The reality of learning english online of learners at topica edtech group

Thesecond point discusses the advantages and disadvantages of learning English online.Finally, the third point discusses the characteristics of the online learning method.Chapter three w

I certify that this minor thesis was the result of my own study and thesubstance of this research has not been submitted for degree to any othereducational organization

Online education has seen a steady rise in the number of learners in the pastfew years and is slowly replacing the traditional methods of learning Thepopularity of the internet has transcended all barriers of geography, race and cultureand constraints of classroom learning The widespread reach of the internet andweb-based technology has made learning a very accessible and convenient method

of learning online English for those who prefer self-study to classroom learning InVietnam, there have been more and more educational organizations applied thismethods such as Topica Edtech Group Therefore, the purpose of this study was toanalyze the reality of using technology to improve language education like the wayTopica Edtech Group did to Vietnamese education

This study included four chapters: The first chapter showed the overview ofthe study, provided an overview of the study in which the reasons for choosing thestudy will be focused It also included the aim, previous studies, research methods,scope and the organization of the study Chapter two was literature review, whichprovided the theoretical background for the thesis This chapter included three mainpoints The first point deals with the general view on learning English online Thesecond point discusses the advantages and disadvantages of learning English online.Finally, the third point discusses the characteristics of the online learning method.Chapter three was research findings, presents answers for research questions related

to the reality, difficulties of learning online at Topica A detailed data analyze anddiscussions were also given Lastly, recommendations and suggestions, givessuggested solutions, the summary and a recommendation for further studies

First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor,Ms.Tran Thi Thu Hien for her valuable support, guidance, and encouragement shegave me while I was doing this research The minor thesis would not be completedwithout her great help from the beginning when this study was only in its formativestage

I would also like to give my sincere thanks to all the learners at Topica Edtechgroup, who have helped me in giving me answers for the questionaire in theresearch

Finally, I am deeply grateful to the officers in the Topica Native departmentwho gave me the chance to collect the data and the information for the research

LIST OF TABLES AND CHARTS

Table/ Chart

Page number

3.3.1.2 Leaners’ attitude toward learning English 23 3.3.1.3. Reasons for learning English online at Topica Native 24 3.3.1.4 Students’ opinions about how suitable with learning

English online at Topica Native

25

3.3.2.1 Learners’ difficulties in learning English online at

Topia Native

26

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I: OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY 1.1 Rationale of the study

The use of English has been gradually increasing in Vietnam English isintroduced to the educational curriculum from primary education (optional) to highschool education (compulsory)

The traditional method of learning was attending a face-to-face class.However, there have been many other methods for learning English without going

to a face-to-face class Online learning was the newest and most popular form ofdistance education today Within the past decade it has had a major impact oneducation and the trend was increasing This study would explore how onlinelearners experiences the new method

Topica Edtech Group with the product: Topica Native was the pioneer thatapplied the learning English online with their own system for the learners In thepast, there was many educational organizations in Viet Nam which taught Englishonline, however, they had always used the third applications such as: Skype,Messenger, Google Hangout as the platforms of classes As a result, theseeducational organizations themselves could not fix the errors of those aboveapplications Hence, Topica Native was the first educational organization to createtheir own system which leads to quick changes and fixes the errors of other learningsystems

However, Topica Native still found many mismatches that badly affected thequality of English learners The learners’ complaints about online learning methodwith the technological errors have not been solved completely

The above mentioned situation has urged me to conduct a study to investigatelearners’ difficulties in learning English online at Topica Edtech Group As a result,

I have decided to carry out a research into “The reality of learning English online of learners at Topica Edtech Group”.

1.2 Previous studies

There were a lot of research about learning online and difficulties in learningonline (from teachers’ viewpoint, from students’ viewpoint and from otherobjective factors) in the world

In the world, there were some famous research of some authors and linguistswhich can be mentioned such as :

Sangeeta Kakoty in “E-learning as a Research Area: An Analytical Approach”Ambient Insight, LLC, (January 2011) quoted that: “Online learning is theeducation through distance mode where many technologies can employ Though e-learning and distance education are both separate terms, they are quite same Onlydifference is that distance education separates the students from traditionalclassroom environment whereas in e-learning environment it is not So, research indistance education can help indirectly the whole e-learning procedure It is seenthat, research in distance education has been subject to consistent critique It haseven been characterized as “theoretical and predominantly descriptive” Richterargues in his paper that in the field of distance education, a validated meta-structure

of research topic is lacking, i.e., a map of research areas that would help to organizethe body of knowledge in the field

Clark and Mayer (2016, p.8): Online learning is defined as “instructiondelivered on a digital device (such as a desktop computer, laptop computer, tablet,

or smartphone) that is intended to support learning” E-learning is conducted indigital environments in the form of speech or text and images such as pictures,illustrations, graphs, videos or animations According to Clark and Mayer (2016),asynchronous e-learning, which is typically self-paced and designed for individualstudies, continues to be the most prevalent form

Susi Peacock, Ann Robertson, Sarah Williams and Maria Giatsi Clause(2015):

“Effective e-learning? Multi-tasking, distractions and boundary management bygraduate students in an online environment”

Those researches above were some examples that I would mention in mystudy However, in order to enrich the contents as well as make the study deeper andclearer for understanding, I would refer to some other researches throughout mywork

1.3 Aims of the study

The purpose of this study was to explore the reality of the learning Englishonline of 500 learners with various of ages, sex, levels of learning and careers Morespecifically, this study attempts to clarify the procedures of organizing aoptimizational learning English online models for Topica Edtech Group and bringthe most effective way to absorb English for the learners Based on the findings, theresearch further seeks to suggest practical recommendations for the possibility ofthe most effective online class

1.4 Research subjects

1.4.1 Participants

The subject of this study was the group of 500 leaners at Topica Native Thelearners aged from 25 to 30, 54% were male and 46% were female Some of themlearnt English offline for more than 3 years

1.4.2 Questionnaires

The study led to one questionnaire for learners that were learning at the TopicaNative The questionnaire was used to explore information about their attitudestowards the process of learning English at Topica, their difficulties in absorbing andpractising English online as well as the suggested solutions to apply when using theproduct

The survey questionnaire was administered to 500 students including sevenquestions with an aim to get information about learners’ opinions on and students’desires in learning English with different levels

1.5 Scope of the study

Beside a lot of related issues that affected to the quality of learning Englishonline at Topica Native, I have chosen to focus on the reality of learning English.Also, due to the time constraints, this study only involves a small number oflearners at Topica Edtech Group

1.6 Research methodology

The main method of the study was quantitative survey questionnaire, whichwas designed and distributed to the learners

In consideration of the research’s purposes, this study was done in the light ofboth quantitative research in which the data were collected by forms ofquestionnaires of learners.

Survey questionnaire was one of the most effective instruments for collectingdata in social science Advantages of using questionnaires that Gillham (2000)highlights were: less pressure on respondents, not under pressure of bias, andanalysis of answers was straight forward

1.7 Organization of the study

The study consists of four chapters:

The first chapter, Overview of the study, provided an overview of the study inwhich the reasons for choosing the study will be focused It also includes the aim,previous studies, research methods, scope and design of the study

Chapter two, Literature Review, provided the theoretical background for thethesis This chapter included three main points The first point dealed with thegeneral view on learning English online The second point discussed the advantagesand disadvantages of learning English online Finally, the third point discussed thecharacteristics of the online learning method

Chapter three, Research findings, presented answers for research questionsrelated to the reality, difficulties of learning online at Topica A detailed data analyzeand discussions were also given

The last chapter, Recommendations and Suggestions, gave suggestedsolutions, the summary and a recommendation for further studies

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter aimed to explore a general view on the theory of learning Englishonline, a quick new method

2.1 Definitions of learning English online

Learning English was the activity or process of gaining knowledge or skill bystudying, practicing, being taught, or experiencing and understanding English.People learn English often by reading, writing, speaking, and listening or usuallyknown as four skills of English

Online learning was a type of education that takes place over the Internetnowadays It was often referred to as “elearning” among other terms However,online learning was just one type of “distance learning” - the umbrella term thattakes place across distance and not in a traditional classroom

Learning English online based on learning English and online learning,usually via websites on the Internet There were many online community forumssuch as Englishforums, where many people meet to learn English Questions wereanswered quickly even with help from volunteer teachers all over the whole world.According to Stacey, E., Smith, P J., & Barty, K (2004), distance learning has along history and there were several types available today, including:Correspondence Courses, Telecourses, CD-ROM Courses, Online Learning, MobileLearning Firstly, correspondence courses conducted through regular mail with littleinteraction while telecourses were where content was delivered via radio ortelevision broadcast CD-ROM Courses were where the students interact with staticcomputer content, online learning was Internet-based courses offeredsynchronously asynchronously Lastly, mobile learning was by means of devicessuch as cellular phones, PDAs and digital audio players (iPods, MP3 players)

According to Sangeeta Kakoty, stated in the research “E-learning as aResearch Area: An Analytical Approach” Ambient Insight, LLC, January 2011,

“Online learning is the education through distance mode where many technologiescan employ Though e-learning and distance education are both separate terms, theyare quite same Only difference is that distance education separates the studentsfrom traditional classroom environment whereas in e-learning environment it is not

So, research in distance education can help indirectly the whole e-learningprocedure It is seen that, research in distance education has been subject toconsistent critique It has even been characterized as “theoretical and predominantlydescriptive” Richter argues in his paper that in the field of distance education, avalidated meta-structure of research topic is lacking, i.e., a map of research areasthat would help to organize the body of knowledge in the field The structure of aresearch discipline forms the foundation for identifying gaps and priority areas forresearchers.”

Online learning was defined as “instruction delivered on a digital device (such

as a desktop computer, lap-top computer, tablet, or smartphone) that is intended tosupport learning”(Clark and Mayer 2016, p.8) E-learning conducted in digitalenvironments in the form of speech or text and images such as pictures,illustrations, graphs, videos or animations According to Clark and Mayer (2016),asynchronous e-learning, which was typically self-paced and designed forindividual studies, continues to be the most prevalent form

Previous studies examined learning experiences and academic achievement inonline learning environments with different levels of media naturalness (Kock andGarza 2011; Hattie 2009; Kock, Verville, and Garza 2007; Redpath 2012) Thesestudies have revealed that despite the potential of online technologies for effectiveand meaningful learning suggested by MNT, their superiority, compared to thetraditional, natural, face-to-face learning, was unclear.”

2.2 Advantages and disadvantages of learning English online

Online distance learning English met needs of an ever-growing population ofstudents who could not or prefer not to participate in traditional classroom settings.These learners include those unable to attend traditional classes, who cannot find aparticular class at their chosen institution, who live in remote locations, who workfull-time and can only study at or after work, and those who simply prefer to learnindependently

According to Paulus, T., & Scherff, L (2008), online learning English was agrowing trend in the learning industry and these was some advantages

 It was cheaper: The users can learn English using any device connected to the

Internet There was no need to spend a lot of money renting a building, paying

an expensive electricity bill, internet connection and running water like face-to-faceclasses so that you can get your students physically there to take courses

 It took less time: There was no need to spend time commuting to and from theclassroom, for both teachers and students He or she only needed to prepare thecontent once, and then share with different groups of students

 It allowed for self-paced learning English: students or trainees can take their coursesanytime, anywhere using their own devices Students who do not have time forregular classes can learn online whenever they do have time

 It was modern: Most people today prefer to consume contents using the Internetrather than in any other ways Actually, the very fact that you are reading this rightnow was a proof of that That includeed learning about the news, watching TV,talking to friends, booking appointments, shopping and the list goes on

According to the reasearch of Wilson, M (1999), he pointed out otheradvantages of learning online:

Variety of programs and courses: From traditional four-year universities tocompletely online career colleges, higher education today offers a variety of optionsfor students This means that no matter what students wish to study, from nursing toneuroscience, they can find online the courses or degree programs they need Theycan also earn every academic degree online, all the way from a career certificate to

a doctorate

Lower total costs: Online programs can be a more affordable option thantraditional colleges Though not all online degrees have less expensive net tuitionprices than traditional colleges, associated costs are almost always less expensive.For example, there are no commuting costs, and sometimes there is also not anyrequired course materials such as textbooks because those are often available forfree online In addition, many colleges and universities have begun to accept creditsearned via massive open online courses (MOOCs), the most recent advance inonline education Free online courses such as these can help students fulfill generaleducation requirements at little to no cost.

More comfortable learning environment: Commercials that featuring onlinestudents studying in the pajamas only skim the surface of one of the primarybenefits of online education: there are no physical class sessions Lectures and othermaterials are electronically sent to the student, who will then read them andcomplete assignments Students will not have to fight traffic, find parking spaces,leave work early to go to class, or miss important family time

Convenience and flexibility: Online courses give students the opportunity toplan their study time around the rest of their day, instead of the other way around.Students can study and work when they are at their peak energy, whether that wasearly morning or late at night Course material was always accessible online, sothere was no need to schedule special trips to a library either All of this makesonline learning a good option for students who need to balance their work andfamily commitments

More interaction and greater ability to concentrate: While there wascontradictory evidence about the rate of online student participation versusparticipation in traditional courses, one thing was certain: online courses offer shy

or more reticent students the opportunity to participate in class discussions or chatswith more ease than face-to-face class sessions Some students even report thatonline courses are easier to concentrate in because they are not distracted by otherstudents and classroom activity

Career advancement: Students can take online courses and even completeentire degrees while working, while in-between jobs, or while taking time to raise afamily This academic work will explain any discontinuity or gaps in a resume aswell Also, earning a degree can show prospective employers that you are ambitiousand want to remain informed and prepared for any new challenges.

Continue in the profession: Even if someone wants to complete a degreeprogram, it did not mean that they want to leave their current job For most studentstoday, college costs mean that it was necessary to continue working while in school.The previously mentioned flexibility of online degree programs enable students tokeep working while also pursuing academic credentials

Avoid commuting: During snowstorms and thunderstorms, colleges maycancel classes; if they did not, you run the risk of getting hurt in dangerous drivingconditions Rather than miss important class sessions, students in online courses canalways “attend” by participating on discussion boards or in chat sessions, turn intheir work on time, and watch lectures or read materials Many students also findthat the amount they save on fuel costs can be substantial if they did not have tocommute to a physical campus in general, no matter what the weather conditionsmay be

Improve your technical skills: Even the most basic online course requires thedevelopment of new computer skills, as students learn to navigate different learningmanagement systems (LMS) and programs The skills students learn to participate

in their online courses translate to many professions, including creating and sharingdocuments, incorporating audio or video materials into your assignments,completing online training sessions, etc

Transfer credits: For students who want to attend summer classes, but who livetoo far from their class or have to work summer jobs, taking online classes from anaccredited college and transferring the credits to their primary college was a goodidea Students will be able to earn college credit while still enjoying their summervacation or fulfilling the responsibilities of their seasonal jobs Similarly, if acollege or university was unable to offer enough open sections of a required course,students can take the course online at another college and transfer the credits

Disadvantage refered to the fact that online courses could not cope withthousands of students that try to join discussions Also, online learning could bedifficult, if it was meant for disciplines that involve practice.

Stepanyan, Littlejohn, and Margaryan (2010) stated that the disavantages oflearning online was that taking self-discipline.Although experience has shown thatonline students become more self-disciplined, if learners were an unengaged, forexample, things might get more complicated if you could not monitor his or heractivities in class Another was plagiarism: “ If the students were using a computerand not being watched by teachers at all times, they may plagiarize essays and otherassignments” Cheating was also refered: “It could be easier to cheat if studentswere taking an online exam” Lastly, they showed that isolation was also thedisavantages of learning online: “ Since learners did not have to be physicallypresent in a classroom in order to learn, it might be more difficult (or impossible) toget in touch with other learners”

Johnson, J, Adams, S & Cummins, M (2012) stated that learning online alsohad a lot of drawbacks He wrote “Over 35% of students worldwide enrollthemselves in either full-time or vocational online courses For them, the entirelearning experience was radically different to that of average school or college-goers While there are certainly many advantages of such online courses andclasses, there are disadvantages to be wary of as well In this post, we will examinethe downside of web-based learning:

Interaction among peers was absent - A healthy competition and interactionwith classmates was what motivates many young learners across the world.Interacting with peers often involves exchange of notes, scheduling groupdiscussions and organizing study circles too In an online course, a student has tostudy on hisorher own, and might end up feeling isolated, and even depressed

Sense of discipline can go out the window - Regular tests, assignments andhomework form a vital part of online education There was, however, no one tomonitor whether students are indeed completing such tasks in the manner they aremeant to Unless the sense of self-discipline was strong, the temptation of peepinginto books and online resources during online tests can be overpowering Such

‘cheating’ defeats the very purpose of education

Online courses can be more time-consuming - Irregardless of whether astudent has enrolled in an educational website, or was trying to learn somethingthrough apps created by leading iPhone application development companies -guidance was not always available The entire process of getting clarifications andquery-resolutions can take much more time than what was required in a traditionalclassroom Learners have to ping instructors, post their doubts in forums, or sendtext messages to the teachers Replies may not be immediately provided

Risks of information overload - Although properly designed coursecurriculums do keep things organized, students might feel just a tad overwhelmed

by the sheer volume of information on the World Wide Web Since there are noteachers to filter the most relevant information and references for the learners - themaze of online data can leave a young kid well and truly confused Trying to readtoo much can be a definite waste of time as well

Online learning often encourages procrastination feel that your teachers orparents go a little overboard with their daily warnings about the semester examscoming up The publisher of online texts, or a professional from the field ofacademics-based iPhone app development in India was not going to take suchtroubles - and that was not necessarily a good thing While following an onlinecourse, it was common to feel that there was ‘more time in hand’ - and the task ofactually getting down to studying can be postponed There would not be anyone tokeep warning you - if you do not follow a strict routine, your grades and learningwill suffer

Basic technological expertise was an absolute must – It was all very well tohave a video learning website, complete with online chatting and materials todownload But what about the students who are not particularly web-savvy are notfamiliar with all the features available on the site? These students would not be able

to derive optimal benefits from the course - which, in turn, would make themonetary investment involved a bit of a waste It always makes sense to get a grasp

of what a course was all about, and the website or mobile app on which it would beavailable Online classes are not always particularly cheap - you need to be able toget maximum value out of them

Chances of more distractions - Be it for little children or grad students, therewas no way of glossing over the importance of brick-and-mortar classrooms Theenvironment in a proper physical class was almost always more conducive forlearning - thanks to the emphasis on classroom discipline, and the general quietnessand attention of fellow-students While reading an online text, the chances ofgetting distracted are much higher If you are trying to study while your family-members or roommates are happily chattering away - concentrating can be nearlyimpossible!

Too much of flexibility - A classic case of the ‘grass was greener on the otherside’ phenomenon Regular college-attendees keep complaining about the setroutines they have to follow - while full-time online courses can offer excessivefreedom As such, academics advise that students who are not particularly good attime-management should stay away from holistic web-based learning Successfullypursuing an online or distance learning course was all about prioritizing the variouslessons, assignments and other study modules A flexible learning schedule need notalways be a good thing

Chance for fraudulent practices - There are tricksters in every professionalfield - and the idea of luring young students into paying hefty upfront enrollmentfees for online classes can be a lucrative one A snazzy website appearance andunverified promises about round-the-clock support and placement assistance shouldnever be enough for a student to select any particular course There are discussionforums online - where you can find out the names of the best online courses for thesubject(s) you are interested in Otherwise, you might find that your learningwebsite has disappeared after a few months!

Probable problems in bagging a job - In many countries (including India), weblearning courses are still considered to be of much lower value than mainstreamclassroom courses Prospective employers might be skeptical about the credibility

of even wellknown online learning facilities and mobile educational apps for kids and prefer recruiting candidates with more ‘traditional’ qualifications Students have

-to be prepared -to face a few initial hiccups, if they are planning -to invest time andmoney on online coaching

2.3 Features of a online education platform

Laurillard, D & Ljubojevic, D (2011) stated that “With many educationtechnology solutions available to teachers, it becomes time consuming for them tochoose the right solution for their teaching and training needs Nothing disparages ateacher’s enthusiasm and drive than a software which was made without keepingthem in mind Undoubtedly, the right software or platform should in all it wascapacity enable the teacher and enrich the learner in every way possible rather thanbecome another cause to worry

Every online platform comes with different features and capabilities and each

of them boast about being built both for the teacher as well as the student Whichmakes the process of choosing the right platform a difficult and time consumingtask and thus discouraging teachers or students to open a world of possibilities

So here are six must-have features that an online teaching or training softwareshould satisfy before you decide on adding technology to your existing methods.”

Laurillard, D & Ljubojevic, D (2011) also referred: “One of the significantfactors behind the multifold increase in teachers choosing to go online was thewider reach offered by online platforms and well, the internet Using the internet,teachers can reach out to students across the planet, which was not possible withtraditional teaching platforms There are many online teaching platforms with avarying number of users As a teacher, the right online platform to start with would

be one with a good number of active users worldwide or in the geography of yourchoice and features that compliment the diverse set of students who might be optingfor your course Moreover, a platform with support for foreign languages was also avery important feature, which means that you can teach students without worryingabout the language barrier

Effective teaching can simply be defined as a set of activities that cultivateslearning Having an in-depth knowledge was just not enough to be an effectiveteacher In addition to having a deep understanding of the subject matter, a teacheralso needs to be aware of the factors that affect the learning process, which mightinclude how content was delivered, course ware design, student engagement, andmore It was crucial for teachers to be cognizant of the students’ abilities andspecific learning needs as a teacher’s effectiveness can be quantified by measuringthe degree of student engagement and the understanding of content consumption.Online platforms that allow teachers to build their online academies and getactionable information about their courses, classes, and content delivery Suchpowerful features enable teachers to get insights into students’ activities throughinformative reports which cover information, such as content consumed by eachstudent, live classes attended, and the percentage of the course completed to keep atab on the number of dropouts Teachers can use this information to refine theircourse content or courseware design, improve their teaching approach ormethodology, and do a lot more to increase student engagement to enhance learningoutcomes

Teachers work very hard to create their instructional content making it theirintellectual property It was natural for them to be concerned about the security oftheir content as information on the web can be accessed and used by everyone.Content security remains one of the biggest concerns of teachers looking to teachonline or offline One of the ways to claim content ownership was by controlling thedissemination and access of content so that it was accessible to only the intendedstudents Server security, encryption types and other such technologies are used tokeep your data safe on online platforms, so before deciding on which one you aregoing with, make sure to get a good understanding of who gets to access your dataand how they get to do it.

The versatility of the software or platform decides the type of online teaching

or training activities that you can do You need to take into consideration the leveland type of interaction that you normally have with your students and choose thesoftware accordingly

Sometimes, you may need to include polls or quizzes, and other interactiveelements in your course to engage students You may also need to have live audioand video communication with students during your class The platform you choosemust be versatile enough to provide you with access to such features, and in aneffective way

In addition, since instructional content comes in various formats, you need tomake sure that the software or platform supports content in all the widely-usedformats, such as PDF, Microsoft Word, presentation, audio, and video, just to name

a few

Smartphones and tablets are radically transforming how we access content andstay connected We have instant access to information and expertise – from informalelectronics lessons on YouTube to online courses Data was being consumed at arapid pace on mobile devices and education was getting infused with our dailyroutine Mobile learning takes online education right to the student, making it theirchoice and not the teacher’s choice

As pedagogy and learning needs change, learning tools evolve With theonline education landscape changing rapidly, teachers and students are adapting tonew technologies As more and more people join the online community owing toease of use, scalability, flexibility, affordability and choosing the right platform orsoftware continues to remain a crucial factor in the success of your teaching,training or business.”

Doug Madden, Honolulu Community College Revised Aug 3,(1999) statedthat “The criteria of good online courses are those of the author based on theauthor's experience in web course development, writing, and research In view ofthe facts that there are many types of online courses, many disciplines with verydifferent "modi operandi," many very different online audiences, and always thepossibility of different but equally respectable approaches to teaching, not everycriterium will always apply The criteria are intended to provide only a generalguideline.”

Doug Madden, Honolulu Community College Revised Aug 3,(1999) refered

to elements of good online courses He stated that the introduction to the courseshould be online continuously People possibly interested in the course should beable to access an overview of it before enrolling and verified its location on theweb It also enabled them to communicate with the instructor before enrolling aboutcourse content, computer skills requirements, prerequisites A course syllabusshould be part of the introduction

Training in accessing and navigating the course should be available Studentsoften put off obtaining e-mail accounts as long as they can, avoid getting basiccomputer operation help until the class was underway, plan to purchase a computerand then find they cannot afford one when the time comes, or presume they canaccess the Internet if they simply have access to a computer Early communicationwith students was imperative, and pre-course basic training in how to navigate thecourse, use e-mail, and participate in class discussions was strongly advised