Objectives of our research are: Cardiac electrophysiological properties of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation patients. Evaluation of short-term outcomes of radio frequency ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.
Trang 1PHAM TRAN LINH
STUDY ON ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND THE EFFICACY OF CATHETER – BASED RADIO FREQUENCY ABLATION OF PAROXYSMAL ATRIAL
FIBRILLATION Speciality: Medical Cardiology
Code: 62720141
ABSTRACT OF MEDICAL PHD THESIS
Trang 3This thesis may be found at:
1. The National Library
2. The Library of Military Medical University
Trang 4"Clinical manifestations and electrophysiologic features in
patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation", journal of
Vietnamese Medical, 430 (1), pp. 159 165.
Trang 7Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common types of arrhythmia. AF is associated with a wide range of complications in clinical practice and may contribute to 5% of stroke cases a year. Mortality may increase to 34% in patients with heart failure if AF is concomitant. It is known that AF increases in the prevalence with advancing age. The incidence of AF is approximately 0.1% in the patients under 40 years of age while it approaches 1.5 – 2% in the group over 60 years of age.
It was the first time in 1994 when Haissaguerre utilized the radio frequency (RF) energy as a therapy for AF patients. Nevertheless, this method had limitations such as low successful rate of 33 – 60%, high rate of complications, long procedure time (5 – 6 hours). In
1996, Pappone used a three dimensional mapping system named CARTO to facilitate the therapy of AF with RF energy. CARTO system has brought higher efficacy in the treatment of AF as it guarantees high successful rate and low complication rate The system has been upgrading so far to vast the utility in RF ablation of
AF as the most advanced curing method for the disease.
Back to 1998 when RF energy was first settled in Vietnam Heart Institute – Bach Mai Hospital, then was widespreaded to other heart centers up and down the country, launching the initiation for the interventional rhythmology in Vietnam. However, paroxysmal AF has not been treated with RF energy as a routine procedure in Vietnam. Some questions have been raised to require the answers. What are the electrophysiological properties of the paroxysmal AF in Vietnamese patients ? What are the posibilities to utilize the therapy and its limitations ? What are the optimal indications for Vietnamese patients ? What are the early outcomes and the followup results ?
Trang 8In contributing to bring this method into routine practice in
Vietnam, we conduct a research named “Electrophysiological
properties and the efficacy of catheter – based radio frequency ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation”.
In episodes of atrial fibrillation, the average AA intervals were 196.8 ms and VV intervals were 574.4 ms.
Radio frequency ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation has
a high successful rate. Sinus maintenance rate was reached at 88.1% just after procedures and 74.3% after 12 months of followup. Recurrence rate was 11.4% and complication rate was 4.7% with no death.
* Structure of the thesis: The thesis consists of 136 pages (not including appendix and list of references), 50 tables, 10 graphs and
33 figures There are 132 reference documents, including 12 in Vietnamese and 120 in English. There are 3 pages for the part of Introduction, 36 pages for Overview, 21 pages for Object and Methodology, 33 pages for Research Result, 39 pages for Discussion,
3 pages for Conclusion, 1 page for Suggestion.
Trang 91.1 ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE LEFT ATRIUM ANATOMY AND CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM
1.1.1 Left atrium anatomy: left atrium is bordered by the
pulmonary venoatrial junctions, atrioventricular junction at the mitral orifice, the left appendage and the septal part.
Left atrium’s walls and atrial septum: left atrium’s walls
include anterior wall, superior wall, free wall (lateral wall), posterior wall and septal wall
Atrial muscle: the left atrium consists of three layers:
epicardium, atrial muscle and endocardium. The atrial musculature is constructed by circumferential and longitudinal muscular bundles. Those bundles contribute to the formation of pectinate muscles of the atrium.
Pulmonary veins and ostia: all four pulmonary veins enter the
left atrium at the posterior wall. In most of cases, those pulmonary veins are separated.
1.1.2. Conduction system:
Sinus node, internodal pathways, atrioventricular node, His bundle and branches, Purkinje fibers.
1.2. ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND CONDUCTION SYSTEM
Including activation potential, excitability, automaticity, conductivity and refractoriness.
1.3. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
1.3.1. Electrophysiological mechanisms: 3 mechanisms for AF has been explained:
Single micro reentrant stable circuits
Frequently macro reentrant unstable circuits.
Single automatic focus firing short interval impulses.
Trang 101.3.2. Hemodynamic Consequences: hemodynamic consequences
of AF result from multi factors such as loss of atrial contraction, irregular ventricular response, rapid ventricular rate, coronary hypoperfusion.
1.3.3. Mechanisms of thrombosis in AF:
Pathophysiology of thrombosis in patients with AF is complicated Virchow’s triad contributes 3 factors in leading to thrombosis: blood stasis, alteration of vessels’ intimal function and blood hypercoagulability.
1.4. DIAGNOSIS OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
1.4.1. Classification of AF based on clinical settings:
Paroxysmal AF: AF that terminates spontaneously or with intervention within 7 days of onset, commonly within 48 hours.
Persistent AF: AF that sustains over 7 days from onset and be terminated by pharmacological or directcurrent cardioversion.
Permanent AF: is persistent AF that can not terminate by pharmacological or directcurrent cardioversion.
1.4.2 Etiology: valvular heart diseases (mitral stenosis or mitral
regurgitation), coronary artery diseases, left ventricular dysfunction, hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, congenital heart diseases including atrial septal defect, transposition of great vessels …; hyperthyroidism, idiopathic AF …
1.4.3. Diagnosis: diagnosis of AF bases on routine electrocardiograms.
Some investigations can be doned to diagnose the etiology of AF including thyroid hormones, echocardiography, chest Xray, stress test, 24 hour ECG monitoring, event recorder, electrophysiological study
1.4.4 Principles of treatment: rhythm control and thrombosis
prevention Based on the classification of AF, medications, interventional procedures or other methods can be chosen.
Trang 111.5.1. Published international researches:
It was the first time in 1994 when Haissaguerre utilized the radio frequency (RF) energy as a therapy for AF patients. Nevertheless, this method had limitations such as low successful rate of 33 – 60%, high rate of complications, long procedure time (5 – 6 hours). In
1996, Pappone used a three dimensional mapping system named CARTO to facilitate the therapy of AF with RF energy.
1.5.2. Research in the issue in Vietnam:
It was not until 2009 when the first AF case was ablated using catheterbased radio frequency
1.5.5. Complications:
Some complications have been reported including vascular access complications, cardiac perforation, cardiac tamponade, valvular injury, stroke or TIA, systemic thrombosis, atrialesophagus fistula, pulmonary vein stenosis
CHAPTER 2OBJECTS AND METHODOLOGY
2.1. OBJECTS
Our research includes 42 patients who were diagnosed paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and hospitalized from October of 2009
to March of 2014
2.1.1. Selection Criteria
Following the guidelines of American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association, European Society of Cardiology (ACC/AHA/ESC) 2010
Trang 12Patients were diagnosed symptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, with EHRA symptom score ≥ 2, refractory to pharmacological agents including rate control and rhythm control (Indication Class IIa, Level of evidence A).
2.1.2. Exclusion Criteria
Severe heart failure (NYHA IV), valvular AF cases that have the indication for open heart surgery, acute infections, coagulation disorders, heart chamber thrombus, persistent AF and permanent AF.2.2. METHODOLOGY
+Preprocedure preparation: patients were explained about the
purpose, techniques, possible outcomes and complications of the procedures.
+ Procedure protocol
Placement of catheters
Diagnostic catheters were placed at the coronary sinus, right
Trang 13. Mapping catheters and ablation catheters were inserted through right femoral vein and transseptally to the left atrium.
Electrophysiological protocols
. Electrophysiological properties in sinus rhythm: we measured
PA, AH, HH, HV intevals, QRS duration, QT duration, basic sinus cycle length.
Trang 14+ All the patients were monitored at the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit after the procedures Parameters such as hemodynamics, echocardiography, electrocardiograms were obtained.
+ Patients with successful ablations were received antiarrhythmic 3 months after procedures
+ Followup was carried out with 24 – hour ECG monitoring after 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months from the procedures.
+ Anticoagulant therapy was also given in 3 months with VKA targeting INR from 2 to 3, or NOAC.
Study’s protocol2.3. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Statistical analysis was facilitated by software package SPSS version 17.2 (2007)
Trang 153.1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PATIENTS
From October of 2009 to March of 2014, 42 patients with AF that unresponsive to pharmacological agents were indicated to undergo radio frequency catheter ablation.
3.1.1. Age and gender
There were 36 male patients (85.7%) and 6 female patients (14.3%).
Table 3.1. Age and gender
Age group Male (n=36) Female (n=6) Total (n=42)
Trang 16Systolic pressure (mmHg) 124.6 ± 15.3 100 – 180Diastolic pressure (mmHg) 78.0 ± 10.2 60 – 100
Trang 17(ms) 19.0 ± 6.9 18.1 ± 2.9 0.488 18.7 ± 5.6
HV intervals
(ms) 47.4 ± 5.7 48.1 ± 3.9 0.618 47.7 ± 5.0QRS duration
(ms) 91.3 ± 11.9 91.2 ± 13.4 0.975 91.3 ± 12.4
QT intervals
(ms) 389.3 ± 42.2 391.4±29.3 0.834 390.2 ± 30.7
42 patients were divided into 2 groups based on age. A group consisted patients ≤ 60 years of age and the other one consisting
Trang 18patients > 60 years of age. The basic cycle length of patients ≤ 60 years of age were significantly shorter than those of > 60 years of age There was no significant difference between the measurements of other intervals.
3.2.1.2. Electrophysiological study of sinus node function
Table 3.6. Sinus node recovery time (SNRT)and corrected sinus node recovery time (cSNRT) based on age and gender
3.2.1.3 Effective refractory periods (ERP) of the atrium and ventricle
Table 3.7. ERP of the atrium and ventricle
Index Atrial ERP (ms) Ventricular ERP (ms)
Atrioventricular dissociation point (ms)
≤ 60 y (n=25)1 198.7 ± 19.4 218.7 ± 58.7 395.3 ± 21.0
Trang 19> 60 y (n=17)2 215.6 ± 15.9 222.5 ± 15.3 426.3 ± 73.5Overall (n=42) 205.6 ± 19.7 220.3 ± 17.2 407.9 ± 66.1
The atrial ERP and ventricular ERP were within the normal range. There was no significant difference between two groups of age
The atrial ERP of the patients ≤ 60 years of age was significantly shorter than the group of > 60 years of age with p = 0.007.
3.2.2. Electrophysiological characteristics in AF
Atrial programmed electrical stimulations were performed to induce AF and then action potentials were recorded at different locations in the left atrium.
Trang 20intervals (ms) 135.6 ± 39.4 123.1 ± 29.9 0.261 127.3 ± 33.4Longest AA
intervals (ms) 263.1 ± 51.5 249.8 ± 38.1 0.346 254.2 ± 42.9Average VV
intervals (ms) 543.7±104.4 589.8 ±107.8 0.194 574.4 ±107.6Shortest VV
intervals (ms) 350.0 ± 88.6 415.3 ±102.2 0.049 393.5 ±101.7Longest VV
intervals (ms) 813.8±191.5 827.6 ±205.0 0.834 823.0 ±198.4The role of AV conduction is important in reducing the impulses travelling from atria to ventricles to maintain tolerant ventricular response
3.3. RESULTS OF PAROXYSMAL ATRIAL FIBRILLATION ABLATION3.3.1. Results of procedures
3.3.1.1. Procedure time
Table 3.10. Procedure time
Index Overall (n=42) PV isolation (n=28) ablation sites Other
(n=14) PProcedure time 288.8 ± 60.4 293.6 ± 58.9 265.0 ± 68.8 0.173
Trang 21Fluoroscopic
time (min) 64.6 ± 20.4 69.4 ± 16.7 54.9 ± 24.2 0.028Time for
time (seconds) 3476 ± 852 3644 ± 850 3224 ± 817 0.129The average procedure time was 288.8 ± 60.4 minutes. Time for creating image of left atrium and PVs and mapping tim was 40.9 ± 12.2 min The total RF ablation time was 3476 ± 852 seconds The flouroscopy time was 64.5 ± 20.4 min
3.3.1.2. Pulmonary vein isolation
Table 3.11. Parameters for PV isolation (n=42)
Index
Left PVs Right PVs Anterior
wall
Posterior wall
Anterior wall
Posterior wallNumber of
35.8
±12.7
33.2
± 9.7
34.5
±14.0
Power (W) 32.4 ±
2.5
22.6
± 3.2
29.9
± 1.4
28.8
± 2.2Temperature
(0C)
41.3
±8.3 36.4 ± 1.6 38.9 ± 1.3 37.8 ± 1.7Ablation time
for a point (s)
27.5
±3.4
21.3
±3.1
25.3
±5.1
23.8
± 4.9
Trang 22( )Ω
100.5
±3.4 90.6 ± 3.3 97.9 ± 2.5 93.2 ± 3.7Total ablation
time (s)
1162.5
±822.7
742.3
±241.6
827.3
±267.3
797.8 ±319.1
Levels of power and temperature for ablating at the anterior wall and the left PVs were significantly higher than the posterior wall and the right PVs, respectively
Posteriorwall(n=3)
Cavotricuspid Isthmus site (n=10)Number of ablation points 76.0 40.3 ± 11.6 33.9 ± 9.0
Temperature (oC) 45.0 41.7 ± 2.1 41.3 ± 2.1Time for ablating a single
Impedance ( )Ω 108.0 98.0 ± 2.2 100.2 ± 5.5Total RF ablation time (s) 2280 1210± 47.8 947 ± 295.6There were 14 patients who early activations were recorded during AF at the high right atrium and the cavotricuspid isthmus region. Ablations were fired at these positions
b) Left atrium
Table 3.13. Ablation lines in the left atrium (n: number of early
activation locations during AF)
Trang 23Index Superior wall (n=10) Left appendage ostium (n=3) Isthmus (n=6)Mitral Number of
ablation points 20.6 ± 10.0 21.7 ± 2.9 25.7 ± 8.0Power (W) 23.0 ± 4.8 35.0 ± 0.2 33.3 ± 2.6Temperature (0C) 37.7 ± 6.1 39.7 ± 1.5 39.5 ± 1.5Time for ablating
a single point (s) 21.1 ± 3.2 23.3 ± 5.8 23.3 ± 5.2Impedance ( )Ω 101.1 ± 6.8 103.3 ± 7.0 100.5 ± 6.4Total RF time (s) 436.0 ± 192.2 516.7 ± 202.1 596.7 ± 244.3
In 14 patients, AF was still induced by programmed electrical stimulations after PV isolation procedures In those patients, 19 locations were ablated in the superior wall, anterior part of the left appendage ostium and the mitral isthmus region in which earliest activation was recorded.
3.3.2. Post – procedure result
Table 3.14. Post – procedure successful rate
Index group (n=28)PV isolation Additional PVI +
lines (n=14) P OverallSuccessful
rate (n, %) 24 (85.7) 13 (92.9) 0.453 37 (88.1)Unsuccessful
rate (n,%) 4 (14.3) 1 (7.1) 5 (11.9)Postprocedural successful rate was achieve at 37/42 patients. There were 5 patients remaining AF who needed electrical cardioversion although ablations were applied at many regions.3.3.3. Followup
3.3.3.1. One month followup
Table 3.15. Onemonth followup
Index PV isolation (n=28, %) Nhóm đ t ph ih p (n=14)ợ ố ố Overall (n=42)