Chapter 8 provides knowledge of stocks, stock valuation, and stock market equilibrium. This chapter presents the following content: Features of common stock, determining common stock values, efficient markets, preferred stock.
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CHAPTER 8
Stocks, Stock Valuation, and Stock Market Equilibrium
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Initial Public Offering (IPO)
A firm “goes public” through an IPO when the stock is first offered to the public
Prior to an IPO, shares are typically owned by the firm’s managers, key employees, and, in many situations, venture capital providers
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Stock Value = PV of Dividends
What is a constant growth stock?
One whose dividends are expected to
grow forever at a constant rate, g.
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Expected Dividends and PVs (rs = 13%, D0 = $2, g = 6%)
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Expected value one year from now:
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Expected Dividend Yield and Capital Gains Yield (Year 1)
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Rearrange model to rate of return form:
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Supernormal Growth Stock
Supernormal growth of 30% for 3 years, and then longrun constant g = 6%
Can no longer use constant growth
model
However, growth becomes constant
after 3 years
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Suppose g = 0 for t = 1 to 3, and then g is a constant 6%.
Trang 25 If stock prices aren’t volatile, then this means there isn’t a good flow of
information
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What is market equilibrium?
In equilibrium, stock prices are stable. There is no general tendency for people
to buy versus to sell
The expected price, P, must equal the actual price, P. In other words, the
fundamental value must be the same as the price
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r s = D 1 /P 0 + g = r RF + (r M - r RF )b.
^
In equilibrium, expected returns must equal required returns:
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If r s = + g > r s , then P 0 is “too low.”
If the price is lower than the
fundamental value, then the stock is a
“bargain.” Buy orders will exceed sell orders, the price will be bid up until:
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What’s the Efficient Market
Hypothesis (EMH)?
Securities are normally in equilibrium and are “fairly priced.” One cannot
“beat the market” except through good luck or inside information
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Weakform EMH
Can’t profit by looking at past trends. A recent decline is no reason to think
stocks will go up (or down) in the future. Evidence supports weakform EMH,
but “technical analysis” is still used
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Semistrongform EMH
All publicly available information is
reflected in stock prices, so it doesn’t pay to pore over annual reports looking for undervalued stocks. Largely true
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Strongform EMH
All information, even inside information,
is embedded in stock prices. Not trueinsiders can gain by trading on the basis
of insider information, but that’s illegal