Nối tiếp nội dung của phần 1 cuốn sách Rèn luyện kỹ năng đọc hiểu tiếng Anh trình độ nâng cao - Cause and Effect intermadiate reading practice, phần 2 giới thiệu tới người đọc nội dung của 2 bài học cuối cùng. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo.
Trang 1C A U S E A N D EFFECT
1 A m an is a
2 In spring, anim als search f o r
3 S piders and birds b u i l d _
4 A roadrunner’s head straight in front w hen it runs
5 T h e Simplon goes under the A lps betw een Italy and
Sw itzerland
6 B eing afraid to fly is an i l l o g i c a l
7 W e heard a l o u d and knew that there had been an accident
8 Som e people think baseball i s _ because it is so slow
9 W ould you b e to m eet Frankenstein?
10 M ost people only fly
D T r u e /F a ls e /N o Inform ation
_ 1 Some Eskimos are left-handed
_ 2 Most right-handers do calculus with the left hemisphere o f the brain. _ 3 W hen people look at a beautiful sunset, most o f them use the
right hemisphere o f the brain
_ 4 T he right hem isphere c ontrols the right side o f the body
_ 5 Most people in the w orld use the left h e m isphere for language. _ 6 Left handedness can cause children to see letters backward. _ 7 It is easier to write from left to right
_ 8 Left-handed people are m ore intelligent than right-handers
c a lc u lu s (n) ['kit-'lkjules] : pliep tinli
Trang 2A M I S H M A S H (A H O D G E P O D G E )
E Com prehension Q uestions
1 What does the right hem isphere o f the brain control?
2 Which hemisphere is stronger in left-handed people?
3 Why do lefties prefer to kick with the left foot?
4 What problems do lefties have using machines?
5 When do some left-handers start to stutter?
6 Why do anthropologists think the earliest people were equally divided between left-and right-handedness?
7 Why did the Greeks start writing from left to right?
8 What does "you are in good company" mean?
9 How can you tell if a two-year-old child is left-handed?
10 Are you left-handed?
F Main Idea
1 What sentence is the main idea for paragraph 4 (lines 23-28)?
2 Paragraph 6 (lines 32-36)?
3 Write a sentence for the main idea in paragraph 9 (lines 53-62)
4 Write the main idea o f the last paragraph
anthropologist (n) [tlcn0ro'polod3ist] : nlid nlidn cluing hoc
147
Trang 3responsepermissionpermitreality
Adjective
(un)communicative(nonexistent(un)preferential(indivisibleforceful(un)common(un)responsive(im)permissiblepermissive(un)real
Adverb
forcefully(un)commonly
(im)pcrmissibly
really
la There have been m any w onderful developm ents in the field o f
in the last 20 years
1 b I tried to get the information from the president’s secretary, but she was very
2 Frank told everyone he w orked for a large com pany, but the company is
3a Professors should not give
3b Short jac k e ts , not long coats, a r e _
4 Ten is not e v e n ly _ by three
treatm ent to the students they like _ by skiers
5a Ms Bush has a very _ personality
5b John w a s to leave the university because his grades were so bad
6 It i s _ believed that sons are better than daughters
7 T he injured p e r s o n _to the doctor's treatment She is well now.8a Some psychologists say that adults should not b e _ with their children.8b You c a nnot build a house in this city without a b u i l d i n g 8c S m o k i n g _ n o t in this building
9 It s e e m e d _ to Abdullah that he had finally finished hisdoctorate degree and was going home
[g re id ] [ d o k to n t]
: s tf to n t a i
: s i ( tlitfc : s u d o i s u
: d ie m
: h o c v i H e n s i
Trang 4A M I S H M A S H (A H O D G E P O D G E )
B Finding the Reason
Write the reason for each statement
1 Many left-handers have to use their right hand
2 For some people, the center o f language is
in the right hemisphere
3 Both sides o f the body receive the same
information
4 Lefties prefer kicking with the left foot
5 King George VI stuttered
6 Anthropologists think more than 50 percent
o f people were right-handed by 3500 B.c
7 Paul M cCartney plays the guitar differently
C Connecting W ords
Put after, before, w h en , since, or until in the blanks.
1 I'll give you the b o o k I see you tomorrow
2 People who are afraid o f flying can control their f e a r theytake a class
3 G reenpeace has been i n e x i s t e n c e _1971
4 Greenpeace was o r g a n i z e d _the U.S started nuclear testing
in Alaska
5 S o m e tim e s _ the roadrunner gets a piece o f meat, it takes itback to its nest
6 There were no s k y s c r a p e r s _ 1884
7 Burke started across Australia, he organized an expedition
8 Some left-handed European children were forced to write with their right
h a n d s _ the 1950s
D M issing W ords
Fill in the missing words
1 If you are, you are one _ millions in world _ p r e f e r use their left hand
2 understand left-handedness, it is necessary _
149
Trang 5C A U S E A N D E FFECT
3 The b r a i n _d i v i d e d _ tw o hem ispheres
4 Both sides o f _ body receive the sam e information the brain because both h e m i s p h e r e s connected
5 T here is increasing amount _ research _handedness
6 But 3500 B.c, the tools, which _ betterdesigned, w ere for u s e _only one hand
7 the centuries passed and education sp read _ morelevels _ society, more a n d _people b e c a m e _
8 But _ _ w orry _ you are left-handed You are _good com pany
E C o n t e x t C lu e s
1 A c om puter is a very c o m p le x machinc
2 Ali said he was from Palestine, but he was a c t u a l l y b o m in Qatar,
3 The m em bers o f G re e n p ea c e d isc u s s a protest to get each other's ideas,
4 Pierre has studied English for 3 m onths so f a r He plans to study for 6 more
a until now b aw ay from hom e c alto g e th e r
5 In rain forests, de a d plants c r e a t e nutrients for living plants,
6 Most children think video gam es are fa s c in a tin g They spend hours playing them
a very boring b very interesting c unpleasant
com plex (adj)
: lluio liian
: den nay : t/iu hut, to i cuon
Trang 6SCIENCE
Trang 7M in d s ar e like p a ra c h u te s T h ey only function when they are open.
- Sir J a m e s Dewar
Trang 8A BIOSPHERE
Is it possible for people to live on a nother p la n e t
such as M ars? The Environmental Research
Laboratory at the University o f Arizona is designing
a biosphere ( bio means life, and sphere is a circle like
a ball) which could be used to colonize other planets
The author interviewed Walter Lindley, Program
Coordinator at the Laboratory, about this exciting
idea
P.A: I've been reading science fiction stories
about space colonies for years, but o f course they
were possible only in the author's imagination N ow
you are a c tu a lly preparing for a space colony Do
you really consider it possible for people to live away
from the earth?
W.L: W e believe it will be possible som etim e in
the future, and that's why we're w orking on it But it's
a very c o m p le x project O ur biosphere will be a
complete, enclosed environm ent where people can be
born, live their whole life, and die without returning
to earth But there will have to be a perfect balance
between plants, animals (including hum ans), and
the chemical elements, that is, everything in the
environment Right now we're talking about a place
for ten people to live for a year It's not like one or
two men on the moon for a few weeks
SunMercury Venus Ztrrti Mars
: lianli tilth : khoa hoc vien luting : clio rang
: d u an : sir can bang : veil to
153
Trang 9* 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 C A U S E A N D EFFECT
P.A: Wliai will it look like?
W.L: W e don't know yet We call it a biosphere,
but it might not be round It could be square or any
shape at all T here m ight be separate units for food
production T hese w ould be connected to the main
unit A rchitects and engineers are d isc u s s in g all the
possibilities now W e have to figure out what shape
it should be, w hat m aterials to use and how small it
could be and still support human life
P.A: You m entioned engineers and architects
W ho else is w orking on it°
W.L: That's one o f the interesting things about
the project T here are biologists, biochemists, and
people from different areas o f agriculture We have
specialists on alm ost everything in our environm ent
P.A: It seem s so unreal and impossible that it's hard
for me to u n derstand it Could you explain a little
m ore?
W.L: W ell, a gree n h o u se for growing plants in
w inter is the first step toward a biosphere This is a
closed e n v iro n m en t except for the sun's heat entering
through the glass o r plastic O f course, there is a
water system from outside, and people bring in
nutrients for the plants and take out the waste
material T he bio sp h e re will have to have its own
system to provide w a te r that can be used and reused
It will need bacteria or som ething eise to take care o f
the wa st e s A nd it all m ust be balanced perfectly, or
the whole system will break down
[ b a i o u ' ke mi s t ] [ b i c k ' t i e n e ]
: suih quyen : Icy s u : cle cap : suih hod : i i kliitan
lalkm g about
Trang 10S C I E N C E
N othing will enter the biosphere except heat
from the sun and information from earth O f course
the information going in and out won't be necessary
for the biosphere to exist, but it will be very
necessary for research
T he earth itself is the best example o f a
biosphere N othing important enters except sunlight,
and nothing leaves as waste except some heat
Everything in the earth's environment has always
been balanced, except that now humans are
destroying the balance more and more
P.A: W hy do we want a colony on Mars? It's
very exciting, but is it necessary?
W.L: I'm sure you know that there will be a
petroleum shortage in the future Dr Gerard K
O'Neill is a famous physicist from Princeton
University He says that in 25 years we will have
satellites in space to produce s o la r energy and send it
to earth It would be too expensive to continually
send people and materials to the satellites, so the
biosphere will be necessary He thinks 10,000 people
could live in a space colony sometime in the future
So f a r all your questions are about a space
colony, but for me there’s a much more interesting
use o f the biosphere We can use it to do all kinds o f
research about our own environment and how it
works By studying the biosphere, w<e can understand
better what will happen as humans destroy topical
forests, as we c r e a t e more carbon dioxide (CO i) by
burning fuel, and as we pollute the oceans and the
air The information we get from the biosphere may
keep us from destroy ing our own environment
satellite (n) [’sx*tolait] : ve tinli
Trang 110 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C A U S E A N D EFFECT
P.A: I agree with you that learning how to protect our
own environm ent is the m ost important thing we can do,
both for ourselves and for our children The world's
population is increasing very fast, and we are using up our
natural resources fast W e need to do everything we can to
save our environm ent before it's too late I'm glad y o u ’ve
started this f a s c i n a t in g project, and I hope it's successful vcry interesting
A V o c a b u l a r y
1 The earth is a _ It is part o f t h e _ system
2 can ca u se disease They also destroy w astes
3 Tom said his new c a r cost $10,000, but the _ figure was
$9,980.85
4 Julia likes to r e a d _
5 The space colony m ight be all in one
separate ones for agriculture
, o r it might have
6 T he governm ent has a
agriculture
7 A nother word for c o m p lic a ted is
to build a dam to store water for
['ficsincitirj] : liap dan
[sek'sesfl] : tlianli cong
[di'zi:z] : benli tat
[d ;c m j : ho, dap
[’fizisist] : nlia vat ly hoc
Trang 121 C 0 2 means
2 Gold (Au), oxygen (O), and uranium (U) are a l l
3 Destroying rain forests c a n problems for the whole world
4 The c l a s s how to prepare for the T O E F L exam
5 there are no buildings over 110 stories high
6 A teaches or does research in physics
7 Before the large increase in population, there was a betweenthe needs o f the people and what the land could produce
8 Much international communication is now done b y
9 It is a experience to live in another country
C V o c a b u la r y R eview
1 P le a s e this paper so I can show my teacher that you have read it
2 After p e o p le a plane, i t _
3 What was the f i n a l o f the game?
4 Sometimes students have to someone and write acomposition about it
5 Smoking i s to the health
7 If y o u through your work, you are likely to make mistakes
8 K u m ik o giving a speech in class by staying home that day
9 A r o a d is repairing the main street where I drive every day
10 Betty said s h e forgot to meet her friend for lunch Sunday
D M u ltip le C hoice
1 Fiction i s
2 The biosphere is a complicated project b e c a u s e
a everything must be perfectly balanced
b they don't know what materials to build it from
c people from different professions are working on it
157
Trang 13C A U S E A N D EFFECT
3 T he b i o s p h e r e _be round
4 The first biosphere will s u p p o r t _ people
5 A g r e e n h o u s e _
a is a partly enclosed e nvironm ent
b is a biosphere
c supports plant life independently
6 m ight take care o f the w a stes in the biosphere
a A water system
b Balanced nutrients
c Bacteria
7 Dr Oneill thinks
a Satellites can produce solar e nergy
b about ten people could take care o f a satellite
c w e need a space colony to study the solar system
E C o m p r e h e n sio n Q u estio n s
1 W hy is it a c o m plex project to create a b io sp h e re 9
2 W hat problem s m ust the architects and engineers c onsider?
3 H ow is a greenhouse different from a biosphere?
4 Explain why the earth is a biosphere
5 H ow does Dr O N eill think we will solve the energy shortage?
6 W hy can we learn a bout our environm ent from the biosphere?
7 W ould you like to live in a biosphere on M ars? W hy or \shy not9
F M ain Idea
1 W rite a sentence that gives the main idea for paragraph 5 (lines 28-36)
2 Paragraph 7 (lines 39-43)
3 W hat sentence is the m ain idea for paragraph 1 I (lines 6 4 -6 9 )9
4 W rite a sentence for the main idea o f paragraph 1 3 (lines 7 2 - 8 1)
p ro fe s s io n (n ) [p ro 'fc / n ] : nglie nghiep
Trang 14S C I E N C E
WORD STUDY
A Word Forms: Verbs and Nouns
Many English words are used as both a verb and a noun Use 10 o f these examples in sentences, using some verbs and some nouns
bother (n - v) [’bode] : lam pliien
initial ( n - v ) [i'ni/el] : chtf cat dan, ky ten tat
159
Trang 15C A r tic le s
Put an article in the blank if one is necessary
U niversity o f A rizo n a is d e s i g n i n g _biosphere
2 I've been reading _ science fiction stories about _ space co lo n ie s for years, but o f c o u rse they were possibleonly i n _ author's imagination
3 N o w y ou are actually preparing f o r _space colony
4 W e believe it will be possible sometim e i n _ future
5 But i t 's _ very com plex project
6 But there will have to b e _ perfect balance b e t w e e n plants, a n im a ls (inc luding _hum ans), and
chem ical elem ents; that is, everything i n _ environment
7 W e call i t _ biosphere
8 T hese w ould be c onne cte d t o _main unit
9 Well, _ greenhouse for g row ing _ plants in
w inter i s _ first step t o w a r d biosphere
10 T his i s _ closed environm ent except f o r _ sun'sheat ente rin g t h r o u g h _ glass o r plastic
D C a u se and E ffect
W hat is the c a u se o f each o f these effects?
lives in the biosphere
reused
solar e nergy satellites
im agination (n) [i,ma;d«3i'nci/n] : trf tucmg tucmg
Trang 162 When you take ice out o f the freezer, it melts.
a gets colder b changes to a gas c changes to water
3 At nights, scientists observe the stars, the solar system, and other objects
in the sky at an observatory
a write about b are tested on c look at
4 Water starts to boil at 100°C Then it becomes s te a m
a water in the form o f ice
b very hot water
c water in the form o f hot moisture in the air
5 A stone sinks in water A piece o f wood or paper floats.
a goes to the bottom o f the water
b rides on top o f the w ater
c gets very wet
161
Trang 17VOLCANOES 2
Throughout history, people w ho lived near
volcanoes m ade up stories to explain why they erupt
Usually they believed that the gods were show ing their
anger through the eruption Today scientists can explain
much about volcanoes, but they also must guess about
what is happening de e p inside the earth T here is still
much for us to learn
The active v olcanoes o f the world exist in definite
patterns T hey are not ju s t scattered a nyw here, but are
found in c h a in s and groups T hree-quarters o f the earth's
volcanoes are in the Ring o f Fire around the Pacific
Ocean There is a nother chain in the Atlantic, a chain in
the M editerranean, and a group in Central Africa Most
o f them are on coastlines or islands
W hat c auses volcanoes to erupt? M uch o f the
material under the surface o f the earth is melted rock
called magma H eavy layers o f rock push dow n on the
m agma The m ag m a e scapes sidew ays or upw ard until it
starts to push on the underside o f the earth's surface If
there is a w eak spot, the m agm a and its gases push right
through the spot and explode into the air If there is a lot
o f gas, the eruption is violent; if there is only a little gas,
the eruption is mild T he hole which forms at the top o f
the volcano is called a crater After the m agm a escapcs
to the earth's surface, it is called lava
chain (n) [t/cin] : d a y x ic h , ditto i
m ag m a (n) ['niicgm e] : m ac ina, dung iiliain H ong long dal
sidew ays (adv) [’saidw ciz] : ngang
upward (adv) ['A pwod] : Itifcrng len l ien
Trang 18S C I E N C E 0 0 0 ^ 0 0 0 0
Some volcanic eruptions are very gentle Kilauea,
for example, on the island o f Hawaii erupts often, and
tourists go to see it because the melted rock shooting into
the air is beautiful Scientists at the Hawaiian Volcano
Observatory near Kilauea have given us much
knowledge about volcanoes Stromboli, another famous
volcano, is on an island between Sicily and Italy It has
been erupting about every h a lf hour for 2500 years
Volcanoes like Kilauea and Stromboli don't usually
cause much damage
Iceland also has nonviolent eruptions, but they often
cause damage because the hot lava melts the snow and
ice and causes floods
Although some famous volcanoes are gentle, most
o f the world's active volcanoes have very explosive
activity and violen eruptions The eruptions are violent
because there is a long resting period between eruptions,
and a los o f gas builds up in the magma There have been
some famous eruptions from this kind o f volcano
In late 1984, strong earthquakes began shaking the
Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colom bia every day Then it
began sending out steam and ash On Novem ber 14,
1985, it erupted A nearby river became a sea o f mud
which buried four towns This disaster killed more than
2100 people
Mt Vesuvius in Italy had not erupted for a thousand
years, and people thought it was dead, but in A.D 79 it
erupted and buried the city o f Pompeii in ashes Life
stopped for 2000 people who were buried under the
ashes Today we can visit Pompeii and see exactly what
life was like 1900 years ago
shoot into (v) [-fu:t] : ban leu p h ia tren
lava (n) ['la :v e ] : nliam tligcli
163
Trang 19In 1902, Mt Pelee on the island o f M a rtinique in the
C a rib b e a n Sea erupted First a huge cloud o f steam
appe are d at the top o f the volcano People m oved into
the tow n o f St Pierre from the surrounding c ountryside
w h e re they thought they w ould be safe because St Pierre
w a s 13 kilom eters from the volcano T w o w eeks later,
there were several explosions that sounded like thunder,
a n d Mt Pelee seem ed to burst apart A huge black cloud
rolled dow n the m ountainside, and in 3 m inutes it
cov e re d St Pierre T hirty thousand people died
The w orst eruption in history was on the small
island o f Krakatoa, Indonesia, in 1883 T h e volcano
started sending out steam in the early spring o f that year,
and as the w eeks passed, explosions sent out d u st and
ash that killed all the plants on the island T he surface o f
th e sea w as covered with hot, floating volcanic rock
On A ugust 26 there was an explosion ev e ry 10
m inutes, lightning appeared in the sky, and a clo u d o f
black steam covered the island Then there w a s a huge
e xplosion-the loudest sound ever heard by hum ans T he
sound waves, w hich broke w in d o w s 350 kilom eters
aw ay, traveled 5000 kilom eters T w o-thirds o f the island
d isappeared into the crater W ater rushed in to Fill the
hole, and there was a final explosion w hen the w ater
m ixed with the m agm a T h is caused a huge sea w ave, as
tall as a 12-story building, which rushed a w a y from
Krakatoa T he w ave covered the low islands nearby and
destroyed 300 villages Even ships in South A frica felt
the wave O v e r 36,000 people died from the eruption and
the huge wave
C A U S E A N D EFFECT
c ra te r (n) ['kreite] : m ieng nui Itfa da tat
Trang 20The dust from the eruption moved high above the
earth and traveled around the world at least 12 times For
two years it formed a wall between the sun and the earth,
and the earth's temperature dropped 10°C Sometimes the
sun was green or blue When the last o f the dust fell after
several years, the island o f Krakatoa had been spread all
over the earth
There is no question that volcanoes are destructive Is
there anything good about them? People continue living
near them because volcanic soil is the most productive on
earth Volcanic areas also contain many o f the world's
valuable metals Many o f Africa's diam onds come from
volcanic areas Volcanoes also create geothermal energy
G eotherm al m eans earth h ea t, heat created by volcanic
activity underground This could help solve the world's
energy shortage
Scientists are observing volcanoes throughout the
world They hope that by studying the history o f eruptions
and the changes in a volcano before an eruption, they will
be able to tell when one is going to happen Humans have
learned to control many things about nature, but we
cannot control volcanoes However, if we can know that
an eruption is going to happen, many lives can be saved
A Vocabulary
S C I E N CE
pattern (n) ['p « t(o )n ] : m an vat
165
Trang 21C A U S E A N D EFFECT
som etim es called an electrical storm
Mt St Helens, a volcano in W ashington State in the U nited States, _in 1980
A gold _ is a popular kind o f jewelry
There is a ring o f around the Pacific ocean
When a tire
5 W hen a t i r e while a car is moving, it is called a blowout
6 When Peter set his pencil on the table, i t o f f on to the floor
7 Huge o c e a n hit the shore during a storm
8 Gold and silver a r e metals
9 The Brow ns think they are going to Europe next sum m er, but it isn't
around the world
10 V olcanoes are found in d e f i n i t e
1 1 Floods cause a lot o f o f towns and agriculture
12 When s n o w in the mountains, it can cause _ in the lowlands
B V ocabu lary
energy c o m e s from heat under the earth
2 Melted rock inside the earth is called W'hen it leaves the
o f the volcano, it is called
3 Rocks generally sink below the
volcanic rock is light enough to_
4 The w i n d
5 Trains used to be run by
electricity or diesel oil
o f the sea H ow ever, some
my papers £11 over the room
_ N ow most o f them are run by
definite (adj) [’dcfinit] : x a c d in li, i d rang
lowland (n) [’loulend] : vting ddt trung
m ild (adj) [maild] : binli thtfdng, hat hod
diesel oil (n) [’di:zel] : d an diezen
ashtray (n) f a ^ /tre i] : gal tan
Trang 226 The weather has b e e n this week, even though it is winter Ithasn't been very cold.
7 Smokers put their c ig a r e tte in an ashtray
8 In a rain forest, the l o w e r o f plant growth is protected by theupper layer
9 Students who plan to become teachers usually have t o classes
as a first step toward teaching
10 Mr Green is not v e r y now he is 87 and in poor health
11 Can y o u what I have in this bag?
C Vocabulary Review
For each word in the first colum n, find a synonym in the second column and
an antonym in the third column
S CI E NC E
join to g eth e r(v ) [d3oin to'gcdo] : ket hap
167
Trang 23C AU SE A N D EFFECT
D T r u e /F a lse /N o Inform ation
I Today scientists know all the details about the formation of
volcanoes
2 Inactive volcanoes exist in definite patterns
3 M ore than h a lf o f the w orld's volcanoes are near the Pacific. 4 Most inactive volcanoes are near the sea
5 M agm a pushes through a w e a k spot in the earth’s surface. 6 A lot o f gas m ixed with the m ag m a causes a violent explosion. 7 M ost o f the world's a ctive volca n o e s have mild activity
8 Krakatoa destroyed the tow n o f St Pierre
9 Early people m ade tools from volcanic materials
10 T herm al m eans heat.
E C o m p r e h e n sio n Q uestions
1 W hy did people think there were gods in volcanoes?
2 W hy don't scientists understand e v e ry th in g about the activity below the surface o f the ea rth 9
3 W hy is the R ing o f Fire a good nam e?
4 W hy are some eruptions m ore violent than others?
5 W hy do Iceland's nonviolent v olcanoes ca u se dam age?
6 W hy can som e volcanic rock float?
7 W hat caused the huge sea wave after K rakatoa erupted?
8 H ow did Krakatoa becom e spread all o v e r the world?
9 W hat are som e advantages o f volca noe s?
Trang 24activity
1 After a l o n g , the architects decided to change the design
2 Marge is a v e r y person She thinks o f others and what theywant, instead o f thinking o f herself most o f the time
3 T h e o f modern society affects family patterns
4 Mark is going to study geology because he i s by rocks
5 Pablo Picasso was a v e r y artist He was known for his _
6 Most people want to have friends T h e y the friend-ship o fpeople they like
7 When the director o f the English p r o g r a m classes, she writes
up a n report
8 Pierre has b e c o m e in the stamp club because he is too busy
to attend Stamp collecting used to be his favorite
9 Can scientists give a c l e a r o f what actually happens deep inthe earth? No, some o f the details a r e so far
10 Scientists consider i t that gods create volcanic eruptions
geology (n) [d3i'oled3i] : dia ly
favorite (n) [’feivent] : s o thick
169
Trang 25C A U S E A N D EFFECT
B S e q u e n c in g
Put these sentences about K rakatoa in the right order N u m b e r I is done foryou
a The dust traveled a round the world
b W ater rushed in to fill the hole
1 c The volcano started s e n d in g out steam
d The w ater mixed with m agm a
e All the plants on the island died
f There was a huge explosion
g A huge sea w ave w as created
h Lightning appeared
i Tw o-thirds o f the island disappeared into the crater
j T here was a final explosion
C T w o -W o r d Verbs
N u m b e rs 2 and 3 have the sam e e xpre ssion twice
mix up -mistake one th in g for a nother
dress up -put on special clothes
have on -be w earing
look out -be careful
spread out -spread over a certain area or time
1 Don't try to learn 40 irregular verbs in one day them
o v e r a w eek o r two
2 People u s u a l l y for a party Children like t o _ in theirparents' old clothes and play that th ey are adults
3 First she her h o m e w o rk assignm ents and gave the reading
ho m e w o rk to the w rong teacher T h e n she found out she had done the wrong page She w a s
4 ! There's a child in the street!
5 M ike his running clothes because he just came back from jogging
a p p e ar ( v ) [ e>'pie>] .x u d t Inen
d is a p p e a r ( v ) [.d is e 'p io ] : b ien m at
a s s ig n m e n t ( n ) [ e ’s a in m o n t] : n h iem \ u d u o c g iao
Trang 26history, people who lived
stories to explain why they erupt
volcanoes made
definite patterns
Scientists must guess what is happening d e e p _ the earth.The active volcanoes _ the world e x i s t _
Most o f them a r e coastlines or islands
Heavy l a y e r s rock p u s h _ the magma
If there is a weak spot, the m agma and its gases push r i g h t the spot and e x p l o d e the air
The hole that f o r m s the t o p _the volcano is called a crater.The eruptions are violent because there is a long resting period
11 Krakatoa started sending
E Context Clues
1 When a violent volcanic eruption occurs, there is usually damage,
2 We could not breathe without the earth's atmosphere.
a the air around the earth
b the movement o f the earth around the sun
c the water on the surface o f the earth
3 When Carol is doing research, she often finds useful information in several places in the same book She puts a strip o f paper in each place so
she can find it again easily
a a large white paper to take notes on
b a long, thin piecc o f paper
c a round piece o f paper
[strip] : m iehg ,mdu
171
Trang 27CA U SE A N D EFFECT
4 W heat, corn, cotton, and fruit are valuable farm crops.
a plants people eat
b food that gro w s on low plants
c plants farm ers grow
5 O ne cold J a n u ary day in M ontreal, dark clouds appeared in the sky, the day grew colder, and millions o f s n o w f la k e s began to fall
Trang 28SNOW AN D HAIL 3
Millions o f people in the world have never seen
snow Others see more o f it than they want to Hail is
much comm oner, it occurs even in deserts.
Each tiny piece o f snow is called a snowflake,
and each flake has six sides or six points Billions o f
snowflakes fall every winter, and the amazing fact is
that each one is different A snowflake is as
individual as someone's handwriting or fingerprint.
A snowflake forms inside a winter storm cloud
when a microscopic piece o f dust is trapped inside a
tiny drop o f water This happens in the atm osphere
10 kilometers above the earth, the water freezes
around the dust, and as this flake is blown by the
wind, it collects more drops o f water These drops
freeze too, and the snowflake becomes heavy enough
to start falling to earth As it falls, it passes through
areas where the temperature and humidity vary It
collects more and more tiny drops o f water, and the
shape continually changes Some drops fall o f f and
start to form new snowflakes
This sounds simple, but it is actually very
complex It is so complex that mathematicians using
computers are ju st beginning to under-stand what
happens Every change in tem perature and humidity
in the air around the snowflake causes a change in
the speed and pattern o f the snowflake's formation as
happens
can! escape air around the earth
microscope
Trang 29it m akes its trip to the earth Since no tw o flakes follow
exactly the same path to the ground, no tw o snow flakes
are exactly alike H ow ever, they are all six-sided So far,
Hail is a small round ball o f alternating layers o f
snow and clear ice It form s inside thunderclouds There
arc two theories about how hailstones form
O ne theory says that hail form s w hen drops o f water
freeze in the upper air A s they fall, they collect more
drops o f water, ju s t as sn o w fla k e s do They also collect
snow The ice and sn o w build up in layers If you cut a
hailstone, you can see these a lte rn a tin g layers
The other theory says that hail starts as a raindrop
The wind carries it higher into the atm osphere where it
gets covered by snow It bec o m e s heavy and begins to
fall As it falls, it gets a new layer o f w a te r which freezes
Then the wind carries it back up to the snow region, and it
gets another layer o f snow T his can happen several times
Finally the hailstone is too heavy to travel on the wind,
and it falls to the ground
Only thunderstorm s can p ro d u ce hail, but very few o f
them do Perhaps only one in 4 00 thunderstorm s create
hailstones
Hail usually falls in a strip from 10 to 20 kilom eters
w ide and m ore than 40 kilom eters long
A hailstone is usually less than 8 centim eters in
d i a m e t e r How ever, hailstones can be m uch bigger than
that Som etim es they are as big as baseballs The largest
ever recorded w eighed o v e r 680 gram s and had a diam eter
: n /i xuong : lop lap : (luting kinli
a long thm area
Trang 30Hail can do a lot o f damage to agriculture,
especially since hail usually appears in midsummer,
when the plants are partly grown If the crops are
destroyed, it is too late to plant more and the farmer
has lost everything The most dam age is done by
hailstones that arc only the size o f peas In one
terrible hailstorm in 1923 in Rostov in the USSR, 23
people and many cattle were killed
Snow can cause damage too It can c a v e J n the
roof o f a building A heavy snowstorm can delay
airplane (lights and cause autom obile accidents
Farm animals sometimes die in snow-storms, and
when country roads are closed by the snow, people
can be trapped in their cars and freeze to death Yet
there is nothing more beautiful than the sight o f
millions o f snowflakes falling on a still, moonlit
night That is when people think o f the beauty, and
not the sciencc, o f snowflakes
m idsum m ersnowflakepoints
trapsmicroscopicfingerprint
about 40 kilom eters long
2 Volcanoes occur in patterns This is a The weather is warm orhot i n
4 Trappers s e t to catch animals
midsummer (n) [,mid'sAm o] : gitfa im'ia lie
moonlit (adj) ['mu:nlit] : charc soi sang bc’ri anh irdng
175
Trang 310 0 0 ^ 0 0 0 0 C A U S E A N D EFFECT
5 Som e people still believe that volcanic eruptions are caused by angry gods, but w e know this i s n 't
6 E v e r y has six sides or six _
7 The boys and girls lined up i n rows
8 Bacteria a r e T h e y can't be seen without a microscope
9 T he g o v e r n m e n t the daily a m ount o f rainfall
B V o c a b u la r y
1 N o tw o individuals a r e the sam e, not even twins
2 W hen did the last eruption o f K i l a u e a ?
3 T he p o l i c e crim inals
4 T he distance across a circle is called t h e
5 H um ans are polluting the e a r t h 's
6 Albert Einstein d eveloped a very i m p o r ta n t about relativity
7 C a c a o (chocolate) is an i m p o r ta n t in W est Africa
8 can destroy a farm er’s crops
[’reletivli]
: vi khuan : anh em suih dot : toi pliam
: linh luong doi
Trang 32Write hail, snow, or hail and s n o w after each o f these sentences.
1 As it is blown by the w ind, it collects water
2 It occurs only in the c o ld e r regions o f the world
3 It is formed o f layers o f ice and snow
4 It can destroy crops
5 It can cause the death o f hum ans
6 It is sometimes formed a round a piece o f dust
7 It always has six sides or six points
8 It is produced only by thunderstorm s
9 It is a small round ball
10 It can cause damage
E Comprehension Q u e stio n s
1 Why do all snow flakes have six sides or six points?
2 Snowflakes start form ing around two things What are they?
3 What does a change in hum idity do to the formation o f a snowflake?
4 Why are no two sn o w fla k e s alike?
5 Where do hailstones form ?
6 What causes both sn o w fla k e s and hail to fall to the ground?
7 About how big is the a v erage hailstone?
8 How does hail destroy c ro p s?
9 Give an exam ple o f ho w sn o w can be destructive
10 Which is more destructive, hail o r snow? Why?
M Do roadrunners ever see hail?
Trang 33c a u s e a n d e f f e c t
WORD STUDY
A W ord Form s: Negative Prefixes
T hese are c o m m o n negative prefixes Put a word from num ber I in the first sentence and so on Use the right form o f the word
I Dis- dislike, discom fort, displease, disconnect, dishonest
2 U n- uncreative, unprepared, unobservant
3 N o n - nonsm oking, nonalcoholic, nonviolent, nonindustrial
4 In- inactive, inconsiderate, incorrect, inexpensive
5 I m - impossible, improbable, im m ovable, imperfect
6 il- illogical, illiterate
7 ir- irregular, irreligious
8 m is- m isbehave, misspell, m issunderstand, m isspeak
1 A lice a l w a y s the television d u rin g a thunderstorm
2 Bering and his men w e r e for living on the island aftertheir boat sank
3 C oke and Pepsi a r e drinks
4 It is to eat som ething in front o f som eone else and notoffer them some
5 It i s _ that wom en will have equal rights with men in thiscentury
6 It is _ to think that so m e o n e who is isunintelligent
8 T here are t h r e e w o rd s in your hom ew ork paper
Trang 342 This happens i n _atm osphere 10 kilometers a b o v e earth.
3 water freezes around dust, and as this flake isblown b y wind, it collects more drops o f _ water
4 As it falls, it passes t h r o u g h areas where temperature a n d humidity vary
5 It is so complex that m athematicians using computers are ju st beginning to understand what happens
6 Every change in temperature and humidity in air c a u s e s _ change i n _ speed a n d pattern o f snowflake's formation as it makes its trip t o earth
7 hail i s _ small round ball o f _ alternatinglayers o f snow a n d _clear ice
mathematician (n) [,m c0om o'ti/n] : nlia toaii hoc
Trang 35C A U SE A N D EFFECT
E Context Clues
1 T he energy from the sun is inexhaustible.
a very tired b can ne ve r be used up c ne ve r gets tired
2 G lass and w ater are transparent Iron and wood are not
a exp e n siv e b can float c can be seen through
3 T he Rio G ra n d e River form s part o f the boundary b e tw e en Mexico and the U nited States
4 W hen M asako visited England, she had to convert h e r J apanese money into pounds
5 Brazil exports coffee to Europe J a p an exports cars to China
a sells to a nother c ountry
: xiidl khan
Trang 36PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS-
ENERGY SOURCE OF
THE FUTURE
As population increases and countries industrialize,
the world's demand for energy increases O ur supply of
petroleum and gas is limited, but the photovoltaic cell
offers a solution to the problem o f a future energy
shortage This cell can becom e an important source of
energy In fact, it seems almost like magic The
photovoltaic cell changes sunlight directly into energy,
and energy from the sun is clean, easily available,
inexhaustible, and free, with the right equipment
Did you ever reach to open the door at a store or
hotel and see it open by itself? Does your c am era always
let in the right amount o f light for your pictures? These
are two examples o f uses o f photovoltaic cells They
are also used in calculators and watches, remote
telecomm unication units, and in central pow er stations to
produce electricity A nother important use is in the space
exploration program This program could not exist
without the energy produced by photovoltaic cells
The photovoltaic cell is simple It has a t r a n s p a r e n t
metallic film at the top Below this is a layer o f rsili£Qfl
(Si) A metal base is at the bottom
Trang 37C A U S E A N D EFFECT
The sunlight falls on the boundary betw een the two
different types o f sem iconductors in the photovoltaic
cell, the silicon and the metal base A conductor is
som ething that electricity can pass through W ater and
metals conduct electricity, but w ood d oes not A
s e m iconductor conducts electricity poorly at low
tem peratures, but when h eat or light is added,
conductivity is in creased
As the light falls on this boundary betw een the two
types o f sem iconductors, it creates an electric Qiirrcql
The sunlight is c o n v e r t e d directly into electricity
Another advantage is that this cell is solid-state; that is,
there are no moving parts Since there are no moving parts
to break down, the cell will last a long time if it is protected
from damage However, this protection is important If the
top o f the cell even gets dusty, less light enters, and the cell
doesn't work as efficiently as it should
In addition, sTTicofMS one o f the commonest elements
in the world; for example, sand is made up mostly o f
silicon However, the chemical preparation o f the silicon for
use in a photovoltaic cell was very expensive at first Now
the cost has decreased Scientists hope that in the future
they w ill be able to produce it in long sheets the way plastic
for plastic bags is made today
A bout 18 percent o f the sunlight that reaches the cell
is c o r)verted_into electricity This is a small a m ount, so
m any cells must be used to create a reasonable am ount o f
electricity H ow ever, technology can be de veloped to
make the cells more efficient and raise this to 27 percent
: clir&ng bien ra n li gun
: clia t ban clan : d i a l clan clicn : dung (elicit), elite it
: trang then rein
: liicu qua co riclng sttal
: hcrp ly
change
because
Trang 38What docs this mean to the world? Photovoltaic
cells have several advantages over fossil fuels can be seen or (petroleum, oil, and coal) Fossil fuels that we use today einderstood easily were formed from plants and animals that lived millions
of years ago Those plants and animals were able to exist
because o f the sun O b v i o u s ly , we can't wait a million
years for more fossil fuels The photovoltaic cell gives us
the ability to produce energy directly from the sun The
sun's energy can be converted for our use immediately
At the present time, gas and oil are expensive
Developing countries cannot e x p o r t enough agricultural
products and other raw materials to import the fuel that
they need to produce energy At the same time, sell to other countriespetroleum supplies are limited, and in a few decades they
will run out However, the supply o f sunlight is limitless,
and most o f the poor countries o f the world are in the
tropics where there is plenty o f sunlight
The photovoltaic cell has another very important
advantage It is a clean source o f energy The fossil fuels
that we use today are the main source o f the pollution in
our atmosphere
It took only a decade for scientists to know that solar
energy from photovoltaic cells was not just a dream They
have already proven that it can become an important source
o f energy By the end o f the century, it will be cheaper to
produce electricity with solar cells than from petroleum
The photovoltaic cell can be the solution to one o f the most
serious problems in the world today
SCIENCE
A V o c a b u la ry
photovoltaic cell inexhaustible ?silicon semiconductors
[i'm i:d jo tli] : ngay lap tuc
[o'lau] : thua nhan, cho pliep
['1 im itid ] : co lian, gidi lian, lian d ie
[hau'cvo] : tuy nhien
183
Trang 39C A U S E A N D EFFECT
will be an im portant energy sourcc
1 Scientists think that t h e _
for the future
2 T he num ber o f s now flakes is limitless and _
3 A photovoltaic cell has two different types o f _
4 petroleum is a fuel
5 T h e o f a river is the place it begins
6 C hildren like to s e e _shows
7 J a p a n television but has t o oil
8 (S i) is used to m ake glass
higher pay for their work
betw een C a n a d a and the United States is a
he was late for class
length o f time for a short test
exactly alike
It is m o r e _
G lass is
A h \d ro e !e c tric p o w e r station
that C arlos copied M aria's hom ew ork The papers are
_ for 30 people to ride in a bus than in 30 different cars
_ w ater pow er into electricity'
hydroelectric (adj) [.haidroui'lcktrik] : tluiy dien
Trang 40C V ocabulary Review
Underline the word that does not belong with the others
1 hail, snowflake, trap, rain
2 steam, crater, lava, ash
3 create, damage, destroy, harm
4 definite, sure, exact, chain
5 satellite, planet, star, sun
6 consider, object, discuss, talk over
7 backward, forward, clockwise, sideward
8 physicist, anthropologist, chemist, geologist
9 burst, eruption; flood, earthquake
10 fly, bee, ant, snake
D. Multiple Choice
1 Solar energy will not b e _ in the future
a expensive b easily available c limitless
2 Sunlight first enters a photovoltaic cell t h r o u g h _
a a metal base b a metallic film c a layer o f silicon
3 The place where the two sem iconductors meet is called t h e _
4 A semiconductor works b e s t _
a when there is wood available
t
b when the tem perature is low
c when light or heat is added
5 A photovoltaic c e l l light into an electricity
6 The cell must be protected f r o m _
SCIENCE
talk over (v) [t:>:k ’ouvo] : rluio liidn
forward (adv) ['fo:w ed] : p liia titfctc
185