Giáo trình English for Business I Intensive Reading - Phần 2

Giáo trình English for Business I Intensive Reading được biên soạn nhằm cung cấp các kiến thức hữu ích cho các trường có đào tạo các ngành kỹ thuật - nghiệp vụ và đông đảo bạn đọc quan tâm đến vấn đề hướng nghiệp, dạy nghề. NỘi dung của giáo trình gồm có 7 Chapter trình bày các nội dung: English - speaking countries, foreign languages, holidays and recreation, environment and health, background to business, business structure and organization, marketing. Phần 2 của giáo trình trình bày nội dung của chương 4 và chương 5, mời các bạn cùng tham khảo.

C h a p t e r 4

ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH

O b j e c t i v e s

• Providing knovvledge ô n environment and health

• I m p r o v i n g reading skills: ansvvering pre- reading questions about texts, scanning, s k i m m i n g , detailed reading, a p p l y i n g true/ false questions to texts

• F o r m i n g appropriate manner

Contents

• I n í o r m a t i o n ô n conservation, air p o l l u t i o n , healthy diets

• The use and í ò r m a t i o n ô n the gerund, prepositions f o l l o w i n g adịectives

U n i t l

C O N S E R V A T I O N

Pre-reading

Ì W h a t are natural resources?

2 W h y do we need to conserve natural resources?

Conservation is the safeguarding and preservation o f natural resources, so thát they can continue to be used and erỹoyed I n the past, m o s t people believed thát the world's resources c o u l d never be used ú p T o d a y , w e know thát this is n ó t t r ú c A n important part o f conservation is the prevention of waste- waste o f í o r e s t s , soil, w i l d l i f e , minerals and h u m a n lives A s important

is the íĩght against p o l l u t i o n o f our environment, i n particular, the d i r t y i n g and

p o i s o n i n g o f air and vvater Conservation is also c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e r e c l a i m i n g

o f land b y i r r i g a t i n g deserts, d r a i n i n g swamps or p u s h i n g b a c k t h e sea

Farmers can protect t h e i r l a n d b y y e a r l y r o t a t i o n o f c r o p s - t h á t is, g r o w i n g

d i f f e r e n t crops ô n the same l a n d f r o m year to year I n t h i s w a y , d i f f e r e n t elements o f the soil have t i m e t o replace lost elements F a r m e r s c a n h e l p enrich the soil by a d d i n g f e r t i l i z e r s T h e y can prevent e r o s i o n b y p l o u g h i n g a l o n g the contours o f a h i u rather than ú p and d o w n I n this w a y w a t e r does n ó t r u n o f f and take the soil w i t h Ít

Trees and shrubs are also needed t o preserve l a n d because t h e i r roots b i n d the soil and retain vvater W h e n a l l the trees i n a r e g i o n are c ú t , the s o i l can easily become loose and b l o w away

Forests p r o v i d e t i m b e r , one o f M a n ' s m o s t valuable resources, b ú t they must be managed c a r e í u l l y O n l y m a t u r e trees s h o u l d be c ú t , l e a v i n g the y o u n g ones to g r o w bigger

T o protect w i l d - l i f e , many countries have passed laws restricting h u n t i n g and í i s h i n g W i l d - l i f e preserves areas where animals are protected vvithin their natural environment are becoming more c o m m o n in regions vvhere a n i m a l l i f e

is threatened

D i r t y air is c h i e f l y a city problem London's famous "pea soup" fogs were cleared by laws by f o r b i d d i n g the burning o f soft fuels; b ú t car exhaust f u m e s continue to pollute the air Some large cities may have to ban cars f r o m the city centre to wipe out smoke

Minerals thát are taken f r o m the Earth i n immense quantities include petroleum, coal, natural gas, iron and copper Once used ú p , these minerals can never be replaced to conserve t h è m , we must c ú t waste and recycle (put back into use) the metal i n discarded products, such as empty cans Conservation also includes searching f o r altemative fuels, such as the energy o f the Sun

Ì W h a t is conservation concerned with?

2 H o w can farmers protect their land?

3 I n vvhat way can trees preserve land?

4 What happens when all the trees i n a region are c ú t ?

5 W h a t are some example o f minerals taken f r o m the earth?

A 2 W r i t e T b e t o r e t r u e s t a t e m e n t s W r i t e F b e í o r e f a l s e s t a t e m e n t s

Ì Most people believe thát the world's resources can never be used ú p

2 Conservation is o n l y the s a í e g u a r d i n g o f natural resources

3 Yearly rotation o f crops means grovving d i f f e r e n t crops ô n the same land f r o m year to year

4 A d d i n g fertilizers can help enrich the soil

5 Once used ú p , minerals can be replaced

B T H E G E R Ư N D

The - I N G f o r m o f t e n acts like a verb and a noun át the same time ít can be followed by án object (e.g i ư i t a t i n g deserts, draining svvamps) b ú t Ít can also itselí be the subject, object or complement o f a sentence

Farmers can protect their land by growing d i f f e r e n t crops

(Grovving - > object o f the preposition B Y )

Like any other n o u n , the - I N G f o r m can be used w i t h an article or possessive or demonstrative adjective

The saịeguarding oi natural resources

Do you m i n d m y making a suggestion?

2 í i s h i n g

3 recycling paper

4 smoking

5 polluting one's environment

6 safeguarding natural resources

7 preventing vvaste

8 grovving different crops of the same land

B2 Now write the proper form of the verb in parentheses, (gerund,

p r e s e n t p a r t i c i p l e , p a s t p a r t i c i p l e , b a r e i n t i n i t i v e o r t o i n t i n i t i v e )

1 H o w is Susan (get) along i n her new j o b ?

ì think she gets used to ( w o r k ) f o r t y hours a vveek

2 T h á t í a b r i c is (make) o f a material vvhich catches fire easily

3 There are signs everyvvhere (tell) people t o k e e p out o f the grass in the park

4 ít is n ó t easy (tell) a t w i n f r o m the other

5 M a n y snow-fed mountain streams d r y ú p d u r i n g certain seasons o f the year because there is no ( m e l t ) snow át t h á t t i m e

6 There are so many signs along thát road ( w a r n ) motorists (slovv)

d o w n because thát roads very slippery

c W O R D S T U D Y

N o u n f o r m a t i o n

Nouns derived f r o m verbs can have the f o l l o w i n g s u f f í x e s :

We have made great efforts to our country The industrial

vvill lead to the country's prosperity

We come to school to our minds vvith knovvledge By g i v i n g the

students up-to-date s c i e n t i í i c knovvledge their mental vvill be very

worthwhile

6 rotate

The farmers need to their c r o p s T h e o f crops ô n the same

land can prevent soil exhaustion

D D E A L I N G W I T H U N F A M I L I A R W O R D S A N D P H R A S E

A number o f u n í a m i l i a r words and phrases are explained i n the text

H o w are t h e f o l l o w ỉ n g e x p l a i n e d ? W h a t p u n c t u a t i o n s a r e used t o ỉndicate t h á t the expressions a r e b e ỉ n g ẽ x p l a i n e d ?

a conservation (paragraph Ì )

b yearly rotation o f crops (paragraph 2 )

c w i l d - l i f e preserves (paragraph 5 )

U n i t 2

AIR- POLLUTION

Clean air provides us w i t h a healthy supply o f o x y g e n W h e n vvastes are poured into the atmosphere, the air becomes contaminated and unpleasant to breathe This is air p o l l u t i o n

Water vapour and carbon d i o x i d e occur i n the air n a t u r a l l y E x a m p l e s of air pollution are dust storms, volcanic eruptions, í o r e s t fires caused by lightening, pollen, and marsh gases

A large amount o f air p o l l u t i o n i n cities comes f r o m sources other than industry, m a i n l y automobiles, home eating, and garbage disposal

Vehicles also account f o r air p o l l u t i o n i n the cities A u t o m o b i l e exhaust and some industrial processes contain carbon m o n o x i d e , an odourless gas

w h i c h cannot be seen or tasted N i t r i c o x i d e iồ another tail-pipe e m i s s i o n thát is highly poisonous and m a y sometimes change into the even m o r e dangerous nitrogen d i o x i d e

Lead and smoke are e m i t t e d i n engine exhausts as t i n y particles

S m o g — o r i g i n a l l y a combination o f smoke and f o g — ai so occurs i n the atmosphere vvhen nitrogen oxides and organic gases c o m b i n e under the

i n í l u e n c e o f sunlight This is photo-chemical smog ít may n ó t sound í a m i l i a r , bút Ít is c o m m o n l y f o u n d i n most m a j o r cities where there are large

concentrations o f industry and automobilẹs

Industrial smoke stacks t h r o w out sulphur and nitrogen oxides

Burning coal and o i l releases other gases h a r m í u l to humans The most serious o f these gases is sulphur dioxide I n the atmosphere Ít can combine

with water vapour and o x y g e n to t ù m into a sủlphuric-acid mist

Hydrogen í l u o r i d e is produced i n the m a n u í a c t u r e phosphate fertilizers and some metals

Burning garbage and paper wastes pollute the air w i t h unpleasant odours Dangerous chemicals can be released f r o m b u r n i n g plastics or hairspray containers

W O R D L I S T Atmosphere(n) K h í q u y ể n , k h ô n g k h í

2.1ndustry is the m a i n source o f air p o l l u t i o n

3.Burning coal and o i l is n ó t h a r m f u l to humans

4.Photo- chemical smog is c o m m o n l y f o u n d i n most m a j o r cities with large concentrations o f industry and automobiles

5.Sulphur d i o x i d e is the most serious o f gases released f r o m b u r n i n g coal and o i l

A 2 R e a d t h e t e x t a n d a n s v v e r t h e f o l l o w i n g q u e s t i o n s

Ì W h a t t w o gases occur naturally?

2 W h a t are some sources o f air pollution i n cities?

3 H o w do vehicles pollute the air i n cities?

4 Where can photo-chemical smog be found?

5 W h a t does sulphur d i o x i d e c o m b i n e d w i t h water vapour and o x y g e n

t ù m into?

B G R A M M A R

Prepositions following adjectives

Some gases are harm/ul to humans

M a n y adjectives are used w i t h particular prepositions, and these must be

learnt by heart Here, the adjective harmỷuì is f o l l o w e d b y the preposition to

B I L e a r n t h e s e a d j e c t i v e s a n d p r e p o s i t i o n s t o g e t h e r a n d a d d

s o m e m o r e a d j e c t i v e s t o t h e t a b l e b e l o v v

A d ị e c t i v e s P r e p o s ỉ t i o n s

1 acceptable, accustomed, agreeable, contrary, h a r m f u l ,

important, k i n d , l i k e l y , l u c k y , open, pleasant, similar

7 c o n í u s e d , sad, serious about

B 2 N o w f i l l i n t h e b l a n k s w i t h c o r r ẹ c t p r e p o s i t i o n s

1 Y o u r mother was very k i n d A n n a

2 H u r r y or you vvill be late work

3 Were they present the c o n í e r e n c e ?

4 He was confused the dates

5 This book is d i f f e r e n t hers

6 Y o u r proposal is similar his

7 M r Tran is very popular his colleagues

8 The c h i l d was afraid the dog

9 She is accustomed d r i v i n g ô n the l e f t hand

10 The street was crovvded people

11 He was s u c c e s s í u l his career

c W O R D S T U D Y

C 1 W o r d B l e n d i n g

The vvord smog is c o m b i n e d f r o m the t w o w o r d s smoke and fog T h i s kind

o f w o r d í o r m a t i o n is called blending Here are some other e x a m p l e s

ỷọrtran: í ò r m a l + translation (a computer code)

Eurovision: European + television

mopecl: m o t o r + pedal (cycle)

Look át the words below and explain in the same way as in the exampỉe

gi ven

1 medìcare:

2 brunch:

3 heliport:

The sujfix-ỉess, added to a noun to f o r m an adjective, means without: A n

odourless gas is a gas without odour

Now complete the sentences with the -ỉess adịectỉves provided

speechless restless childless o d o u r l e s s careless h a r m l e s s treeless

1 M ĩ and M r s B r o w n have been married f o r f i v e years They have no

5 He is about l e a v i n g the door u n l o c k e d w h e n he goes to bed

6 These snakes w i l l n ó t cause y o u any serious h a r m even i f they b i t e y o u

They are

7 O x y g e n is an gas

C 3 o t h e r a d j e c t i v e s f o r m e d t r ò m n o u n s b y a d d i n g s u f f i x e s

A d j e c t i v e s i n E n g l i s h can be í o r m e d f r o m nouns b y a d d i n g other s u f f i x e s

such as: - f u l , -less, - l y , - l i k e , - ish

Look át the nouns beloxv and fìnd the correct suffix thát form corresponding

acịịectives:

H a r m , use, c h i l d , odour, peace, man, brother, w o r l d , day, success, health,

f o o l , agriculture, industry, self, rain, sand, nature, snovv, dust, hope, help, dirt,

1 - f u l :

2 - less:

3 - ish:

a H e n r y is always ready to help his í r i e n d s He is t o t h è m

b "Ha N o i M o i " is published seven days a week ít is a nevvspaper

c Smoke f r o m í a c t o r i e s is

d Hoa and her sister passed the examination last m o n t h T h e y were

candidates

e Clean air provides us w i t h a supply o f o x y g e n

f N i t r i c oxide is h i g h l y ít acts as a poison, w h i c h m a y cause death '

or i n j u r y i f taken i n t o the body

D T O P I C S F O R D I S C U S S I O N A N D W R I T I N G

What should governments and individuals do to cope w i t h p o l l u t i o n ?

P r e - r e a d i n g

l.What k i n d o f f o o d is good you for? M a k e a list

2 What k i n d o f f o o d is bad f o r you? M a k e a list

3 W h a t does a healthy diet mean?

4 W h y is Ít important to have a healthy diet? D o most people i n y o u r

Sometimes, people are c o n í u s e d about what type o f f o o d is healthy and vvhat k i n d o f f o o d can be bad f o r our health I n 1956, the U S D A — ư s Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e — described f o u r basic f o o d groups: meat (meat,

f i s h , c h i c k e n e t c ) , dairy (cheese, butter, e t c ) , grains (bread, cereals, rice,

e t c ) , and f r u i t and vegetables The U S D A suggested h o w m u c h o f each f o o d group was healthy to eat d a i l y N o w , hovvever, these suggestions are changing The f o u r f o o d groups are still the same, b ú t the amounts f r o m each

f o o d group are d i f f e r e n t

As a result o f years o f research, we k n o w thát too m u c h a n i m a l f a t is bad for our health For example, Americans eat a lót o f meat and o n l y a small amount o f grains f r u i t , and vegetables Because o f their diet, they have high rates o f cancer and heart disease I n Japan, i n contrast, people eat large amounts o f grains and very little meat The Japanese also have very l o w rates

of cancer and heart disease I n fact the Japanese live longer than anyone else

in the vvorld U n f o r t u n a t e l y , when Japanese people m o v e t o the U n i t e d States, their rates o f heart disease and cancer increase as their diet changes Moreover,

as hamburgers, ice cream, and other h i g h - f a t foods become p o p u l a r i n Japan, the rates o f heart disease and cancer are increasing there as w e l l People are also eating more meat and dairy products i n other countries such as Cuba, Mauritius, and H u n g a r y N ó t surprisingly, the disease rates i n these countries are increasing along vvith the change i n diet Consequently, doctors everyvvhere advise people to eat more grains, ữ u i t and vegetables, and to eat less meat and fewer dairy products

A healthy diet is important f o r children as vvell as adults W h e n adults have poor eating habits, their children usually do too A í t e r a l l , c h i l d r e n eat the same way as their parents W h e n parents eat healthy f o o d the c h i l d r e n w i l l t h i n k Ít tastes good T h e n they w i l l develop g o o d eating habits D o c t o r s advise parents

to give their children healthier snacks such as f r u i t , vegetables and j u i c e

Everyone vvants to live a long, healthy l i f e W e k n o w t h á t the f o o d we eat affects us in d i f f e r e n t ways For instance, doctors believe t h á t f r u i t and vegetables can actually prevent m a n y d i f f e r e n t diseases Ô n the other hand, animal fat can cause disease W e can i m p r o v e our diet n o w , and e n j o y many years o f healthy l i v i n g

Department(n) Cục, sở, ty, ban

Ì There are f o u r basic f o o d groups

2 The f o o d groups are changing

3 M o s t Americans eat a lót o f meat

4 Most Japanese eat very f e w grains

5 There are h i g h rates o f cancer and heart disease i n Japan

6 Doctors t h i n k Ít is a good idea f o r people to eat less meat

7 ít is riot important f o r children to have a healthy diet

8 Children usually eat d i f f e r e n t l y f r o m their parents

9 Doctors believe thát f r u i t and vegetables cause d i f f e r e n t diseases

b W h y does this happen?

4 a What is happening to the disease rates in Cuba, Mauritius, and Hungary?

b W h y is this happening?

5 a W h a t effects can eating f r u i t and vegetables have ô n some diseases?

b W h a t effects can eating meat have ô n some diseases?

A 3 m u l t i p l e - c h o i c e

Read each question careỷuìly Circle the ìetter ofthe best answer

ỉ W h a t is the m a i n idea o f this passage?

a The k i n d o f diet we have can cause or prevent diseases

b Doctors advise people t ò eat more f r u i t , vegetables and grains,

c Eating meat causes cancer and heart disease

2 Everyone knows thát we must eat food in order to live What information

f o l l o w s ỉn o r d e r to?

a the reason

b the result

c the cause

3 " A healthy diet is important f o r children as w e l l as adults." T h i s means

a is more important for children than Ít is for adults

b is more important f o r adults than Ít is f o r children

c is equally important f o r both adults and children

a more i n í ò r m a t i o n about the same idea

b contrasting i n í o r m a t i o n about the same idea

c surprising i n í o r m a t i o n about the same idea

B V O C A B U L A R Y

Read each sentence below Fill in each space with the correct worcl /rom the ỉist below

A g r e e T y p e U n í o r t u n a t e l y B e c a u s e o f Disease P r e v e n t Suggestion A s a r e s u l t

D e s c r i b e C o n f u s e d

Ì Y o u r directions are n ó t clear ĩ m very a n d ĩ m a í r a i d o f g e t t i n g lost

2 M a r y and T o m w e n t ô n a p i c n i c i n the p a r k , t h e y stayed o u t i n the sun t o o l o n g and became s u n b u m e d

3 ì have j u s t m o v e d i n t o a n e w apartment n i Ít t o y o u It's ô n the

t h i r d f l o o r , Ít has three large r o o m s and a b i g k i t c h e n , a n d Ít gets the sunlight a l l day

4 Some people believe t h á t Ít is possible t o .colds b y d r i n k i n g a lót"

o f orange j u i c e every day

5 E m i l y lost her u m b r e l l a last week she h a d t o h u y a n e w one

6 L e s l i e said, "Let's g o t o the A n M u s e u m " R o b e r t s a i d , "That's a

Jason is m y best f r i e n d H e alvvays m e w h e n ì have a d i f f i c u l t

p r o b l e m I n f a c t , his has h e l p e d m e succeed m a n y tinues

4 develop I tifỉ!

Scientists are vvorking to a cure f o r a l l k i n d s o f cancer The

-o f a cure w i l l be vvelc-ome all ar-ound the w -o r l d

D u r i n g the summer, the temperature about 3CP¥ This s i g n i f í c a n t

in temperature makes m a n y people u n c o m í o r t a b l e

8 taste

ì l i k e the svveet o f f r u i t such as cherries and pears Lemons svveet T h e y are very sour

9 cause

There are m a n y o f cancer F o r e x a m p l e , sometimes exposure

to the sun s k i n cancer

10 change

In some areas o f the w o r l d , there are f o u r i n season H o w e v e r ,

in other c o u n t r i e s , the vveather át a l l í t is the same a l l year There is o n l y one season

A s a result o f years o f research, we k n o w thát ( Ì ) a n i m a l fat

is bad f o r our health For example, Americans eat ( 2 ) meat and only (3) grains, f r u i t and vegetables Because o f t h e i r diet, they have (4) cancer and heart disease I n Japan, i n contrast, people eat (5) grains and (6) meat The Japanese also have (7)

cancer and heart disease I n fact, the Japanese live l o n g e r than anyone else in the w o r l d Consequently, doctors everyvvhere advise people t o eat (8)

grains, f r u i t , and v e g e t á b l e s and (9) meat and (10) dairy products

E F O L L O W - U P A C T I V I T I E S

A c t i v i t y l

Larry is a student át the State University The f o l l o w i n g m e n u shows what

he usually eats f o r b r e a k í a s t , lunch and dinner

How can you change Lanys menu in order to make Ít healthierỷor him? Break/ast

t w o eggs

t w o slices o f vvhite bread w i t h butter

one cup o f c o f f e e w i t h cream and sugar

A c t i v i t y 3

A l o n e or vvith a student f r o m your country, prepare a menu f o r a typical

b r e a k í a s t , Iunch, and dinner i n your country Then talk to a student f r o m another country, and show the student your menu E x p l a i n w h y y o u t h i n k your diet is healthy; then ask the other student to explain w h y he or she thinks his/her diet is healthy Compare your menu vvith the student's menu t r ò m a different country

Discuss w h i c h diet y o u both think is healthier

F T O P I C S F O R D I S C U S S I O N A N D V V R I T I N G

Ì A r e there h i g h rates o f heart disease and cancer in your country? What

do you think are some reasons f o r this?

2 The reading passage discussed a healthy diet as a way to prevent disease W o r k w i t h a classmate M a k e a list o f other vvays to prevent disease and to have a healthy l i f e Compare your list w i t h your classmates' lists

C h a p t e r 5

Objectives

• Providing basic knovvledge ô n business

• I m p r o v i n g reading skills: answering pre- reading questions about texts, scanning, s k i m m i n g , detailed reading, a p p l y i n g true/ false questions to texts

of goods and services f o r a p r o f i t T o examine this d e í i n i t i o n , we w i l l look át its various parts

First, production is the creation o f services or the changing o f materials into products One example is the conversion o f iron ore into metal car parts Next these products need to be m o v e d f r o m the f a c t o r y to the market place This is k n o w n as distribution A car m i g h t be m o v e d f r o m a í a c t o r y i n Detroit to a car dealership i n M i a m i

Third is the sale o f goods and services Sale is the exchange o f a product or service f o r money A car is sold to someone i n exchange f o r m o n e y Goods are products vvhich people either need or want; f o r example, cars can be classified

as goods Services, ô n the other hand, are activities vvhich a person or group performs f o r another person or organization For instance, an auto mechanic

p e r í o r m s a service w h e n he repairs a car A doctor also p e r f o r m s a service by taking care o f people w h e n they are sick

Business, then, is a combination o f all these activities: production, distribution, and sale Hovvever, there is one other important factor This í a c t o r

is the creation o f p r o í i t or economic surplus A m a j o r goal i n the f u n c t i o n i n g of

an A m e r i c a n business company is m a k i n g a p r o f i t P r o í i t is the m o n e y thát remains after all the expenses are paid Creating an economic surplus or proíit

is, therefore, a p r i m a r y goal o f business activity

1 What is one modern d e í ì n i t i o n o f business?

2 H o w does this modern meaning o f business d i f f e r f r o m the traditional one? * W h a t factors have brought about these changes?

3 What is production ?

4 W h a t example o f distribution is given i n the reading? *Can y o u t h i n k another example?

Write T before true statements Write F before false statements

1 The concepts and activities o f business haven't changed i n modern times

2 Business has a more technical d e í i n i t i o n i n m o d e r n times

3 Business is the production, d i s t r i b u t i o n , and sale o f goods and services f o r a p r o f í t

4 Sale is the exchange o f a product f o r m o n e y

5 The creation o f p r o f i t or economic surplus is one other important factor i n business

A D D I T I O N A L READING

A C T I V I T I E S O F E C O N O M Y Primary industries or primary economies refer to the production of raw or

crude products b y ways o f extracting or f a r m i n g E x t r a c t i o n is the c o l l e c t i o n or preservation o f natural resources w h i l e f a r m i n g applies d i f f e r e n t g r o w i n g methods to obtain more regular and also larger y i e l d f r o m natural resources Secondary industries consist o f p r o í e s s i o n s i n the small m a n u f a c t u r e and the factory-organized w o r k s in the enterprising m a n u í a c t u r e I n these factories

(or m i l l s , plants) large numbers o f finished products vvhose f o r m s differentiate completely f r o m their natural state have been í u r n i s h e d to improve Man's civilization

Tertiary industries or the service industries are the p r o í e s s i o n s or works thát do n ó t end ú p i n any f o r m o f tangible good Services are invisible goods which denote a h i g h level o f civilization

U n i t 2

E C O N O M I C R E S O U R C E S

Pre-reading

Ì W h a t do y o u t h i n k are economic resources?

2 H o w many kinds o f economic resources are there?

Economic resources are the things thát go into the making of goods and

services There are three kinds: natural resources, h u m a n resources, and capital resources

Paragraph A

A U the things f r o m the natural w o r l d thát serve as r a w m a t e r i a l inputs f o r producing goods and services are natural resources A i r and water, minerals such as iron ore, g o l d ; coal and gas, vegetable products, such as trees, plants grains, and ử u i t s - a l l are natural resources W i t h o u t natural resources, there couỊd be no goods o f any k i n d Natural resources appear p l e n t i í u l Y e t no nation has an u n l i m i t e d supply o f t h è m

Paragraph c

The machines, tools, and b u i l d i n g s used i n the p r o d u c t i o n o f goods and services are capital resources A nation's w e ạ l t h is o f t e n measured i n terms o f the capital Ít possesses

1 H u m a n Resources

2 Capital Resources

B C O M P R E H E N S I O N

B I VVrite T b e í o r e t r u e s t a t e m e n t s W r i t e F b e t o r e t á l s e s t a t e m e n t s

1 O n l y some nations have an u n l i m i t e d supply o f n a t u r a l resources

2 The abilities o f a nation decides to a large extent h o w m u c h a nation can produce depend upon its people

3 A nation's vvealth is o f t e n measured i n terms o f the capital Ít possesses

4 N a t u r á l resources are a l l the things f r o m the natural w o r l d

5 The people w h o put everything together to m a k e goods are human resources

B 2 R e a d t h e t e x t a n d a n s v v e r t h e s e q u e s t i o n s

Ì W h a t are economic resources?

2 H o w many kinds o f economic resourcẹs are there? W h a t are they?

3 W h a t are some examples o f natural resources?

4 W h a t c o u l d happen vvithout natural resources?

5 W h a t are capital resources?

C h a p t e r 6

BUSINESS STRUCTURE

O b j e c t i v e s

• Providing k n o w l e d g e ô n business structure and organization

• I m p r o v i n g reading skills: ansvvering pre- reading questions about texts, scanning, s k i m m i n g , detailed reading, applying true/ false questions to texts

• F o r m i n g appropriate manner

Contents

• Company structure, business cycle

• V o c a b u l a r y relating to organisation

responsible f o r d i f f e r e n t agpects oi the business and h o w the c o m p a n y is run

Companies are a very important part o f a country's e c o n o m y Businesses produce goods and services, and they come i n every shape and size A l t h o u g h the vast m a j o r i t y o f the world's companies are s m a l l , i n m a n y countries the economy is dominated by large í ì r m s Large businesses d i f f e r f r o m small ones

in a vvide variety o f ways I n many countries there are n a t i o n a l i z e d companies belonging to the state, as w e l l as private companies A private c o m p a n y might

be a small f i r m w i t h j u s t one ovvner or a very large f i r m vvith thousands of shareholders "ovvning" the f i r m

In very large f i r m s the shareholders have very little to do vvith the day r u n n i n g o f the f i r m This is l e f t to the management L a r g e companies may

day-to-be organized into several large departments, sometimes even d i v i s i o n s The organizational structure o f some companies is very hierarchical w i t h a board o f directors át the t ó p and the various departmental heads r e p o r t i n g to t h è m O f t e n the only t i m e shareholders can i n í l u e n c e the board is át the yearly shareholders' meeting

Some f i r m s m a y o n l y produce one g o o d or service Others m a y produce many d i f f e r e n t products; i n f a c t they m a y seem to be l i k e a c o l l e c t i o n o f

"businesses" inside one company A s a c o m p a n y gets b i g g e r Ít m a y expand geographically M a n y large f ĩ r m s are m u l t i n a t i o n a l s w i t h m a n u í a c t u r i n g plants and trading locations i n several d i f f e r e n t countries spread around the w o r l d

1 Companies play an important role i n country's e c o n o m y

2 Businesses come i n every shape and size

3 The vast m a j o r i t y o f the world's companies are large

4 Large businesses d i f f e r f r o m small ones i n size

5 A private company is owned b y one person

A 2 R e a d t h e t e x t a n d a n s v v e r t h e s e q u e s t i o n s

Ì W h e n do y o u have to talk about your company?

2 W h a t do businesses produce?

3 H o w may large companies be organized?

4 W h o do departmental heads report to?

5 W h e n can shareholders i n í l u e n c e the board?

5 M a n y large f í r m s are multinationals w i t h plants and

locations i n several d i f f e r e n t countries

A D D I T I O N A L READING

W H A T A R E G O O D S A N D S E R V I C E S ?

In your study of economics, you will discover many new words and

phrases This is n ó t surprising A l m o s t every activity has its o w n vocabulary Two o f the most important words in economics are goods and services

Goods are tangible or visible man- made or natural products being ô n sale

in the market Examples o f goods are shoes, sandals, m i n i s k i r t s , underwears or computers

Services are intangible or invisible things w h i c h results f r o m u s e f u l w o r k done by people f o r people i n the market The person w h o sells y o u a videotape

is p e r í o r m i n g a service So is the person w h o keeps track o f a business's records and files Services have value, just as "goods" do The care thát a doctor gives y o u when y o u are sick, a haircut, and a ride ô n : bus are a l l things

or value A l t h o u g h they can n ó t be touched, they f i l l our needs

Goods and services must be made or produced Businesses o f f e r both goods and services f o r sale They have value because they s a t i s í y people's needs and vvants T h e i r business ovvners, managers and vvorkers w h o made the tapes, sneakers, and bicycles are called producers The doctor, barber, and bus driver are also producers They are producing services The users o f the goods and services are called consumers

m u c h m o r e than the average g r o w t h rate f r o m 1986 - 1990

I n 1990 Ít o n l y grevv 2 4 % vvhich was less than the average T h e s e year- year (or short-term) m o v e m e n t s i n output are c a l l e d the business c y c l e

to-The business c y c l e is the somevvhat regular pattern o f e x p a n s i o n (recovery) and c o n t r a c t i o n (recession) i n real output t h á t occurs i n a n y e c o n o m y i n the short t e r m Grovvth is a t e r m o f t e n used to mean the e x p a n s i o n o r increase in the total output o f the e c o n o m y t h á t happens over the l o n g t e r m

The t u m i n g points o f e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t y d u r i n g the business c y c l e are the peak and the t r o u g h T h e peak occurs w h e n the g r o w t h rate is á t the highest point and u n e m p l o y m e n t is l o w T h e t r o u g h occurs vvhen grovvth is át the lovvest point and w h e n u n e m p l o y m e n t is h i g h

The business c y c l e has t w o phases d e í ĩ n e d b y the peak a n d the t r o u g h The recession, (or c o n t r a c t i o n ) , is the p e r i o d f r o m the peak i n c y c l i c a l a c t i v i t y t o the

t r o u g h , or b o t t o m T h e recovery, (or e x p a n s i o n ) , is the m o v e ú p t o the next peak Business cycles are i r r e g u l a r b o t h i n the p e r i o d o f t i m e t h e y last, and in the m a g n i t u d e (size) o f the c y c l e M a c r o e c o n o m i c p o l i c i e s t r y t o s t a b i l i z e the

e c o n o m y and reduce the size o f the ĩ l u c t u a t i o n s f r o m the business c y c l e