Chapter 14, options and corporate finance. After studying this chapter you will be able to: Give the definitions for a put option and a call option, be familiar with common stock option quotations, illustrate the payoffs from a put and call option at maturity, explain how to determine the upper and lower bounds on a call option''s value, compute the value of a call option based on the assumption that it is certain that the option will finish in the money,...
Trang 1Options and Corporate Finance
Chapter
Fourteen
Trang 2Key Concepts and Skills
Trang 5Option Payoffs – Calls
• The value of the call at
expiration is the intrinsic value
– Max(0, SE) – If S<E, then the payoff
is 0 – If S>E, then the payoff
Trang 6Option Payoffs - Puts
• The value of a put at
expiration is the intrinsic value
– Max(0, ES) – If S<E, then the payoff
is ES – If S>E, then the payoff
Trang 7Call Option Bounds
• Upper bound
– Call price must be less than or equal to the stock price
• Lower bound
– Call price must be greater than or equal to the stock price minus the exercise price or zero, whichever is greater
• If either of these bounds are violated, there is an
arbitrage opportunity
Trang 8Figure 14.2
Trang 10What Determines Option Values?
• Stock price
– As the stock price increases, the call price increases and the put price decreases
• Exercise price
– As the exercise price increases, the call price decreases and the put price increases
• Time to expiration
– Generally, as the time to expiration increases both the call and the put prices increase
• Riskfree rate
– As the riskfree rate increases, the call price increases and the put price decreases
Trang 11What about Variance?
• When an option may finish outofthemoney (expire without being exercised), there is another factor that helps determine price
• The variance in underlying asset returns is a less
obvious, but important, determinant of option values
• The greater the variance, the more the call and the put are worth
– If an option finishes outofthemoney, the most you can lose is your premium, no matter how far out it is
– The more an option is inthemoney, the greater the gain – You gain from volatility on the upside, but don’t lose
Trang 12Table 14.2
Trang 13Employee Stock Options
• Options that are given to employees as part of their
benefits package
• Often used as a bonus or incentive
– Designed to align employee interests with stockholder interests and reduce agency problems
– Empirical evidence suggests that they don’t work as well
as anticipated due to the lack of diversification introduced into the employees’ portfolios
– The stock just isn’t worth as much to the employee as it is
to an outside investor
Trang 14Equity: A Call Option
• If the assets are worth less than the debt, the
stockholders will let the option expire and the assets will belong to the bondholders
Trang 15Capital Budgeting Options
• Almost all capital budgeting scenarios contain implicit options
• Because options are valuable, they make the
capital budgeting project worth more than it may appear
• Failure to account for these options can cause firms to reject good projects
Trang 16• We should examine the NPV of taking an investment now, or in future years, and plan to invest at the time that produces the highest NPV
Trang 17Example: Timing Options
• Consider a project that costs $5000 and has an
expected future cash flow of $700 per year forever. If
we wait one year, the cost will increase to $5500 and the expected future cash flow increase to $800. If the required return is 13%, should we accept the project?
If so, when should we begin?
– NPV starting today = 5000 + 700/.13 = 384.16 – NPV waiting one year = (5500 + 800/.13)/(1.13) = 578.62 – It is a good project either way, but we should wait until next year
Trang 18Managerial Options
• Managers often have options after a project has been implemented that can add value
• It is important to do some contingency planning
ahead of time to determine what will cause the options to be exercised
• Some examples include
– The option to expand a project if it goes well – The option to abandon a project if it goes poorly – The option to suspend or contract operations particularly in the manufacturing industries
– Strategic options – look at how taking this project opens up other opportunities that would be otherwise unavailable
Trang 19– The exercise price is paid to the company and generates cash for the firm
– Warrants can be detached from the original securities and sold separately
Trang 20• Convertible bonds will be worth at least as much as
the straight bond value or the conversion value, whichever is greater
Trang 21Valuing Convertibles
• Suppose you have a 10% bond that pays semiannual coupons and will mature in 15 years. The face value
is $1000 and the yield to maturity on similar bonds is 9%. The bond is also convertible with a conversion price of $100. The stock is currently selling for $110. What is the minimum price of the bond?
– Straight bond value = 1081.44 – Conversion ratio = 1000/100 = 10 – Conversion value = 10*110 = 1100 – Minimum price = $1100
Trang 22Other Options
• Call provision on a bond
– Allows the company to repurchase the bond prior to maturity at a specified price that is generally higher than the face value
– Increases the required yield on the bond – this is effectively how the company pays for the option
• Put bond
– Allows the bondholder to require the company to repurchase the bond prior to maturity at a fixed price
• Insurance and Loan Guarantees
– These are essentially put options
Trang 23Quick Quiz
• What is the difference between a call option and a put option?
• What is the intrinsic value of call and put options and what do the payoff diagrams look like?
• What are the five major determinants of option prices and their relationships to option prices?
• What are some of the major capital budgeting
options?
• How would you value a convertible bond?