Research objectives: Describe the prevalence, clinical and para-clinical features of deep vein thrombosis at lower extremities using venous Doppler ultrasound. Identify the risk factors of deep vein thrombosis at lower extremities and its correlation to heart failure severity.
Trang 1STUDY OF CLINICAL CHARACTERISTIC AND RISK FACTORS FOR DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIES
Trang 3Assoc. Prof. PhD. NGUYEN OANH OANH
Reviewer 1: Prof. PhD. NGUYEN DUC CONG
Thong Nhat HospitalTAssoc. Prof. PhD. PHAM NGUYEN SON
Reviewer 2: Prof. PhD. NGUYEN ANH TRI
National Institut of Hematology and Blood Transfusion 108 Military Central Hospita
Reviewer 3: Assoc. Prof. PhD. TRAN VAN RIEP
108 Minitary Central HospitalAssoc. Prof. PhD. HA HOAN Military Medical University
This thesis will be presented before the University Review Committee at: …, on …
This Thesis can be searched at:
1. National Library
2. Military Medical University Library
Trang 4Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is always one of frequent clinical issues of hospitalized patients. Pulmonary emboli (PE) an acute complication of DVT can cause death. Many chronic complications
of DVT such as postthrombosis syndrome and chronic venous ulcers both damage significantly to the health of patients
Until now Vietnam, diagnosis and preventive strategies of DVT for hospitalized individuals in internal medicine or surgery departments have not been done routinely, especially in patients with chronic heart failure who usually had high risks of DVT resulted from either circulatory stasis or restriction of movements
Currently, there are not many investigations on this interesting aspect as well as on patients with chronic heart failure (HF)
Clinical signs may be difficult to catch and any health centers are not equipped with essential diagnose instruments or cannot be performed intermediately. Thus, we hope this study will reveal real current evidences and how dangerous of this issue is in Vietnam.Research objectives:
1. Describe the prevalence, clinical and paraclinical features
of deep vein thrombosis at lower extremities using venous Doppler ultrasound.
2. Identify the risk factors of deep vein thrombosis at lower extremities and its correlation to heart failure severity.
Trang 5DVT is usually seen in hospitalized patients, especially in patients who have chronic diseases, are motionless or bedridden. This
is an urgent problem recently because of serious impacts to public health. Furthermore, this disease is not recognized seriously in people with internal medicine problems. Not only early detection but also prophylaxis of DVT complications are important issues. In Vietnam, there are many studies but they unclearly show general approaches, and there is no thorough research about lower limbs DVT in chronic
HF individuals. So, this problem has been a hard trouble to deal with, needs many essential solutions and significant realities
2. New contributions
Study has determined the prevalence of deep vein thrombosis
of the lower extremities in patients with chronic heart failure NYHA class III/IV and a number of risk factors. Patients with chronic heart failure are at high risk for deep vein thrombosis and the risk increases with the functional NYHA III/ IV
The clinical symptoms of deep vein thrombosis are often atypical Hence applying initiative and routine vascular Doppler ultrasound to diagnose is important in patients with heart failure, who normally carry higher risk of deep vein thrombosis
3. Thesis layout
There are 132 pages in this thesis. Besides parts included such as Problem posed, Conclusion, Recommendation, there are 4 chapters: Overview (38 pages), Objects and methods (19 pages), Results (30 pages), Discussions (40 pages). There are 43 tables, 14 figures, 4 charts and 143 references (20 Vietnamese, 123 English)
Trang 61.1.1. Epidemiology of deep vein thrombosis
In population, the incidence of DVT in the world around 1/1000 adults each year, a more slightly higher in men than in women, increases with age and reaches 56/1000 per year at the age
of 80. Several studies suggest that at least 23% of the population have DVT sometime in life.
DVT is considered to be rare in Asian patients. However, several recent studies have noted an increase in the incidence of DVT
in Asia
1.1.2. Overview on deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities
Thrombus formation usually begins in the sinuses after valves due to the blood stream turbulence which leads to relatively stagnant blood flow
The formation of thrombi usually is coordinated by a variety
of factors, including the three basic etiological factors, described by Virchow: the hypercoagulable blood’s state, blood vessels’ damages, and blood flow’s stasis
The risk of DVT increases in the following scenarios:
Immobility: venous blood will flow slowly
Vein damage: increased risk DVT
Use female hormones therapy: increases the risk of DVT
Genetic and acquired diseases: cancer, sepsis, heart failure, pregnancy, use of oral contraceptives, obesity, over 65 yearold, making the blood clot, thus increasing the risk of DVT
Trang 71.1.4. The workups for diagnosing deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities
1.1.4.3. The role of venous Doppler ultrasonography in the diagnosis
of deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities
In 1986, the ultrasound technique squeeze blood vessels are first described in diagnosis DVT by Raghavendra
Duplex ultrasonography uses a combination of two methods: bmode (modulated luminance) and colorful Doppler techniques. This is the method used to detect the presence of intravascular echoic blood clots (volume occupied by blood clots) and used to evaluate the blood flow (including the shift of blood flow, direction flow, and the change in respiration)
Color Doppler ultrasound allows to conduct a broad and noninvasive Assessment color Doppler ultrasound is equal to compression ultrasound or combine multiple clinical, ddimer testing and compression ultrasound
Color Doppler ultrasound is increasingly accepted as a means
of imaging noninvasive, accurate in the case of suspected DVT. The sensitivity 95% and specificity of 98% are mentioned in many researches around the world
Intravenous compression usually causes complete collapse, while sometimes venous thrombi only against the compressive forces, or intravascular pressure is not falling Uncollapsed veins after compressing is the sole criterion showed venous thrombosis. Color Doppler ultrasound is routinely used to identify blood vessels, especially in the deeper sections. Color fills the entire normal veins, but color flow is diminished or undetected in venous thrombosis.
Trang 81.2.1. Epidemiology
At the age from 45 to 54, the rate of HF in males is 1.8/1,000; 4/1,000 at 5564 and 8.2/10,000 at 6574. On average, after ten years living, the risk rises twofold. HF is popular in patients hospitalized with HF and the most common HF among above65yearold people
1.2.3. New York Heart Association Classification of Heart Failure
Class I: No limitation of physical activity. Ordinary physical activity does not cause undue fatigue, palpitation, or dyspnoea
Class II: Slight limitation of physical activity. Comfortable at rest, but ordinary physical activity results in fatigue, palpitation, or dyspnoea
Class III: Marked limitations of physical activity Comfortable at rest, but less than ordinary activity results in fatigue, palpitation, or dyspnoea
Class IV: Unable to carry on any physical activity without
Trang 91.3.3. The incidence and the risk of venous thrombosis embolism in hospitalized heart failure patients
1.3.3.1. Worldwide
Researches all over the world, especially in Europe and America, record that 1059% congestive HF patients have DVT. Belch et al. (1981) recorded that 26% patients hospitalized with HF suffering DVT due to no thrombosis prevention
Congestive heart failure is an independent risk factor of VTE. The risk grows greatly when EF decreases.
HF patients easily suffer from VTE and related complications like PE and right ventricle failure. The research of Piazza et al. shows that the HF patients is vulnerable subjects from VTE and its complications. But their research does not distinguish the systole or diastole HF, or both, and not record about the data of EF
Ota et al. (2009) had the first research in Japan about the incidence of DVT at severe congestive HF patients. The result shows that the Asian also has the risk of suffering DVT as Europe patients
1.3.3.2. In Viet Nam
INCIMEDI research (2010), the first study in Vietnam about asymptomatic DVT in hospitalized patients sufferring acute internal diseases Dang Van Phuoc et al recorded that the rate DVT in hospitalized patients is 21%. The rate of DVT in severe HF patients with NYHA class III/IV is 24.5%. However, there are only 20% total
of HF patients
Trang 10Subjects included 136 chronic heart failure patients with New York Heart Association class III/IV, at Gia Dinh People’s hospital, in
Ho Chi Minh City, from April 1, 2011 to March 31, 2013
2.1.1. Selection criteria
Aged 18 years or older with New York Heart Association class III/IV
Symptomatic or asymptomatic lower extremity DVT patients
Agree to participate in study
2.1.2. Exclusion criteria
History of DVT, PE within the previous twelve months
Lower extremity DVT occurs in cancer patients following their therapy, pregnant women or patients suffering from surgery.
2.3. Data analysis
Trang 11The result of study will be presented with 95% confident interval
We use Chisquare test to compare, evaluate the difference between two rate and tstudent test to compare two means We use logistic regression model to determine related factors. P ≤ 0.05 is considered to be statistical significant
Figure 2.1: Flow chart of study protocol
HF patients with NYHA class III/IV
Lower extremity Doppler ultrasound
NonDVT diagnostic
Diagnostic DVT
ECG, Chest XrayComplete blood count
PT, PT%, aPTT, INR, Fibrinogen
NTproBNPechocardiographyDdimer
Risk factors, correlation between DVT and heart failure
Objective 2
Clinical, echo
evidences of DVT
Objective 1
Trang 12Age: 73.5±12.2. NYHA III HF: 70.6%, NYHA IV HF: 29.4%.3.2 Clinical and subclinical characteristics of lower extremity deep vein thrombosis in chronic heart failure patients
42.657.4 DVT only
Combine with SVT
3028
51.748.3Table 3.18: Clinical symptoms of deep vein thrombosis
(n=58)
Rate (%)
Pain localized to the site of thrombus 3 5.2
Calf > 3 cm thicker than the other calf 3 5.2Edema Two legs
One leg
Not edema
28129
48.31.750
Trang 14of deep vein thrombosis and chronic heart failure
3.3.1. The clinical and subclinical characteristics comparison between nonDVT group and DVT group
Table 3.27: The clinical and subclinical characteristics comparison between nonDVT group and DVT group
Index (X ± SD) NonDVT group
(n=78)
DVT group (n=58)
p value
Immobile time (day) 8.0 ± 4.1 7.6 ± 4.1 > 0.05
White blood cell (G/l) 14.42 ± 6.97 13.35 ± 6.36 > 0.05Hematocrite (%) 34.49 ± 8.14 35.93 ± 9.19 > 0.05Platelet (G/l) 244.42 ± 111.8 224.76 ± 97.96 > 0.05
aPTT (second) 29.02 ± 4.22 30.58 ± 10.07 > 0.05Fibrinogen (g/l) 3.85 ± 1.22 4.47 ± 1.87 < 0.05CRP (mg/l) 89.08 ± 80.17 92.75 ± 86.65 > 0.05NTProBNP (pg/ml) 14358.61 ± 12343.90 13233.43 ± 13589.94 > 0.05
Trang 15Ddimer (ng/mL) 4754.37 ± 6733.15 4897.20 ± 6206.26 > 0.05Ejection Fraction % 51.6 ± 13.9 53.6 ± 14.9 > 0.05
3.3.4. Correlation between deep vein thrombosis and BMI, smoking
Table 3.32: Correlation between deep vein thrombosis and BMI, smoking
group (n=78)
DVT group (n=58)
OR (95% CI)
p value
BMI (kg/m2) (n,%)
< 23 64 (82.1) 36 (62.1) 2.79 (1.266.12) ≥ 23 14 (17.9) 22 (37.9) p < 0.01
Smoking (n,%)
No 68 (78.2) 42 (72.4) 2.59 (1.086.24) Yes 10 (21.8) 16 (27.6) p < 0.05
Trang 163.3.6 Relationship between deep vein thrombosis and causes of heart failure
Table 3.36: Relationship between deep vein thrombosis and causes of heart failure
Causes of heart
failure
NonDVT group (n=78)
DVT group (n=58)
COPD (n,%)
no (n=123) 74 (94.9) 49 (84.5) 3.40 (0.9911.65) yes (n=13) 4 (5.1) 9 (15.5) p < 0.05
* Test Fisher
Trang 173.3.8. Relationship between deep vein thrombosis and ejection fraction of left ventricular (EF%)
Table 3.38: Relationship between deep vein thrombosis and EFpatient groups with
following EF%
NonDVT group (n=78)
DVT group (n=58) p value
DVT group (n=58)
Trang 19In our study, 2/3 patients (70.6%) have HF NYHA III, and 29.4% have HF NYHA IV. The study in Japan have NYHA II, III,
IV HF patients, of which only half of the patients have severe HF.4.2 Prevalence rate and clinical, ultrasound signs of deep vein thrombosis in patients with chronic heart failure:
While previous studies showed the prevalence rate of lower extremity DVT in patients with chronic HF is 11.2% in Japan and 2040% in other countries, our prevalence is 42.6% (58/136 patients). Such a differrence is due to more severe HF in our study (we included only HF NYHA III and IV patients with the percentages of 70.6% and 29.4%, respectively) Meanwhile, the study by Ota et al. in Japan collected all types of HF, including NYHA II (42.2%), III (26.1%), IV (31.7%) patients, of which only half of the patients have severe HF
4.2.2. Clinical symptoms of DVT of the lower extremities
One important sign to identify thrombosis is swelling in one leg (edema), which is found in 70% of patients. Although leg edema
is quite common among HF patients with DVT, it is not the typical sign unless it appears only in one leg
Some particular symptoms include pain and redness at the abnormal leg, the whole leg is swollen, the perimeter of the leg with DVT is larger than the normal one by about 3cm, which is only seen in 3/58 patients (5.2%) Clinical symptoms of DVT are
Trang 20Many patients with DVT have no or limited symptoms, but a high frequency of congestive HF signs, such as leg cramps, may overlap DVT signs
4.2.3. Location and properties of deep vein thrombosis
4.2.3.1. Distribution of blood clots in deep vein thrombosis
DVT occurs identically in right and left legs. We noted at the DVT rate of both legs is 32.8% (19/58 patients), often in one rather than both legs. This is similar to previous studies, both nationally and internationally
According to Ota et al., right leg thrombosis account for 44.5%, left one for 33.3%, and both for 22.2% of the total cases. On the other hand, Goldhaber et al. noted that one leg lowerextremity DVT is found in 77% of the patients, while that number is 12% for both legs
The most common DVT part is the popliteal vein (55.2%), common femoral vein (32.8%), superficial femoral vein (31%), deep femoral vein (19%) At each vein, the probability of thrombosis occurs equally in both left and right leg
We recorded 100% of patients with proximal vein thrombosis (over the knees), one patient (1.7%) had more blood clots at the distal vein (below the knee)
As noted in Samama et al., the rate of DVT is 57.9% in distal vein, 23.9% in the proximal, and 16.3% in both According to Goldhaber et al., 15.2% of the patients have DVT only in the distal vein; while 36.5% of them have both proximal and distal vein.