Samui island district is one of the significant travel city of Surat Thani. Also, this city grows very fast and has many high potential place for tourism which is well known in both Thais and foreigners and be the attractive place for many people to come and visit here. A number of tourist increase every year, so it effects on the number of nonregistered population from tourists. The section of tourism make the income for this island approximately around 9,000-12,000 million baht per year. Even though the growth of the economic in the city is high, it lead to some several problems instead which reflects on how well tourism in city grows but the development of public utility is not go along with how fast of constructed project of the city grows, especially on water problem. Due to the report of this circumstances, many area in Samui island district are faced with 3 water problems which are the deprived of water on utilizing, flooding, and waste water. The big problem they have faced is flooding because the areas in Samui Island get the impact from flooding and flash flood according to the characteristics of the geography which are the complex mountains and plateau. These means that in May to January, water from many canals will flow over the houses of people and it lead to the collapse of clay in the area nearby mountains (Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, 2010: 2-8). Moreover, the area of Samui island is the repeated area of flood every year. This problem have been resolved continuously, but could not get enough of efficiency because of the lack of integral cooperation from many sections. According to the condition of these problems, it need to be solved hurriedly, if not, it may effect on population, tourist businesses, and income from country tourism in the future.
Trang 1FLOODING AND THE CONDITION OF COLLABORATIVE PUBLIC MANAGEMENT; CASE STUDY: SAMUI ISLAND DISTRICT,
SURAT THANI PROVINCE
Punyavee Nooprakob 1
punyavee@kkumail.com
Asst Prof Dr Viyouth Chamruspanth* 2
viycha@kku.ac.th
1 Faculty of Humanities and Social Science, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
2 Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
*corresponding author
Abstract
Samui island district is one of the significant travel city of Surat Thani Also, this city grows very fast and has many high potential place for tourism which is well known in both Thais and foreigners and be the attractive place for many people to come and visit here A number of tourist increase every year, so it effects on the number of nonregistered population from tourists The section of tourism make the income for this island approximately around 9,000-12,000 million baht per year Even though the growth of the economic in the city is high, it lead to some several problems instead which reflects on how well tourism in city grows but the development of public utility is not go along with how fast
of constructed project of the city grows, especially on water problem Due to the report of this circumstances, many area in Samui island district are faced with 3 water problems which are the deprived of water on utilizing, flooding, and waste water The big problem they have faced is flooding because the areas in Samui Island get the impact from flooding and flash flood according to the characteristics of the geography which are the complex mountains and plateau These means that in May to January, water from many canals will flow over the houses of people and it lead to the collapse of clay in the area nearby mountains (Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, 2010: 2-8) Moreover, the area of Samui island is the repeated area of flood every year This problem have been resolved continuously, but could not get enough of efficiency because of the lack of integral cooperation from many sections According to the condition of these problems, it need to be solved hurriedly, if not, it may effect on population, tourist businesses, and income from country tourism in the future
Keyword: Flood, Collaborative public management
1 Flooding in Samui island district
Flood is one of the natural disasters which occurs in many area around 44% of the flooding which always occur in Asia (United Nations, 1999) Thailand is one of the countries in Asia which experiences some natural disasters such as flood, storm, fire, and the impacts from earthquake According to the statistical report, it found that the overall has lost in many dimensions such as economic, social, agriculture, private business,
Trang 2education, religion and culture, public utility, transportation, and the damages in each level
of public sections which cover many area as 66 city from 77 city in the country (Poapongsakorn & Meethom, 2011) These damages affect the huge costs to the country Due to the flooding, the income of the country decrease because the profit from many activities get the impacts and the public section have to use budget and resources to help and restore the flooded areas and victims
According to the observation on condition and circumstance of water problem in Thailand, it found that the problems which Thailand have to face every year are drought and flood Even though the management of this water problem will lead to the significant
on policies, Thailand still faces with all these problems and it becomes very intensity which effect on the social economic and living security The significant cause of the water management is ineffective of water management in country and lack of the modal on better managing water system Mostly only solve the problems by rely on the external resources from public section and the development problems which is no direction, lack of planning the city, and lack of cooperation from many sectors
Flooding is a big problem for many countries including Thailand From the past several year in the late of 2011, Thailand had faced the flood in many city such as Sukhothai, Uttaradit, Phitsanulok, Phetchabun, Phichit, and Nakhon Sawan which is the group of provinces that have faced flood so many times Due to the study in south area of Water Crisis Prevention Center, Department of Water Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment which responsible for study and analyze the risk areas of flooding in Thailand, they states that drainage areas in south eastern are the area which get the most impact from flooding and the repeated flood area are Chumphon, Surat Thani, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Songkhla, Pattani, Yala, and Narathiwat in total 7 province (Water Crisis Prevention Center, 2012)
Samui island district is one of the significant travel city of Surat Thani Also, this city grows very fast from the average tourists around 2,000,000 people per year Even though the growth of the economic in the city is high, it lead to some several problems instead which reflects on how well tourism in city grows but the development of public utility is not go along with how fast of constructed project of the city grows, especially on water problem Due to the report of this circumstances, many area in Samui island district are faced with 3 water problems which are the deprived of water on utilizing, flooding, and waste water The big problem they have faced is flooding because the areas in Samui Island get the impact from flooding and flash flood according to the characteristics of the geography which are the complex mountains and plateau These means that in May to January, water from many canals will flow over the houses of people and it lead to the collapse of clay in the area nearby mountains (Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, 2010: 2-8) Moreover, the area of Samui island is the repeated area of flood every year This problem have been resolved continuously, but could not get enough of efficiency because of the lack of integral cooperation from many sections According to the condition of these problems, it need to be solved hurriedly, if not, it may effect on population, tourist businesses, and income from country tourism in the future
Trang 32 Collaborative public management
In this section, the author has mentioned on the concept of collaborative public management which is the idea of Robert Agranoff and Michael McGuire who wrote the book ―Collaborative Public Management‖ in 2003 and will be used in the prevention management of Samui Island which the principles are as follow:
The definition of collaborative public management is defined by many researchers but the popular one is from Robert Agranoof and Michael McGuire which define that the collaboration public management is the process which utilize in practical for managing between many organizations that could not solve the problem by only one organization under the limits that each organizations have such as knowledge, time, budget, and competitive
Moreover, there are some researchers who define ―collaboration‖ similar to collaborative public management as follow:
Russ Linden has defined ―collaboration‖ as co-labor which people in organization try to use the resource, make the decision, and be the part of the result which occurred from people in other organization or the same one
Ann Maria Thompson has defined ―collaboration‖ as freedom actors who interactive by negotiating whether formal or informal way in order to create the rules and determine the structure of work relationship in practical way or making decision together including share social norm on conduction and benefits between organizations
John M Bryson, Barbara C Crosby, and Melissa Middleton Store have defined
―collaboration‖ as cross-sector collaboration which connect and share information of resources and ability of the organizations which are more than 2 organizations in order to achieve the result together which cannot conduct by only one organization
In addition, Agranoff (2007, p.26) and McGuire (2006, p.37) have divided the
collaboration into 4 items follow by the range or procedure of collaborative public management as follow:
2.1 Activation
To make the collaboration, it has to identify and gather the right persons and necessity
of resources which can achieve the goal of conduction The right person is the person who have necessary resources to make a policy such as budget, knowledge, information, professional skills, experienced, and authority by law and workforce The important criteria in considering person who should join the team is the person or organization which can support the resources which is still lacking Also, to search for extending the collaborative member base who have the potential continuously will benefit on accomplishment
2.2 Framing
To create the frame of collaborative conduction is very necessary for creating the framework, any issues, identity, and culture for this network or even the developed structure of the network Other significant way in developing framework and goals in overall of the collaboration is planning the strategy from the participants
Trang 42.3 Mobilizing
The conduction for achievement and cooperative builds from the support of significant person in both internal and external collaboration
2.4 Synthesizing
Synthesizing is to create the environment and condition to make the interaction‘s goal and be benefited for related participants Also, to utilize to make a trust on people and exchange the information
They also presents the models of collaborative management
Robert Agranoff and Michael McGuire have presented the models of collaboration management by considering 2 dimensions which are collaborative activity and collaborative strategies These can be divided into 6 forms of collaboration
1 Jurisdiction-Based Management Model
This form has the strategy on searching for the collaboration from person and many organizations from public sector and others due to jurisdiction which need to be alert for searching and connecting with the potential organization which have the necessary resurces in order to achievement There are 2 activities: 1) Vertical Jurisdiction-Based Activity is the collaboration on the relationship of public sections and 2) Horizontal Jurisdiction-Based Activity is the collaboration between public sections and others in order
to rely on each other to conduct equally
2 Abstinence Model
This form is the exception of collaborative strategies which is not alert on finding the cooperative and also different from the Jurisdiction-Based Management Model because the organization may see unnecessary on collaboration
3 Top-down Model
This form is the relationship from top to down between the central government and local government in order to achieve the goals and objectives in national level which is from the conduction of central government to the local government or agent who consents
of working as a representative from the top The top is the controller of conduction and supporter the resources strategy in collaboration of organization which follow the rules or the requests from citizen
4 Donor-Recipient Model
This form has the level of activity from medium to high on collaboration as donor and recipient who rely on each other However, they cannot control the conduction of other fully The donor who achieve the accomplishment will depend on the conduction of recipient As a recipients, they will receive the budget to support from the donor
5 Reactive Model
This form is the medium level on both activity and strategy In some case, the organization might collaborate but some are not The organization are freely considering the necessary of participation Some that not collaborate may think that it is not their responsibility
Trang 56 Contented Model
This form is conducting base on the strategy in the form of seizing The chance of having good collaboration between organizations is low This collaboration with other organization will affect your own organization so that the officer need to have to ability on making good relationship and good at choosing the opportunities
As mentioned above, Robert Agranoff and Michael McGuire (2003, p.4) also states that the collaboration may or may not be formal depending on the exchange of information
to negotiate between each other Since they have created the collaboration, it becomes one
of the important role in public management as well as private management According to acknowledge on conducting for spreading their products, any public services, and to solve the problem in society cannot be limited on the responsible extension on one person or only one organization anymore Because the environment of many organization have changed rapidly and continuously even more complex for one person or one organization, they suggest the concept of collaboration as they wish it might be applied as a pathway and tools for modern management (Agranoff, 2006: p.56)
It make the author acknowledge the importance of this concept as in nowdays, this concept is very necessary There might be changing on the managing structure and new born of many group in both formal and informal, thus the idea might support the collaboration in order to get the best benefits for society
3 The condition of collaborative public management on flooding at Samui island in nowadays
The main causes of flooding are wild space invasion, deforestation, or even clear the forest for constructing the road, townhouse, hotel, resort, restaurant, and utility for tourists All these have occurred without the good planning so it might be the problems and danger from environment in the future For example, the area which uses to construct the hotels or resorts on the mountain might be destroyed by the collapse of clay To clear the forest for construct the road might be flood when it has heavy rain The water cannot flow because the forest area became the concrete which cannot absorb water as good as forest Now, it becomes a disaster for people such as power failure, limit of foods, the economic which immediately stop, and tourists cannot travel here As mentioned before, the main streets in Samui island are now flooding
Samui island district still has the flood problem every year and some areas are the repeated flood area Even though they have been solved from public section, it still not good enough In Samui island, the overall of collaboration from public is unclear because the area is the travel place and economic city which they receive the income mainly from tourism These might make people less interest on the problems or collaborate with public section When the flood occurs, it make a lot of impacts for people in that area including the economic in tourism
4 Conclusion
They way of collaborative public management on preventing flood is very necessary to determine the ways of preventing and preparing for flooding in the future as it
Trang 6tend to occur many times and even more intent According to the natural disaster in country, the expedition of society on preventing and preparing on flood is not enough because unacknowledged and unbelievable on this so that they get the worth lesson However, some area already have the plan and be ready for flooding, but the intensity of flood is higher so that they could not handle as well as some area do not have the equipment or even prepare themselves
Collaborative public management on preventing flood that appropriate for Thailand is the process of every sections collaborate with others including citizen especially the associated persons who responsible for this duty The preparation on flood should be acknowledge on everybody so that they could handle the problem and help the victim immediately
The direct victim should know and learn how to help themselves and other and the role on collaborating between organizations which will make the conduction become easier and effective Thus, they can restore into the normal circumstances even faster If every section collaborate with other and acknowledge the problem, they could handle the intensity of this problem Especially in the public section, the authorize person on managing need to support the integral strategies which is advantage for preventing and solving the flood in long term
5 Reference
1 Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation (2010) Plan to prevent and alleviate the disaster 2553-2557 Surat Thani: Department of Disaster Prevention and
Mitigation of Surat Thani
2 Water Crisis Prevention Center (2012) The document of repeated flood in
south area Department of Water Resources Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environment Bangkok
3 Bryson, John M., Barbara C Crosby, and Melissa Middleton Stone: ―The
Design and Implementation of Cross-Sector Collaborations : Propositions from the
Literature.‖ Public Administration Review 66, no.1 (2006) : 44-55
4 Linden, Russ 2002 ―A Framework of Collaborating.‖ The Public Manager 31, 2 : 3-6
5 Poapongsakorn, N and P Meethom (2012), ‗Impact of the 2011 Floods, and
Flood Management in Thailand‘, in Sawada, Y and S Oum (eds.), Economic and Welfare Impacts of Disasters in East Asia and Policy Responses ERIA Research Project Report
2011-8, Jakarta: ERIA pp.247-310
6 Robert Agranoff & Michael McGuire, (2003), Collaborative Public
Management Washington, D.C Georgetown University Press
7 Agranoff, Robert ―Inside collaborative network: Ten lessons for public
managers.‖ Public administration review (December 2006): 57-59, 61 and 63
8 Thomson, Ann Marie and Perry, James L 2006 ―Collaboration Processes : Inside the Black Box.‖ Public Administration Review (December 2006) Special Issue: 20-32
9 UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) 1999 Human Development Report1999 New York Oxford University Press