the mountainous communes of Hanoi City

self-5 New contributions to the science by the thesis

The thesis has developed some basic theoretical issues on educating self-defense skills and management of educating self-defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous communes, contributing to perfecting the theory of management of educating self-defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous communes This is a relatively new theoretical issue in our country

The thesis has evaluated the actual status of self-defense skills educational activities education and management of self-defense skills education activities for elementary pupils

in the mountainous communes of Hanoi and defined its cause and consequences On that basis, the thesis proposes measures for managing self-defense skills education activities for elementary pupils in mountainous communes of Hanoi The thesis has proposed the criteria for managing self-defense skills education activities for pupils in the mountainous communes of Hanoi City These are new research results of management of self-defense skills education activities for elementary pupils in mountainous communes

6 Theoretical and practical meanings

The thesis is an essential reference for researchers in educational management, people in charge of state management of education, educators, planners of strategy and policy on life skills education for pupils in general and self-defense skills for pupils in particular

The thesis is also a useful reference for families, communities and local managers

in educating self-defense skills for elementary pupils in our country And the thesis also provides readers, especially students studying education management, education, at academies and universities across the country with the general picture of management of self-defense skills education activities for Hanoi City's elementary pupils in the context of educational innovation through analyzing the achievements and limitations in this work and with some basic measures aiming at perfecting the management of self-defense skills education activities for elementary pupils in the mountainous communes of our country, contributing to promoting the education of this skill to be implemented effectively, thereby contributing to the development of self-defense skills in elementary pupils in the mountainous communes of Hanoi City

7 Thesis Structure

Apart from the preamble, conclusion, recommendations, list of published works, list

of references, and appendices, the content of the thesis consists of 4 chapters: Chapter 1: Overview of the situation of research in management of self-defense skills education activities for students and elementary pupils; Chapter 2: Theoretical basis for managing self-defense skills education activities for elementary pupils in mountainous communes; Chapter 3: Results of researching the actual situation of managing self-defense skills education activities for elementary pupils in the mountainous communes of Hanoi City;

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Chapter 4: Measures for managing self-defense skills education activities for elementary pupils in the mountainous communes of Hanoi City

Chapter 1 OVERVIEW OF THE SITUATION OF RESEARCH IN MANAGEMENT OF SELF-DEFENSE SKILLS EDUCATION ACTIVITIES FOR ELEMENTARY

PUPILS 1.1 Overview of the situation of research in management of life skills education activities, including self-defense skills for elementary pupils

Research fields of educating life skills, including self-defense skills for pupils Learning about the researches, around the world and in Vietnam, of self-defense skills education activities for students in general, and elementary pupils in particular shows that the researches of self-defense skills for students are integrated into the researches of life skills education activities There are not many separate and in-depth studies of self-defense skills education activities for students in general and elementary pupils in particular However, it still has to be confirmed that the study of life skills education activities for students in general and self-defense skills education activities for elementary pupils in particular is not a new land, not “plowed”, this is an issue that many researchers in education, psychology, in the world have been interested in researching from different aspects In particular, there are a wide range of research projects and programs of governmental and non-governmental organizations in countries around the world such as United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), World Health Organization (WHO), and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); The theoretical and practical research works of scientists are published in scientific journals, reference books, monographs, textbooks; scientific research topics at all levels This confirms the important role and position of the studies on this issue for people and social development

An overview of the research stituation of self-defense skills for students in general and elementary pupils in particular can be summarized into the following main research fields; Research field of purpose and role of fostering teachers educating self-defense skills for students; Research field of program contents and methods of educating self-defense skills for students; Research field of elements affecting self-defense skills education activities for students

Research fields of managing life skills education activities include self-defense skills for students The studies on management of life skills education activities in the world are integrated into the studies on management of educational activities in schools as basic educational activities in schools

2.1.1 Concept of elementary pupils

In this research, researching the education of self-defense skills for elementary pupils in public elementary schools that falls within the system invested in all aspects, from operating funds to educational programs by the Government

2.1.2 Self-defense skills to be educated for elementary pupils in mountainous communes

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2.1.2.1 Concept

The self-defense skills of elementary pupils in mountainous communes mean elementary pupils’ ability to use their obtained knowledge and experience to identify and respond to adverse situations, dangerous situations effectively to keep themselves safe

2.1.2.2 Basis for defining self-defense skills to be educated for elementary pupils in mountainous communes

The basis for defining self-defense skills to be educated for elementary pupils in

mountainous communes includes: The requirements of primary education level in modern education and industrialization, modernization context and fourth industrial revolution; Requirements and commitments to performing the Convention on the Rights of the Child; the Regulations on life skills education for elementary-school level by Ministry of Education and Training; Psychological characteristics of elementary pupil age

2.1.2.3 Self-defense skills to be educated for elementary pupils in mountainous communes

From the analysises of the basis for defining self-defense skills that need to be educated for elementary pupils in mountainous communes such as industrialization, modernization context and fourth industrial revolution; commitment to performing the Convention on the Rights of the Child; the Regulations on life skills education for elementary-school level by Ministry of Education and Training; Psychological characteristics of elementary pupil age; socio-economic and living enviroment conditions

in the above mountainous communes, it is possible to determine some self-defense skills that need to be educated for elementary pupils in mountainous communes, including: safety skills when self-playing; skills of prevention from some emergencies and calling for help; physical abuse, sexual harassment avoiding skills; escape route seeking skills; Behavioral skills when lost; Traffic skills; Adaptive skills in social environments

2.2 Self-defense skills education activities for elementary pupils in mountainous communes

2.2.1 Some relevant concepts

Educating self-defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous communes is

a process of organizing education activities scientifically by educators in order to help elementary pupils in mountainous communes know how to turn knowledge and attitudes into practical actions to identify and respond to adverse situations, dangerous situations effectively to protect themselves safe

2.2.2 Meaning and importance of self-defense skills education activities for elementary pupils in mountainous communes

Educating self-defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous communes has a extremely important meaning and role Some important meanings and concerns of educating these skills can be cited as follows: Firstly, Self-defense skills promote social and personal development; Secondly, Education of self-defense skills is an urgent requirement for students Thirdly, Self-defense skills are one of the basic skills that contribute to helping students in general and elementary pupils in particular to form and develop comprehensive personality, ready for entering the next education level Fourthly, Education of self-defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous communes is one of

the important criteria to evaluate the education quality of an elementary school

2.2.3 Content of self-defense skills education activities for elementary pupils in mountainous communes

Elementary schools in mountainous communes should focus on educating defense skills for elementary pupils as follows: Educating safety skills when self-playing;

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Educating skills of prevention from some emergencies and calling for help; Educating physical abuse, sexual harassment avoiding skills; Educating safe eating and drinking skills; Educating behavioral skills when lost; Educating traffic skills; Educating adaptive skills in social environments

2.2.3.1 Education form of self-defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous communes

The education forms of self-defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous communes are as follows: through regular subjects in school; through extracurricular activities, sightseeing, picnics; through social activities; through participating into clubs inside and outside school

2.2.4 Education method of self-defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous communes

To teach pupils self-defense skills effectively, it is possible to use the methods such as Brainstorming; Problem solving; Experience; Using words; Practicing; Role-playing method; Games; setting examples,…

2.2.5 Facilities and conditions for carrying out education of self-defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous communes

Self-defense skills education activities for elementary pupils in mountainous communes want to achieve effectiveness as set out in the goal, in addition to the good determination of education goals, program contents, human resources educating self-defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous communes by primary schools, the conditions for facilities, documents, technical equipment, space and educational environment , are extremely important ones that create the effectiveness of this educational activity

2.2.6 Subjects participating in education of self-defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous communes

The education of self-defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous communes needs the participation of many subjects such as leaders, managers, teachers of elementary schools; Pupil’s parents; School organizations and unions; Parents Association; Governmental organizations, local unions because, the education of self-defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous communes requires the participation

of many forces inside and outside school

2.3 Management of educating self-defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous communes

2.3.1 Management and school management and school management functions

Management means an organized, directed action of a management subject upon

a managed object to achieve objectives [39]

2.3.1.2 Concept of school management

School management means the management of an organization and its individuals; The school management is purposeful, oriented and clearly planned by the principal and teachers, staff, and students; The school management exists as a system, structured and operating in a defined environment

The basic functions of school management include: Forecasting and planning functions; Organization Function; Leadership / direction function; Test and evaluation function

defense skills for pupils in mountainous communes

2.3.3 Concept, content of management of educating self-defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous communes

2.3.3.1 Concept

Management of educating self-defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous communes means the management subject’s intentional action upon the managed object in order to mobilize and coordinate their force and intelligence into the education of self-defense skills for pupils for the purpose of achieving the effectiveness of educating these skills according to the goals

2.3.3.2 Content of management of educating self-defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous communes

1)Management of performing the education goal of self-defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous communes

When implementing the management contents and the goals an elementary school

principal must comply with the followings:

-Develop a plan to implement self-defense skills education contents and programs for elementary pupils in the mountainous communes of Hanoi City;

- Identify the right participants in self-defense skills education activities for elementary pupils in the mountainous communes of Hanoi City;

-Check and classify the participants in self-defense skills educational activities for elementary pupils in the mountainous communes of Hanoi City;

-Inform of the regimes and policies for all participants in self-defense skills educational activities for elementary pupils in the mountainous communes of Hanoi City; -Support in consulting elementary pupils in the mountainous communes of Hanoi City after participating in self-defense skills education

2)Making plan for educating self-defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous communes

School principals need to perform the above steps well and pay more attention to the following aspects:

-Make plans for educating self-defense skills in the overall comprehensive education plan for elementary pupils;

- Make plans for educating separate self-defense skills for pupils on the basis of mastering the education organization purpose, requirements, contents, form of self-defense skills for elementary pupils;

- Attract the participation of management subjects and educational strategies in making plans;

-Make plans with planned general goals, specific goals, implementation methods and measures;

Management of education programs and contents of self-defense skills for

elementary pupils in schools requires Principals to take the following steps:

-Develop education programs and contents of self-defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous communes;

-Regularly review, add and adjust the contents of the education program of defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous communes;

- Periodically compare and contrast the education contents, programs of self-defense skills for elementary pupils and the goal of fostering mountainous communes;

self Build plans for developing the education contents, program of self-defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous communes;

- Organize the implementation of the education program of self-defense skills for elementary pupils compared with the goal of fostering mountainous communes;

-Regularly examine and evaluate the implementation of education contents, program of self-defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous communes

mountainous communes

For the content of managing the method of educating self-defense skills for pupils

in mountainous communes, elementary school principals should perform the following aspects:

-Develop plans using self-defense skills education methods for elementary pupils in mountainous communes

-Deploy and direct the use of self-defense skills education methods for elementary pupils in mountainous communes

- Direct the training of teachers in methods of educating self-defense skills for elementary pupils in accordance with the contents, forms and learning capacity of elementary pupils in mountainous communes

-Check and assess the use of methods of educating self-defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous communes

- Direct and adjust methods of educating self-defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous communes according to the goals

-Support and consult teachers in methods of educating self-defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous communes

5) Management of education form of self-defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous communes

When implementing this management content, principals should pay attention to the following aspects:

-Develop a plan to use the education form of self-defense skills for elementary pupils, suitable for school characteristics, the characteristics of elementary pupils in mountainous communes

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-Deploy and direct the use of self-defense skills education form for elementary pupils in mountainous communes in accordance with pupils’ needs and school's conditions

- Test and assess the use of education forms of self-defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous communes

- Direct and adjust the education form of self-defense skills for elementary pupils

in mountainous communes to suit the needs and conditions of school and pupils

6) Management of teachers performing self-defense skills education activities for elementary pupils in mountainous communes

To perform these contents well, principals should take the following steps well:

- Direct teachers and specialized staff to master the distribution of programs, component skills of self-defense skills for pupils in mountainous communes in accordance with regulations;

-Direct teachers, specialized staff to build a plan for education of self-defense skills for pupils in mountainous communes in accordance with the program distribution;

-Determine the number and quality of professional records of teachers, persons in charge of educating self-defense skills for pupils in the mountainous communes of Hanoi city;

-Build and publish a general plan for education of self-defense skills for pupils in mountainous communes;

-Approve and check plans for education of self-defense skills for pupils in mountainous communes

7) Management of self-defense skills learning and training activities of elementary pupils

-Foster the learning and training methods of self-defense skills for elementary pupils

in mountainous districts to promote pupils’ activity and initiative;

-Develop specific regulations on learning habits, train self-defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous districts;

- Manage the learning and training habits of self-defense skills of elementary pupils in classrooms as well as experiential classes with the spirit of learning method and practicing self-defense skills;

- Timely reward and discipline on the implementation of learning and training habits

of self-defense skills of elementary pupils in mountainous districts;

- Coordinate the forces inside and outside school to monitor the learning and practice habits of self-defense skills of elementary pupils in mountainous districts

elementary pupils in mountainous communes

To implement this management content well, elementary school principals should perform the following aspects well:

-Make a plan for investment and use of facilities and techniques self-defense skills education activities for pupils in mountainous communes;

9) Managemnent and coordination of educational forces inside and outside school to participate

in self-defense skills education activities of elementary pupils in mountainous communes

To implement this management content effectively, elementary school principals need to perform the following contents well:

-Make plans for coordinating and combining education forces inside and outside school to participate in self-defense skills education activities of elementary pupils in mountainous communes

- Deploy and direct the coordination and combination of educational forces inside and outside school to participate in self-defense skills education activities of elementary pupils in mountainous communes

-Check and assess the the coordination and combination of educational forces inside and outside the school to participate in self-defense skills education activities of elementary pupils in mountainous communes

-To direct and adjust the coordination and combination of educational forces inside and outside the school to participate in self-defense skills education activities for elementary pupils in mountainous communes

10) Management of checking and evaluation of self-defense skills education activities for elementary pupils in mountainous communes

To implement this management conten effectively, elementary school principals need to perform the following contents well:

-Develop a plan to test and evaluate the self-defense skills education activities for elementary pupils in mountainous communes

-Identify the testing and evaluating purpose of self-defense skills education activities for elementary pupils in mountainous communes

-Develop the evaluating standards and criteria for self-defense skills education activities for elementary pupils in mountainous communes specifically and clearly

- Prepare for testing and evaluating forces for self-defense skills education activities of elementary pupils in mountainous communes

-Prepare for a plan for testing and evaluating the self-defense skills education activities of elementary pupils in mountainous communes annually

- Evaluate to draw experience, make timely adjustments after the evaluation

pupils in mountainous communes

- Managers and teachers’ awareness of the role and importance of educating defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous communes;

- Managers’ capacity of educating self-defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous communes;

- The capacity of teachers performing the task of educating self-defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous communes;

- Pupils' activity and initiative in participating in the process of educating self-defense skills;

Survey the actual situation on 409 people, specifically, 153 education managers;

226 teachers; 30 pupils The object group of managers and teachers is used to conduct surveys by questionnaires and in-depth interviews The surveyed pupil object alone is only used for survey by in-depth interviews

b Research area

This research focuses on studying teachers, managers and pupils at 10 elementary schools in mountainous communes as follows: Khanh Thuong Elementary school, Yen Binh Elementary school A; Yen Binh Elementary school B; Yen Trung Elementary school; Tien Xuan elementary school A; Tien Xuan Elementary School B; Dong Xuan Elementary School, An Phu Elementary school, My Duc District; Tran Phu Elementary school A and Tran Phu Elementary school B

3.1.1.2 Practical research stages

- Research tool design stage

- Trial survey stage for perfecting research toolkit

- Official investigation stage

3.1.2 Research Method

- Questionnaire-based investigation method;

- Expert method;

- Individual in-depth interview method;

- Method of processing data by mathematical statistics

3.2 Actual situation of self-defense skills education activities for pupils in Hanoi mountainous communes

3.2.1 Awareness of the important role of self-defense skills education activities for elementary pupils in the mountainous communes of Hanoi

The majority of respondents say that education of self-defense skills for elementary pupils in mountainous communes is necessary (92.1%) None of the respondents say that the education of self-defense skills for pupils is not necessary Only a very small percentage of the respondents say that this activity is less necessary (7.9%)

3.2.2 Actual situation of the availability of self-defense skills of pupils in Hanoi mountainous communes

communes of Hanoi city have assessed that pupils’ current availability of self-defense skills is quite weak with average mark = 1.98, DLC = 0,503 Thus, elementary pupils in the mountainous communes of Hanoi City do not have self-defense skills Out of the 7 studied skills, “Traffic skill” has the highest average mark (average mark = 2.16; DLC =