Ebook 16 bài học Cách dùng ngữ pháp và viết tiếng Anh: Phần 1

Ebook 16 bài học Cách dùng ngữ pháp và viết tiếng Anh: Phần 1 do Thanh Thảo, Thanh Hoa biên soạn sau đây sẽ cung cấp cho các bạn những kiến thức về cách sử dụng danh từ, động từ, các đại từ, các từ bổ nghĩa, giới từ, liên từ và thán từ, cụm từ, mệnh đề, câu, các lỗi thường gặp, dấu chấm, dấu hỏi và dấu trong tiếng Anh.

TIENG ANH

Ccich dCing NgCr ph&p a viet

16 BAI HOC CACH DUNG NGUfPHAP

VA VIET TIENG ANH

T H A N H T H A O - T H A N H H O A

16BAI HOC

CACH DUNG NGUf PHAP

VA VIET TIENG ANH

N H A X U A T B A N H O N G D lfC

ICH NOt M U

De hoc tieng Anh co hieu qua, viec ndm vang dupe ca ch dung tu, cau true, dqt cau 1a dieu ma bat ky nguoi hoc tieng Anh nao cung can dat den Xuat phat tu nhu cau do, chung toi bien soan cuon

"16 bai hoc ca ch dung ngu phap va viet tieng Anh '

Noi dung chu yeu cua cuon sach 1a tong ket c a c van de ngu phap co Pan trong tieng Anh lien quan den Danh tu, Dong tu, c a c dai tu, c a c tu Po nghla, gioi tu, lien tu va than tu danh cho Pan doc co nhu cau cung co', ren luyen ngu phap va trau doi ky nang viet tieng Anh.

Sach dupe trinh Pay hop ly, duoc phan chia theo tung bai, vai tung hien tuong, cau true ngu phap ro rang, d i hieu, d§ hoc, giup nguoi hoc nhanh chOng cung co kien thuc ngu phap cua minh Sau moi hien tuong, cau true ngu phap 1a phan Pai tap trdc nghiem dudi dang Hoi Dap giup nguoi hoc hieu sau hon ve c a c van de ngu phap.

De dung sach that hieu qua, nguoi hoc nen luyen tap ky tung phan mot, ndm chdc ly thuyet ket hop voi thuc hanh C a c Pan co the khOng can phai tra cuu c a c van de ngu phap theo thu tu tu dau

sach den cuoi sach Ma co the tap trj^g * ~ eu ky

nhung phan ma minh con chua n a r sau khi

da thong hieu roi thi co the chuyen q^a o^a"' -<hac Hoc theo kieu nay se giup nguoi doc c a ^ *-d'v tu tin hon va hieu qua hoc tap se ca o hon

Trong qua trinh Pien soan khong trann knoi sai sot, rat mong quy doc gia gop y kien d o sung, de Ian tai ban cuon sach duoc hoan thien hon.

Xin chan thanh cam on.

16 b a i hpc cd ch d u n g n g iip h a p va viet T ien g A n h 7

• T i m hieu danh tuf so it va so nhieu

• SOf du ng danh tOf sci hufu de bieu thj q uy ens6 hufu

• L a m c h o danh tif va d o n g tuf hoa hop

8 16 ba i h oc cach d u n g ngtf phcip va viet T ie n g A n h

D anh tu- la mot tu- loai neu ten ngudi, noi chon hoac su- vat Nhieu loai danh tu" khac nhau

duoc dung trong ngon nguf Anh M ot so danh

tuf de chi ngUdi, noi chon hoac su" kien va mot so bieu thi cac nhom va cac tap hop M ot so danh td

tham chi khong phai la danh tu1; chung la cac dong

td hanh dong giong nhu danh td trong cau

Cac danh td co the la so it, de cap den mot su vat hoac so nhieu, de cap den nhieu hon mot vat

Cac danh tu cung co the mang tinh sd hufu: cac danh tu sd hufu chi ra quyen sd hufu hoac mot moi

quan he gan gui Bat ke loai nao, danh td luon hoa hop vdi dong tu cua chung trong cau; suf dung cac dong td so it vdi danh tu sd it va dong tu sd nhieu vdi danh td so nhieu Ban phai biet cach hoat dong cua mot danh tu de vie t mot cau hieu qua

Danh tcT ricng

Keu mot danh td neu ten mot ngu"di hoac mot noi chon dac biet, hoac mot sU kien hay nhom dac biet thi no diJOc goi la danh td rie n g va luon duoc

viet hoa Mot so \i du la Eleanor Roosevelt .V: :gara

Falls, Draeula, Cue dieu tra lien bang, the Great Depression va Desert Storm Dieu nay duons nhu

du don gian

16 b a i hpc ca ch d u n g ngtf p h a p va viet T ien g A n h 9

K h on g may la mot so tac gia gan trang thai danh tCr rieng mot cach Ion xon vdfi cac td khac, cac mau tu viet hoa nam rai rac trong suot bai viet

cua ho ChSng han Manhattan Project duoc viet

hoa mot cach phu hop vi no la mot cong trinh lich

sd, ten nay duoc dat cho mot no lUc dac biet vao thdi chien de thiet ke va xay dung cac vu khi hat

nhan dau tien N h u n g project khong nen duac viet

hoa khi de cap den du- an cua mot cau lac bo de don dep ve sinh khuon vien cua trUOng dai hoc

Tuong tu Great Depression nen duoc viet hoa boi vi

no de cap den mot thdi ky lich su dac biet cua sU that bai cua nen kinh te von da bat dau vdi su sup

do cua thi trUdng chdng khoan vao nam 1929 Khi

tif depression de cap den cac thdi ky kho khan cua

nen kinh te, tuy nhien no khong phai la danh td rieng ma la danh td chung va khong duac viet hoa Tinh linh hoat trong viec viet hoa cac danh td la

co the chap nhan duoc, chang han ngUdi v iet co the co ly do hop ly de viet hoa mot td dac biet va mot so” cong ty sd dung cac htfdng dan ve phong cach nh&m ghi lai cac mau til' in hoa cho cac chdc

vu cong viec chSng han nhu- giam doc NhiJng thong

thudng sd dung chd v iet hoa ngoai quy luat ca ban

la mot no IlTc de cho td mot ve quan trong, va ban nen tranh dieu do

Cac dong td dcTtfc dung lam danh tcjf

M o t trudng hop dac biet la khi dong td diiOc dung lam danh td O day dang dong td di/oc thay doi va no thuc hien chdc nang tuong ty nhu" danh

td trong cau Loai danh td nay duoc goi la gerund

(danh dpng tu")

10 16 b a i hpc cach d u n g n g U p h a p va viet T ie n g A n h

The gerund

M ot danh tif difgc tao ra tif dang - i n g cua mot

dong tif thi difoc goi la gerund Giong nhif cac danh tCr khac, gerund thifc hien chufc nang la chu td va tuc tif trong cau

Sleeping s o m e t i m e s se rv es as an e s c a p e from

studying.

Cac gerund sleeping va studying la cac dang -

in g cua dong tu1 sleep va study Sleeping la danh td

thifc hien chufc nang lam chu tCr trong cau nay, va

study la tuc td (trong trifdng hap nay, tuc tii cua

mot gidri tCr - xem bai 5)

Van dc gerund

Gerund doi khi co the kho suf dung mot cach thich hop trong cau Ban se gap phai van de gi vdi cac gerund?

• Khi mot danh tu" hoac dai tii dufng truac mot gerund, sii dung sd hufu cach cua danh tii hoac dai tu\ (Be biet sd hufu cach cua dai tu, hay xem bai 3)

Jane's sleeping was s om et i me s an e s c a p e from studying

gerund trong giong nhif mot tuc td, thi h av sd dung sd hufu cach

Jane was annoyed by B i l l ’s studying

N O T Jane was annoyed by B ill studying.

16 b a i h qc cach d u n g n g Q p h a p va viet T ien g A n h 11

Cac danh tti tap hop

M o t ti/ thay the cho mot nhom sU vat thi diigc goi la danh tif tap hop (collective noun) Trong

thuc te, tir g roup ban than no la mot danh tu" tap hcfp Sau d a y la m ot so tif khac: c l u b , team,

committee, furniture, j u r y , Congress, swarm, herd.

Th on g thiicfng cac danh tif nay di/Oc xem la so it, vi st/ nhan manh nam tren mot don vi thay vi tren cac thanh phan cua no

The team is g o i n g on the bus

T h e committee wants to find a solution to the problem

Nhufng khi ban muon nhan manh cac thanh phan rie n g biet cua mot nhom, ban co the xem danh tii tap hop la so nhieu

T h e team have argued about goi ng on the bus

T h e com m ittee want different solutions to the problem

Neu so nhieu nghe co ve ngiiOng nghiu, hay thu

v ie t lai

T h e team members have argued about g o i n g

on the bus

Committee members disagree about solutions

to the probl em

12 16 b a i h oc cach d u n g n g U p h a p va viet T ie n g A n h

Danh tti $6 it va so nhieu

TCr n u m ber am chi den mot danh tCr la so it

hoac so nhieu Hau het cac danh tu deu co the la

mot trong hai, phu thuoc vao viec ban dang noi ve

mot vat (dog) hay nhieu hon mot vat (dogs) Ban

biet quy t&c co ban cua viec them - s de thanh lap

so nhieu cua mot danh td, va ban cung biet rang nhieu danh tif khong tuan theo quy tdc do - vi du,

sheep (so it), sheep (so nhieu); enemy, enemies', wharf, wharves, hero, heroes, gooes, geese Ban nen

kiem tra td dien neu ban khong chac ve mot so

nhieu Bdng them - ’s vao dang so it de thanh lap

so nhieu cua no, ngav ca khi danh tu- ma ban dang

sd dung la mot ten gia dinh: the Taylors, khong phai the Taylor's', donkeys, khong phai donkey’s',

taxis, khong phai ta xi’s.

Cac hinh thufc so it va so nhieu cua mot so danh td

vdi cac duoi La Tinh hoac H y lap co the gay ra r&c

roi Chang han danh tif data tren thuc te la mot sd nhieu; datum la so it.

T h e final datum is not c o ns i s t e n t with the

p r o c e d i n g data, which are positive

Mac du ngay nay sd nhieu data dutfc xem la sd it,

nhimg hay cd phan biet, dac biet la trong van ban khoa hoc

Sau day la mot so vi du khac ve cac tu" so it va

sd nhieu tien g La Tinh va H y Lap: bacterium ,

bacteria, criteria, medium, media', alum nus sd ft

it giong cai 1 alumnae (so nhieu giong cai 1 Xeu ban

dang viet ve truyen hinh, hay sd dung m edium

16 b a i hpc cach d iin g ngtf p h a p va viet T ie n g A n h 13

Neu ban dang viet ve radio, truyen hinh va bao, hay su" dung media.

S if hufu cach cua danh td

Sd hufu cach (possessive case) cua mot danh tu"

dufoc dung de bieu thi quyen sd huTu (A lla n ’s car,

my sister’s house) hoac moi quan he gan gui khac ( the c h a i r m a n ’s friends, the c u p ’s handle, the university’s p o s itio n ).

Cac van dc voi cac danh td stf hdu

Dieu gay ra van de vdi cac danh td sd hufu la

sir khong chac chan: them dau - s hay chi mot dau

phay? H a y tuan theo quy tac sau day: doi vdi cac

danh td sd it, them ’s, tham chi neu danh td tan

cung bang mot chuf s hoac am 2: dog’s house’s, Wes’s,

Keats’s Nhi/ng tao ra mot sir ngoai le khi mot chd

- s ditoc them vao se dan den ba chd s n&m chum

lai vdi nhau s hoac am 2 (Jesus’, Ulysses’) hoac

trong cac ten co nhieu hon mot am tiet vdi mot

duoi khong dutfc nhan manh diTgc phat am la -eez

(Empedocles’, Socrates’, Euripides’) Cac ten Hy Lap

thiidng rcfi vao loai nay

Doi vdi hau het cac danh td sd hdu sd nhieu,

chi them mot dau phay: several months' bills, many

Rumanians’ apartments, the encyclopedia’s diffrences, the R o l l i n g stom es’ travel plans Neu danh td sd

nhieu khong tan cung bang -s , hay them - ’s, giong nhiJ ban se them vdi mot danh td sd it: women’s

issue, mice's tails.

14 16 b a i h qc cach d u n g n g U p h a p va viet T ie n g A n h

Chuyen sang cau true of

Khi mot danh td sd hufu nghe co ve nguqng

nghiu, thay vi vay hay suf dung cau true of Day la

mot cach an toan va thudng duoc ifa dung de chi ra

moi quan he: the top o f the page thay vi the p a g e’s

top\ the lawn o f the b u ild in g on the corn er thay vi the building on the corner’s lawn, the main characters

o f P rid e and Prejudice thay vi P rid e and P reju d ice’s main characters', the novels o f Dickens thay vi Dickens’s novels.

Quyen stf htfu chung

M ot ldi sau cung ve cac danh td sd hCfu: khi ban dang chi ra quyen sd hufu chung, hay cho hinh

thufc sd hufu chi vao ten sau cung, nhu A b b ott and

C ostello’s movies; T o m and D a w n ’s d in n e r party,

S m ith , Wilson, and N elson ’s.

So' hoa hop cua danh tdr va dong tuf

Su’ hoa hefp la mot khai niem quan trong trong nguf phap va la nguon go'c cua nhieu loi viet N o se xuat hien lai difdi cac dai tti (bai 3) va difdi phan xay di/ng cau (bai 7)

Cac dong tCr phai hoa hop vdi danh tCr cua chung,

co nghla rang danh tif sd it yeu cau mot dong t is sd

it va danh tu" so nhieu yeu cau mot dong tu so' nhieu

T h e dog jum ps up and down, ( s o it)

T h e dogs ju m p op and down, ( s o nhieu j

16 b a i h p c cd ch d u n g n g U p h a p va viet T ie n g A n h 15

Hay nhd rang mot danh tCf tan cung bang -s thufcfng la so nhieu, trong khi mot dong tuf tan cung

la —s thufcfng la so It: runs in my pantyhose (danh tuf

so nhieu); he runs (dong tuf so It).

Cac danh tuf vdi cac duoi La Tinh hoac Hy Lap va cac danh tuf trong co ve nhuf so nhieu nhufng doi khi nhan cac dong tuf so nhieu co the gay ra cac van de ve suf hoa hcfp

The data indicate that the test samples are more

a ffe cted by heat than the control group samples

V i data la hinh thufc so nhieu cuia datum, hay suf

dung dang so' nhieu cua dong tuf (trong trufcfng hcfp

nay, indicate) Trong vi du sau day, criteria la so'

nhieu Suf dung dang so' nhieu ciia dong tuf (are)

The criteria for judging an entry are listed in

the brochure

Rights, von la dang so nhieu, dufcfc xem la so it

trong vl du sau day vi human rights la mot don vi,

mot van de ve suf quan tarn

Human rights is an issue that affects everyone.

Neu ban muon nhan manh quyen lcfi mang tinh ca nhan, ban co the suf dung dong tuf so nhieu

Human rights are ignored in many countries.

Trong vi du ke tiep, miles la dang so nhieu, nhufng

fifty miles dufcfc dung cf day de neu ten mot don vi

khoang cach va do do nhan dong tif so it:

16 16 b d i h oc cach d u n g n g U p h a p va v ie t T ie n g A n h

Fifty miles is not such a long distance.

Statistics trong giong nhir so nhieu, va trong nhieu

tinh huong se duac xem la so nhieu, chang han:

Statistics is the subject I most want to avoid Statistics are being gathered to show that

women are better drivers that men

Trong vl du dau tien, statistics am chi den mot chu

de nghien cufu, vi vay so it la thich hop

Trong so cac danh tfr thi/crng duoc suf dung khac

co the nhan dong tif so it hoac so nhieu, tuy thuoc vao si/ nhan manh nSm tren don vi so it hay tren

cac muc rieng biet; la number, majoriy va m inority The number of people coming is surprising.

A number of people are coming.

A number like five thousand is what he had in

mind

Vdi number, h a y suf d u n g quy tac n ay Neu no

nhieu, phu thuoc vao viec b a n n gh i ve d an vi so it

h ay cac muc rie n g biet.

Vcri m ajoriy va m inority, dieu quan trong la phai

quyet dinh xem ban muon nhan manh nhufng ngudi, nhufng vat rieng biet hay ban muon nhan manh len mot don vi don

16 b d i h q c ca ch d u n g n g U p h a p va vie t T ien g A n h

Th e m ajority is opposed to the measure,

(singular = single unit)

A minority of the younger people refuse to

concede the point

(plural = individuals)

18 16 b d i hqc cach d u n g n g O p h a p va v ie t T ie n g A n h

B ai tap trdc nghiem

Hoi & dap

1 X ac djnh ca c danh tCr du’dc gach dudi trong

c a c cau sau day la danh tu* chung hay danh tu" rieng

a Dylan plans to go to college in the fall.

b Mary Lagan was accepted to Watson College

2 Xac dinh ca c danh tu1 du’dc g a ch dudi trong

ca c cau sau day la danh tif tap hdp, danh tti

so it hay gerund

a The commission plans to review the report.

b Running is fun

c My coach is great

d The firm established a strict dress code

3 Ket hdp ca c danh tuf du’dc gach dufdi vdi dinh nghla dung cua chung

a My dog's bone was lost — so it

16 b d i h q c cd ch d u n g n g U p h d p vd viet T ie n g A n h 19

b The women meet for lunch sd hufu so it

c My sons’ cars need to be washed so nhieu

d A girl lost her scart on the bus sd hufu so nhieu

4 Dien va o ch6 trong vdi dang dung cua dong tCr de lam cho danh tu" va dong tif hoa hdp trong ca c cau sau day

a Margaret and Tom m y happy, (look,

e The danger of d ivin g not discourage

Lily, (tte, does)

f. While wearing her school uniform, Tessie ;.v.~., for charity, (dance, dances)

Dap an:

1 a chung b rieng 2 a tap hop b gerund c so

it d tap hop 3 a so hufu so it b so nhieu c sd hufu

so nhieu d so it 4 a look b know c plans d are e does f dances.

20 16 b d i h qc cdch d u n g n g it p h d p vd v ie t T ie n g A n h

Bai 2

Dong ttf

Noi dang

• Dong tuf hanh dong va dong tti lien he

• Active va passive voice

• Noi dong tiT va ngoai dong tCr

• Stf dung sau thi thong thi/dng

• Khac phuc cac van de thong thifdng cua dong tuf

16 b d i hpc cd ch d u n g n g O p h d p vd vie t T ie n g A n h 21

D ong ti/ la mot tCf loai dien ta hanh dong hoac mot trang thai dang ton tai hoac noi ket

mot chu nguf vdri mot bo nguf Chung cho biet

chu nguT thuc hien hanh dong, duoc goi la active voice, hay nhan hanh dong, dtfcfc goi la passive

voice Dong tCr co the la noi dong tif hoac ngoai

dong tif Thi cua dong tif duoc thanh lap theo ngoi,

so va thi

Dong tii cung co cac cach, do la cac xep loai

chi ra thai do cua ngUcri noi Cac van de vdri cac

dong tif thiicfng la ket qua cua mot thi khong dung,

hoac sii kho khan ma nhieu ngUcfi viet gap phai

vdi dang qua khuf hoac qua khuf phan tii cua cac

dong tii bat quy tSc Dong tii dong vai tro quan

trong trong viec xay dung cau

Cac dong tcjT hanh dong

Dong tii hanh dong lam song dong mot cau, ve

mSt the chat (swim, jum p, drop, whistle) hoac ve

mSt tinh than (think, dream, believe, suppose, love)

Cac dong tii lam cho cau chuyen dong, doi khi day kich tinh, doi khi em dem

She leaped high into the air, twirled, landed

on the floor, and ran from the room.

He thought of her beauty, imagined her smile,

yearned for her presence.

22 16 b d i h qc cdch d u n g n g it p h d p vd v ie t T ie n g A n h

Cac dong tti lien he

M ot so dong tCr khong dien ta hanh dong ma giup cac cau hoan chinh ve chu de bang cdch mo ta hoac nhan dang no Cac dong tif nay difoc goi la cac dong tif lien he

Diane is happy.

Clement feels hot.

Maria is a doctor.

The music sounds good.

Cac cau khong cho ban biet Diane, Clement, Maria va am nhac da lam gi ma thay vao do cho biet chung la gi Cac dong tif lien he “lien k et” chu

tCr cua chung vdi mot sif phan loai, trang thai ton

tai, hoac chat ltfong Trong cac cau d tren, happy,

hot, doctor va good difcfc goi la cac b o cua cac dong tif lien he (xem bai 3) Bang 2-1 lie t ke cac dong tif lien he thong thifcfng

B an g 2-1 Cac dpng tijf lien h^ thvtdng gap

become remain taste

16 b d i hQc cd ch d u n g n g U p h d p vd viet T ie n g A n h 23

M ot so dong tif nay co the vifa la dong tif lien he vifa la dong tif hanh dong

Clement felt hot (dong til" lien he)

Clement felt along the wall for the light switch.

(dong tuf hanh dong)

The dog sm elled bad (dong tuf lien ket)

The dog sm elled the man’s boots, (dong tif

hanh dong)

Mot cach nhanh chong de biet diforc mot dong tif dang thtfc hien chufc nang la dong tif lien he hay khong

1 k xem ban co the thay the no bang mot dang dong tif to

be va vSn co mot cau hcfp ly hay khong VI du, kiem tra

hai cau ben tren bkng cach thay the smelled bang was The dog was bad (c o )

The dog was the man’s boots, (khong)

C£c dong tif lien he hoat dong khac vdi cac dong tif hanh dong Trifdc tien, trong khi cac dong tif h^nh dong difcfc bo nghia bdi cac trang tif, thi

cAc dong tif lien he difoc theo sau bcfi cac tinh tif.

This cheese smells strong.

NOT This cheese smells strongly.

Quy tac nay diforc thao luan trong bai 4

Cung vay, mot dai tif theo sau dong tif lien he

to be se d subjective case thay vi objective case.

It was she.

24 16 b d i h qc cdch d u n g n g Q p h d p vd v ie t T ie n g A n h

No It was her.

Quy t&c nay dugc thao luan trong b&i 3

fictive vd passive voice

TCr voice am chi den hinh thiifc cua mot dong tif, cho biet chu nguf thuc hien mot hanh dong (active

voice) hay nhan hanh dong (passive voice).

Mary smashed the ball over the net (active

voice)

The ball was smashed over the net by Mary,

(passive voice)

Suf dung active voice bat cuf khi nao ban co the;

no chuyen tai nhieu nang li/Ong han so vdi passive voice va cung tao ra van ban sue tich hon (Xem bai13)

Tuy nhien, hay suf dung passive voice khi ban

khong biet ngifcfi hanh dong, hoSc khi ban khong muon neu ten ngifcri hanh dong, hoSc khi ban muon nhan manh ngi/cfi hoac vat hanh dong thay vi nhan

manh vao ngifcfi hanh dong Passive voice thiicfng

thich hap trong van ban khoa hoc

When we returned, the car had been towed.

I regret that a mistake was made.

Gold was discovered there early in the last

century

His m other was rushed to the hospital by the

police

16 b d i h p c cd ch d u n g n g Q p h d p vd viet T ii'n g A n h 25

A ch a n g e in structure was found in the

experimental group

N goai vd noi dong ttf

Ngoai dong tif, dirge dung vgi tuc tilr gian tiep, truyen h&nh dong den mot vat va cung co the co mot tuc tif gi&n tiep, cho biet hanh dong dugc thifc hien cho ai ho&c den ai Ngirgc lai, noi dong tir khong bao gior nhan tuc tuf

Ngoai dong td

N g o a i d p n g tuf nhan tuc tuf trtfc tiep; nghia la

dong tif truyen hanh dong den tuc tif

He sent the letter, (letter = tuc ttTtrifc tiep cua

Ngoai dong tif cung co the la mot tuc tuf g ian

tiep dufng trUdc tuc tif true tiep Tuc tif gi&n tiep

cho biet hanh dong dang dirge thifc hien cho ai

ho^c den ai, mac du cac tif to va for khong dirge suf

dung Trong cac vl du sau day, lifu y sir khac biet giufa cac tuc tCr true tiep va gian tiep

Tuc tCr true tiep (letter) nhan hanh dong (sent) Tuc tif gian tiep (R o b e rt) la ngUcfi ma bufc thif difgc gdi

den

He sent R obert the letter.

26 16 b d i hqc cdch d u n g ng& p h d p vd v ie t T ie n g A n h

Tuc tCr gian tiep (lecture) nhan hanh dong {gave) Tuc ti/ gian tiep (class) la nhom ma b&i dien thuyet

dirge gdi den

She gave her class the lecture

Hay hoc c&ch nhan biet c£c tif la tuc tCr gi&n tiep hoac true tiep cua c&c dong tir Khi cac tir n&y

la dai tCr, chung phai d dang objective case Xem

bai 3 de co dirge su giai thlch ve cac triTcmg hop cua dai tir.

Noi dong td

N oi dong tif khong nhan tuc tif

She sleeps too much.

He complains frequently.

Trong cac cau sau day, khong co thiJ gi nhan hanh

dong cua dong tCr sleep va complain.

Nhieu dong tir co the ho&e ngoai dong tir hoac 1& noi dong tir

She sings every day (khong co tuc tCf = noi

dong tu”)

She sings spirituals, (nhan hanh dong cua =

ngoai dong tu")

C a c d o n j td: geru n d , d o n g td nguycn mau vd cac phan td

Theo mot y nghia, ba dong tir - geru n d dpng

tu" n guyen m au va p h an tuf -se khong dirge trinh

16 b d i h q c c d c h d u n g n g it p h d p vd viet T ie n g A n h 27

bay trong phan nay ve cac dong tif M&c du difcfc th&nh lap tif dong tif, cac verbals khong bao gicf dirge dung mot minh lam cac tif h&nh dong trong cau; thay vao do chung thuc hien chufc n&ng la danh tir, tinh tir va trang tir Cac verbal quan trong trong cac cum tir (dugc thao luan trong bai 6).

• Gerund (xem bai 1) tan cung bang -in g va

thi/c hien chufc nang la danh tif

Jum ping is fun.

He liked skiing.

• D ong tif nguyen mau la hinh thifc cd ban cua

dong tuf co to Th ong thifdng no thufc hien

chufc nang la danh tuf, m ac du no co the la tinh tu* hoac trang tu*

To ju m p is fun (danh tCf; chu tuf cua is)

I like to ski (danh tuf: tuc tuf cua like)

She had a suggestion to offer, (tinh turbo nghla

suggestion)

He called to warn her (trang tif bo nghla called).

• M ot phan tu" la m ot dong tif tan cung bang -

ing (hien tai phan tif) hoac -ed , -d, - 1, -en,

-n (qua khuf phan tif) C ac phan tCf co the thifc hien chufc nang la tinh tir, m o ta hoac

bo nghla danh tif

The dancing bear entertained the crowd.

The beaten man hobbled into the woods.

28 16 b d i h qc cdch d u n g n g U p h d p vd v ie t T ie n g An—

• Nhifng c£c phan tif c6n c6 mot chiifc n&ng kh c

Diioc dung vdi c&c trg dong tuf nhiT to be v& to

have, chung hinh th&nh mot so thi cua dong tif.

She is thinking of the children.

The boat had been cleaned before they arrived.

Thanh lap cac thi dong tdf

Be vie t dung, ban can biet ca cach thanh lap cAc

thi dong tir lan khi nao thi sir dung chung Cac thi dong tir ducfc thanh lap theo ngoi, so va thi Chung

la khoa de co ket cau true cua cau.

Thi, ngoi vd so

N goi am chi den chu tir hoac tuc tir cua dong tir So

xac dinh xem dong tir la so it hay so' nhieu M ot so

thuat nguf se giup ban hieu cach thanh lap cua cac thi dong tir

• Thi: am chi den thcJi gian; khi nao hanh dong (trang thai dang ton tai) cua dong tiTdang xay ra?

• N goi: am chi den ngUdi (h oa c va t) von la chu tir hoac tuc tuf

N goi thu’ nhat: I, we, go\ she spoke to m e, us.

N goi thuf hai: y o u , y ou (a ll) go; she spoke to

you, you (all)

N goi thuf ba: he, she, it goes, they g o; she spoke to him, her, it, them.

• So: chi am chi den viec dong tu' la so it (he

16 b d i hpc cd ch d u n g n g ti p h d p vd vie t T ie n g A n h 29

g o e s ) hay so nhieu ( they g o ).

Trong cau The horse runs in the pasture, runs la ngoi thur ba so' it cua thi hien tai cua dong tir run.

Sau thi

Mac du co nhieu hern, nhtfng co sau thi thtTcfng duoc dung trong tien g Anh

• Hi«?n ta i: dang tiep dien ngay bay gicf

• Qua khtf: hanh dong da qua

• Ttfdng lai: hanh dong chUa xay ra

• Hien tai hoan thanh: hanh dong d thdi diem trong qua khtf co lien quan den thdi diem hien tai

• Qua khtf hoan thanh: hanh dong 6 thdi diem trong qua khuf co lien quan den mot thdi diem khac trong qua khtf

• Ttfdng lai hoan thanh: hanh dong c5 m ot thdi diem trong ti/dng lai co lien quan den m ot thdi diem khac xa hdn trong tifdng lai

CAc dinh nghla ve cac thi hoan thi thanh kho

hieu neu khong co vi du Bang 2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6

va 2-7 minh hoa dong tCr hop quy t&c to walk va

dong tir bat quy tSc to be d sau thi Cac dong tir

hop quy t&c, nhiT to walk, hinh thanh thi qua khuf v& thi hoan thanh bkng cdch them - d hoSc -e d v&o

th i hien tai Nhtfng giong nhu to be, nhieu dong tir

tien g Anh 0 dang bat quy tSc, hinh thanh c&c thi qu& khuf cua chung theo cac cach khac nhau Mot

30 16 b d i h qc cdch d u n g n g Q p h d p vd v ie t T ie n g A n h

danh sach cac dong tir bat quy t&c thtfdng duoc

dung se duoc cung cap d cuoi bai.

B an g 2-2 Thi hi$n tai

S o it S o n h ie u

1 am we are

you are you are

Ngoi thu" ba he, she, it walks they walk

he, she, it is they are

Bang 2-3 Thi qua khuf

-S o it S o n h ie u

1 was we were

N goi thu” hai you walked you walked

you were you were

Ngoi thu" ba he, she, it walked they walked

he, she, it was they were

N goi thuf hai you will walk you will walk

you will be you will be

N goi thuf ba he, she, it will walk they will walk

he, she, it will be they will be ■

Li/u y r&ng d thi tuong lai, theo truyen thong shall duoc dung cho w ill d ngoi thuf nhat so it va so nhieu: I shall walk, we shall walk Tuy nhien, d trong cach dung hien dai, w ill da thay the shall

gan nhif hoan toan Mac du ca hai deu dung nhufng

shall tao ra mot ket qua trang trong khac thucmg.

B a n g 2-5 Thi hi£n tai hoan thanh

S o i t S o n h ie u

N goi thuf nhat 1 have walked we have walked

1 have been we have been

N goi thuf hai you have walked you have walked

you have been you have been

N goi thuf ba he, she, it has walked they have walked

he, she, it has been they have been

32 16 b d i hqc cdch d u n g n g U p h d p vd v ie t T ie n g A n h

B an g 2-6 T h i qua khtf h oa n th an h

S o i t S o n h ie u

1 had been we had been

you had been you had been

he, she, it had been they had been

B an g 2-7 T h i tvfcfng la i h oa n th an h

S o it S o n h ie u

Ngoi thuf nhat 1 will have walked we will have walked

1 will have been we will have been

Ngoi thuf hai you will have walked you will have been

you will have been you will have been

Ngoi thCfba he, she, it will have walked they will have walked

he, she, it will have been they will have walked

16 b d i h q c c d c h d u n g n g Q p h d p vd vie t T ie n g A n h 33

Sd dung cac thi

Thi bieu thi khi nao thi hanh dong ho&c trang thai dang ton tai xay ra va biet cach suf dung no se giup chuyen tai y nghla cua ban Viec thanh lap cac thi

co the don gian ho&c phufc tap

Hien tai, qua kher vd tcTOng lai

Cdc thi hien tai, qua khuf va tUcfng lai la mot phan trong ngon nguf hang ngay cua chung ta va vdri tu cdch la ngUcfi viet, chung ta co the suf dung cac dang nay mot cach thoai mai Thi hien tai bieu thi hanh dong hien dang xay ra

He calls her on the phone.

Doi khi thi hien tai cung difcfc dung bieu thi hanh dong tifefng lai

Her plane arrives on Friday.

Thi qu£ khuf bieu thi hanh dong da hoan thanh trong qua khuf

He called her on the phone.

Thi tifefng lai difcfc dung de chi hanh dong se xay ra

of mot thefi diem trong tifefng lai

He will call her on the phone.

Hien tai hoan thanh

Thi hien tai diftfc hoan thanh, diforc thanh lap vori

has hodc have va qua khuf phan tif cua dong tif,

bieu thi hanh dong da xay ra trong qua khuf va tiep tuc cho den hien tai

I called you for a year (Nhufng toi khong con

dang goi ban.)

T h i hien tai hoan thanh cung difoc dung khi ban muon nhan manh hanh dong da xay ra trong qu£ khuf nhifng vdri thcfi gian khong xac dinh

I have called many times.

Qua khtf hoan thanh

Th i qua khuf hoan thanh, difcfc thanh lap vdi had

va qua khuf phan tif cua dong tif, bieu thi mot h&nh

dong da hoan thanh trong qua khuf trildc mot h&nh

dong khac da hoan thanh trong qua khuf

After I had called you ten times, I asked the

operator to check your number

Had called la mot hanh dong qua khuf da hoan

tat trifdc khi hoi tong dai vien, mot hanh dong da hoan thanh khac trong qua khuf

Trong vl du sau day, viec anh ta tinh tao trong mot n&m trifdc vu tai nan: qua khuf trifdrc qua khuf

He had been sober for a year when the accident

happened

16 b d i h q c cd ch d u n g n g U p h d p vd vie t T ie n g A n h 35

Ttfong lai hoan thanh

Thi tifefng lai hoan thanh, difoc thanh lap vdi will

have va qud khuf phan tCr cua dong tir, difoc dung

de chi hanh dong se difoc hoan thanh trong tifefng

lai triCdc mot hanh dong khac trong tifefng lai.

By next week, I will have called you more than

a hundred times

Viec goi hem mot tram lan se xay ra tritdc

tuan tdi Trong vi du sau day, viec anh ay co difoc sif tinh tao trong mot nam se den trifdc khi con gdi cua anh ay den trong tuong lai

He will have been sober for a year by the time

his daughter arrives

Cac cdch cua dong tdr

Cdc cdch cua dong tif la cac sif xep loai bieu thi thdi do cua ngifdi noi Dong tif co ba cdch - trifc thuyet cdch, menh lenh cdch va gia dinh cdch

Tru'c thuyet vd menh lenh cdch

Trifc thuyet cdch va menh lenh cdch thi de hieu Ban suf dung trifc thuyet cdch trong hau het cdc_ cau khang dinh va cau hoi

He walks every day after lunch.

Does he believe in the good effects of exercise?

Ban sijf dung m<?nh l£nh cach trong cac cau

yeu cau va cac menh lenh Cac cau menh lenh co mot chu tif da difoc hieu la ban va do do nhan cac

dong tif d ngoi thd hai.

36 16 bd i hqc cdch d u n g n g U p h d p vd v ie t T ie n g A n h

SU down ([Vou] sit down.)

Please take a number ([Y o u ] please take a

number.)

Gia djnh cdch

Thi cua gia dinh cach duoc thanh lap theo cach khac vdi cac thi cua trifc thuyet cach va gia dinh cac duoc dung d cac loai cau dac biet N gay nay, cach dung pho bien nhat cua gia dinh cach la d trong cac cau gia dinh hodc trai vdi sif that Trong van viet, chung ta phai quyet dinh cau nao se d gia dinh cach Neu dieu gi do rat co the xay ra, hay sd dung trifc thuyet cach Neu dieu gi do chi la gia thuyet hoac trai vdi sU that, thi hay sd dung gia dinh cach

• Gia dinh cach d thi hi£n tai

If I were king, you would be queen (C5 dang gia djnh, subjunctive, were is du’dc dung cho

tat ca cac ngoi.)

If he worked, he could earn high wages.

• G ia dinh cach of thi qu a khuf

If I had been king, you would have been queen.

If he had worked he could have earned high

wages

Cac cau trai vdi sif that nay co hai menh de:

menh de i f va menh de ket qua Cac dang cua cdc

dong td trong cac menh de nay khac vdi dang cua cac dong td duoc dung d trong true thuyet cach

16 b d i h q c cd c h d u n g ngut p h d p vd viet T ie n g A n h 37

Trong menh de if, chung ta suf dung gia dinh cach

Bang 2-8 minh hoa cach thanh lap cua no

B a n g 2-8 Gia dinh cach of hi^n tai

Dong tir to be: were I f I were king, I f he were king

Cac dong tif khac: worked If I worked, If he worked.

nhif th i qua khuf cua trifc thuyet cach.

B a n g 2-9 Gia dinh cach cua thi qua khtf

Dong tu" to be: had been If I had b een

king, If he had been king

Cac dong tuf khac: had worked If I had worked,

If he had worked

LufU y trong bang 2-9 cach ma thi qua khuf cua gia dinh cach thi tirong tif nhif thi qua khuf hoan thanh cua trifc thuyet cach

Trong m ^nh de k e t qua, hay suf dung dang

dieu kien (bang 2-10 va 2-11), difcfc thanh lap vdi

could hoac would.

38 16 b d i h qc cd c h d u n g n g U p h d p vd vi£t T ie n g A n h

_B an g 2-10 Dieu ki£n hi^n tai

Could, would + dang You would be queen; He

g o c cua dong tuf cou ld earn high wages.

B an g 2-11 D ieu ki$n qua khtf

could, would + have Y ou w o u ld h a v e been + qua khif phan tu’ queen

cua dong tif

He could have earned high wages

Khong phai tat ca cac menh de bat dau vdi i f deu trai vdi stf that Khi mot menh de i f difoc bieu

thi dieu gi do co the xay ra, hay suf dung tnic thuyet cach, khong suf dung gia dinh cach

If I study hard, I will pass the test.

If his fever continues to fall, he will recover.

Cac van de vdi cac dong td

Doi khi ngifcfi viet suf dung mot thi khong dung hoac khong biet cach suf dung dang qua khuf phan

tif cua cac dong tii bat quy t ic Viec suf dung cac thi

cua dong tCr khong chlnh xac ho&c khong nhat quan cung co the lam cho ngtfdi doc phdt cau

Trinh td thdi gian khong hop |y

Hay nhan biet trinh tuf thdi gian trong cach viet cua ban va chon thi cria dftng frjj pV.an anh mot

Esther has w orked at the department store for

a year

Suf dung thi hien tai hodn thanh de bieu thi rdng mot hanh dong trong qud khuf dang tiep d iln or hien tai Esther v t n dang lam viec tai cufa hang bach hoa

Esther had w orked at the department store for

a year

Suf dung thi qud khuf hoan thanh de bieu thi rdng dieu gi khac da xay ra sau nam cua Esther V i du, Esther had worked at the department store for a year when she was asked to take over sporting goods (Esther da lam viec tai cufa hang bach hoa trong mot ndm thi co ay dirge yeu cau tiep quan hang hoa the thao)

Khi nao thi stf dung thi hodn thanh

Hoc cdch suf dung cac th ilio a n thanh khi chung phu hgp vdri y nghla cua ban Birng tif gidi han minh den thi qud khuf defn khi viet ve hanh dong qud khuf Chdng han trong cac cau sau day, thi hoan thanh le ra dirge dung de thiet lap trinh tif thdi gian

40 16 b d i h oc cdch d u n g n gff p h d p vd v ie t T ie n g A n h

The car wash stood where the library was (no) All the things you told me, I heard before, (no) Trong cau dau tien, vi the library d vi tri trUcrc the

car wash - that kho de chung chiem or cung mot

noi vao cung mot thcri diem - qua khuf hoan thanh

se duoc dung cho dong tif thuf hai

The car wash stood where the library had been.

Su logic cua cau thuf hai bieu thi rdng heard se of

thi qua khi/ hoan thanh Tir before la mot mau chot

ro rang rdng nghe xay ra trUdc khi noi, mac du ca hai hanh dong deu hoan tat trong qua khi/

All the things you told me, I has heard before.

Menh de //sai■

Thi qua khi/ hoan thanh cung se duoc dung trong

thi qua khuf cua gia dinh cach “menh de i f

If she had thought of it, she would have called

you

M ot loi thong thucfng la suf dung dang dieu

kien would have hoac could have trong ca hai menh

de Would have hoac could have se chi duoc dung

trong menh de neu ket qua

If I had wanted to, I would have made cookies MOT If I would have wanted to, I would have made

cookies

If we had brought matches, we cou ld have

made a bonfire

16 b d i h q c c d c h d u n g ngi2 p h d p vd v ie t T ie n g A n h 41

NOT If we would have brought matches, we could

have made a bonfire.

Khong nhat quan ve thi

M ot loi thong thtfcrng khac la stf ket hop khong logic cac thi trong mot cau hoac trong toan bo mot phan cua bai viet Chon thi ma ban muon suf dung trong cau hoac trong bai luan cua ban va sau do chac chSn rang ta t ca cac dong tir deu nhat quan

vdi no, bang cach d trong cung mot thi hoac bang

cach phan anh cac thcfi diem trong qua khuf va ttfong lai lien quan den thi chinh cua ban

Robertson went into the market, walks over to the produce section, and picks through the

tomatoes, (c a c thi khong nhat quan)

Trong cau dtfng trirdc, khong co ly do hop ly

de chuyen tif thi qua khuf (went) qua thi hien tai

(walks, picks) Suf dung thi qua khuf hoac thi hien

tai - khong phai ca hai V iet lai cac cau bang cach suf dung cac thi nhat quan

Robertson went into the market, walked over

to the produce section, and picked through the

tomatoes, (c a c thi nhat quan)

Xem cac thi trong nhom cac cau sau day

(Jnlike Richardson’s, this program will pay its own way It specified that anyone who wanted

to use the service has to pay a fee People who

refused to do so w on ’t receive the benefits,

(c a c thi khong nhat quan)