The effects of brassinolide on the growth and yield of sesame ADB1 variety

Research of the effects of brassinolide (BL) on the growth and yield of sesame, the field experiment was carried out in Randomize Complete Block design (RCBD) with 5 treatments and 5 replications, the replication area is 65m2. The treatments were three concentrations of BL (0.05, 0.07 and 0.1 ppm), and 2 control treatments, Ca- Bo- K (CaO (18 mg/l), K2O (144 mg/l) and B2O3 (384 mg/l) (as farmer using) and spray water.

THE EFFECTS OF BRASSINOLIDE ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF SESAME ADB1 VARIETY

Tran Thi Nga1, Nguyen Hong Hue2, Le Vinh Thuc2

1 Master student of Crop Science, An Giang University, VNU - HCM

2 Can Tho University

Information:

Received: 20/08/2018

Accepted: 06/12/2018

Published: 11/2019

Keywords:

Sesamum indicum, proline,

brassinolide

ABSTRACT

Research of the effects of brassinolide (BL) on the growth and yield of sesame, the field experiment was carried out in Randomize Complete Block design (RCBD) with 5 treatments and 5 replications, the replication area is 65m2 The treatments were three concentrations of BL (0.05, 0.07 and 0.1 ppm), and 2 control treatments, Ca- Bo- K (CaO (18 mg/l), K2O (144 mg/l) and B2O3 (384 mg/l) (as farmer using) and spray water All treatments were treated at two times, 15 and 30 days after sowing The results showed that plants treated with BL, the proline content in leaves increased Sesame was sprayed with 0.07 ppm of brassinolide producing highest yield (1,637.7 kg/ha) (increasing double times and 34.9% in comparison with spraying water and farmer control treatment, respectively)

1 INTRODUCTION

Sesamum (Sesamum indicum L.) is an annual plant

with high nutritional value and has recently been

selected for crop rotation on rice soil in the Mekong

Delta (Mekong Delta) (Tran Thi Hong Tham et al.,

2008; Le Van Khoa and Nguyen Thi Thuy Duong,

2012; Vu Van Long et al., 2018) In production to

increase the productivity of sesame, there are many

measures to be applied such as determining

appropriate fertilizer dosage (Kalaiselvan et al.,

2001), planting and tending techniques (Raikwar

and Srivastva, 2013; Nadeem et al., 2015),

applying growth regulators in sesame production

(Greedly et al., 2005; Vekaria et al., 2017)

However, in the Mekong Delta in recent years due

to the effect of climate change such as increasing

temperatures, erratic rain and wind, it has greatly

affected the productivity of sesame due to number

of flower or young pods drop are high and pest attack

Brassinolide (C28H48O6) is an endogenous plant hormone, a newly recognized and effective broad-spectrum plant hormone that is a non-toxic, fast and powerful plant growth regulator In plants, at low concentrations can make plants grow rapidly, promote fertilization, increase photosynthesis, increase chlorophyll content, stimulate root development, improve plant resistance, maintains flower and fruit preservation time, increase drought tolerance and alkali resistance, increases disease resistance, help plants recover quickly from injuries, resistance to biological agents such

as pests (Abe, 1989; Khripach et al., 1999) and

abiotic stresses such as inadequate environmental conditions such as saline condition (Ikekawa and Zhao, 1991; Peter, 1995; Fujioka and Yokota,

10

2003) Brassinolide also helps plants increase crop

yields (Pipattanawong et al., 1996; Serna et al.,

2012; Ghorbani et al., 2017) In India, research on

sesame spray 28-homobrassinolide at 30 days after

sowing helped plant growth and yield (Prakash et

al., 2007) Treatment of BL at a concentration of

0.1-10 µM stimulates the growth of rice leaves,

increases the number of leaves but inhibits the

height of rice plants (Nguyen Minh Chon, 2010)

According to research by Le Kieu Hieu and

Nguyen Bao Ve (2017), spraying of 0.05 mg/L

helped OM2517 rice to increase yields by nearly

7% compared to no treatment.Brassinolide

increases the germination rate when treated on the

seeds of many crops, grasses and parasites

(Kamuro and Takatsuto, 1999) Besides, BL is also

used to increase the number of leaves, leaf area,

fresh weight and dry weight of leaves and roots,

leaf age, number of effective shoots or branches

People also use BL to increase the number of

flowers on the cotton of the herbaceous plant, the

amount of fruit on crops, fruit trees and tubers to

increase yield (Nguyen Minh Chon, 2010) In

Vietnam, applied research of BL on sesame has not

been recognized Therefore, this project was

conducted to determine the suitable dose of BL for

ADB1 sesame seed to grow and provide high yields

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Materials

The experiment was conducted from January to April 2017 in Binh Thuy commune, Chau Phu district, An Giang province The variety used in the experiment is sesame ADB1 variety This is the black sesame variety restored by the Southern Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology from the local sesame variety of the Mekong Delta Brassinolide plant growth regulator (90% active ingredient brassinolide) is sourced from China

2.2 Methods and Experimental layout

The experiment was arranged in the field in a completely randomized block design of 5 treatments (NT) with 5 replicates (LL) The area of each plot (replicate) was 65 m2 The treatments were described as Table 1 The chemicals were treated at two times, 15 days and 30 days after sowing (DAS) Calcium-Bo-K mixture is a control

NT according to farmers often applied to increase the rate of flowering beans and young pods on sesame

Table 1 The experimental treatments

4 Canxi-Bo-K CaO (18 mg/l), K2O (144 mg/l) và B2O3 (384 mg/l)

2.3 Cultivation methods

After harvesting rice, the soil in the field is dried

under the sun, plowing straw into the soil

conducting deep trenching at distance of 25 - 30 cm

between beds to drain water quickly Sowing seeds

with the amount of seed 5 kg/ha Sesame seeds are

soaked with water to remove the poor seeds, then

mixed with sand to sow The experiment was

applied using the method of overflow irrigation The water went into the fields through the trenches,

to irrigate the fields then drained when the plants were ripe (65 DAS) Fertilizers applied a local formula of 105.5 kg N/ha, 60 kg P2O5/ha and 50 kg K2O/ha Harvesting occurred when the plant has about 95% of the ripe dry pods Harvesting each plot individually, did not allow the pods to fall The

seeds were beaten immediately after the fruit was

dried

2.4 Indicator measurement methods

Each experimental plot was marked with 5

diagonal points, with each point hosting 25 plants,

marked for monitoring indicators Plant height was

measured from the ground to the tip The height to

the first pod (cm) measured from the ground to the

first left close position Number of branches/plant

(branches) counts the total number of branches per

plant The number of leaves/plant (leaves) and leaf

size recorded in the pod plant period counted the

total number of leaves per plant and used a 3-leaf

ruler in the middle of each plant

Chlorophyll content in leaf is measured by

chlorophyll metter SPAD - 502 Plus (Konica

Minolta Sensing, INC - Japan) is sandwiched in the

middle of the 3rd leafy meat of the sesame seedlings

from top to bottom at 40 DAS , is the mature leaf

(Dehnavi et al., 2017)

Proline content in leaves was analyzed at the

Department of Biochemistry and Plant Physiology,

College of Agriculture, Can Tho University by the

method of Base et al (1973) Each treatment

randomly selected 5 plants to collect a uniform leaf

sample (select the 3rd leaf from the top) at 35 DAS

Weigh 0.5g of crushed leaves in 10ml of

sulfosalicylic acid 3% (w/v), centrifuge 7,000

cycles/20 minutes, collect the above extract to

perform the color reaction, take 2ml of solution for

the test, add 2ml of acetic acid and 2ml of

nynhidrin acid (1.25g ninhydrin + 30 ml of acetic

acid + 20 ml of 6 M phosphoric acid, store the

solution at 40°C), incubate the reaction at 100°C

for 1 hour, after cooling for 5 minutes Add 4 ml of

toluene to the reaction mixture, shake well, take the

upper color portion to measure OD520nm The

proline content is calculated from the calibration

curve equation Y = 0.017.X + 0.095 (R2 = 1.0)

where X is the proline concentration (µg/ml), Y is

OD520nm

The number of pods/plant (left) is recorded by

counting the number of pods per plant, each

treatment randomly selected 25 plants along the

diagonally marked track Number of seeds/pod (seeds) in each treatment randomly selected 10 large pods from 25 plants counting the number of seeds per plants The mass of 1000 grains (g) was repeated 3 times, then an average of 3 weighing times for each replication of the experiment The yield (ton/ha) collected in the experimental plot was dried and weighed the total weight then converted to tons / ha

Evaluation of wilt disease rates was recorded at 34,

44 and 54 DAS The disease rate is calculated according to the following formula:

Ratio of dead plants

Wilt disease rates (%) = - x 100%

Total plants track

2.5 Data processing methods

The data is calculated and processed on a computer with the help of the Excel program, using SPSS 16.0 statistical software to analize the experimental data through the Duncan test to compare the differences between treatments

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Effect of BL on plant height, height to first pod and number of branches on the plant

By the time of harvest, the treatments BL 0.07 ppm, BL 0.1 ppm and Calcium-Bo-K had the highest plant height but not statistically different from each other (Figure 1) The height of plants in the spraying treatment BL 0.05 ppm (104 cm) and the control treatments (95.7 cm) had the lowest plant height According to Nguyen Minh Chon (2010), brassinolide stimulates the growth of many plants with very low concentrations and the treatment of BL helps these dwarf mutants grow normally again, showing that BL has an important role for normal plant growth

Results in Figure 1 shows that the number of branches/plant did not differ statistically between the treatments This shows that the treatment of BL did not effect on the number of branches/plant compared to the control The number of branches/plant affects the number of pods since the branch on the plant will bear flowers and pods, the

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number of branches/plant depends mainly on the

characteristics of the variety

The height to the first pod had a significant

difference of 1% through statistical analysis

between the treatments When spraying BL or Calcium-Bo-K, the pod is higher than the control,

so the height to the first pod is low

Figure 1 Plant height, height to the first pod and number of branches at time of harvest

3.2 Effect of BL on number of leaves and size of

leaves on sesame plants

The results in Figure 2 show that the number of

leaves/plants did not differ significantly by

statistical analysis between the treatments The

number of leaves/sesame can be determined by the

same variety as many other crops, such as the

number of leaves on tomatoes is the genetic

characteristics of the variety (Ta Thu Cuc, 2005)

In photosynthesis process, leaf size is a factor

affecting the ability to absorb light Therefore, leaf

size is an important indicator to assess the growth

of plants Providing enough nutrients to the leaves

to maintain cell tension is an important factor to ensure the increase in leaf size Figure 2 shows the leaf size between the treatments with significant differences through statistical analysis In the treatment of BL 0.07ppm, the highest leaf size was followed by the treatment of BL 0.1 ppm and the lowest was BL spray with a concentration of 0.05 ppm This shows that BL has an influence on the size of sesame leaves and at the treatment concentration, the appropriate BL spray will give maximum leaf size The function of BL is involved

in many plant development processes such as stretching, leaf expansion, flowering and aging

(Rao et al., 2002).

Figure 2 Number of leaves and size of leaves on sesame plants

95,7b

127,0a

104,0b

135,0a

126,0a

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Control Canxi -Bo-K BL 0,05 ppm BL 0,07 ppm BL 0,1 ppm

Treatment

Plant heighth (cm) The heighth to the first pod (cm) Number of branches (branch)

13,0

11,5

7,2

6,2

0 10 20

0

20

40

Control Canxi -Bo-K BL 0,05 ppm BL 0,07 ppm BL 0,1 ppm

Treatments

Number of leaves (leaf) Length of leaf (cm) Width of leaf (cm)

3.3 Effect of BL on chlorophyll and proline

content in leaves

The results in Table 2 show that chlorophyll

content is significantly different from statistical

analysis, which shows that BL increases

chlorophyll content in leaves This was also found

in rice, according to Fujii and Saka (2001) at ambient temperature, using BL at a concentration

of 2x10-8M or 2x10-9M to slightly increase the starch and chlorophyll content in the slab of rice leaves This is an important factor for photosynthesis plants to convert essential chemicals to increase crop productivity

Table 2 Chlorophyll content and proline content in sesame leaves

(µmol/g)

Notes: In the same column, numbers with the same following digits do not have statistically different; ** difference

at significance level of 1%; * difference at significance level of 5%

The results in Table 2 show that the concentration

of proline accumulated in sesame leaves increased

and the difference was statistically significant at

1% In particular, the spray treatments of BL 0.07

ppm and BL 0.1ppm had the accumulation of

proline concentration of 2.59 µmol / g and 2.26

µmol / g, respectively compare to the remaining

treatments This shows that the sesame treated with

BL has accumulated more proline than the control,

thus helping to increase resilience and improve

good growth for sesame According to Belkhodja

and Benkablia (2000), proline accumulation is one

of the adapters activated by plants that meet

adverse environmental conditions Thus, spraying

BL at doses of 0.10 ppm and 0.07 ppm both have

an impact on proline accumulation process The

time of flowering is when the plant changes from

vegetative to reproductive stage, so it is very

sensitive to external conditions, especially

unfavorable external conditions (flooding, drought,

physiological stress, ), affecting in the process of

pollination, fertilization and pod formation so that

the increase in proline content at this time is very

important, proline will increase the osmotic

pressure of cells to help the plant maintain its ability to absorb water In the absence of water or proline protects the cell membrane against the adverse effects of inorganic prints under stress conditions, .) thereby helping plants overcome adverse external conditions to minimize damage to formation the productivity of plants or in other words, the treatment of BL growth regulators in sesame plants gave the plants a lot of resistance adaptation to adverse environmental fluctuations

3.4 Effect of brassinolide on resistance to sesame wilt and leaf-eating pests of sesame

Results in Table 3 for wilt disease (Rhizoctonia sp.; Pythium sp.; Fusarium sp.) shows that at the time

of 34 DAS, some treatments started to show signs

of disease but with the same proportion as in the treatment spray BL 0.05 ppm; BL 0.07 ppm and controls 0.75%; 1.00%; 1.19%, the remaining treatments did not appear diseased At the time of

44 DAS, it is clear that the rate of disease among treatments are highest, BL 0.05 ppm is 2.78%, followed by Calcium-Bo is 1.62% and the lowest incidence is BL 0.07 ppm is 0.74 ppm Considering at the time of 54 DAS, although the

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treatment of preventive medicine has not been

effective, the disease rate still increases in all

treatments but it is still lower than the control, in

which the lowest BL 0.07 ppm is 3,56% This

shows that, when increasing the treatment dose of

BL, the rate of wilting disease tends to decrease,

meaning that BL has helped the plant to respond to

abiotic disadvantages (withering) It is related to the accumulation of proline of plants because BL 0.07 ppm of proline accumulation has the lowest rate of wilt infection Thus, initially it is recognized that BL has the ability to increase the resistance of the plant to help reduce the wilting disease in the sesame

Table 3 Resistant to wilt disease on seedling

3.5 Effect of brassinolide on the yield

component of sesame

The results in Table 4 show that BL 0.07 ppm

resulted in a higher number of pods/plant

compared to the control group and a 5% significant

difference through statistical analysis compared to

the remaining treatments This shows that BL has

an influence on the number of pods/plant The mass

of 1000 grains ranged from 2.4 g to 2.8 g, which

shows that BL spray does not affect the weight of

1000 grains According to Nguyen Bao Ve et al

(2011), the mass of 1000 grains ranged from 2 to 4 g and due to genetic characteristics, different sesame varieties have weight of 1,000 seeds are different

In V6 sesame variety and Rajeshwari (India), the weight of 1000 seeds is quite large (3g/1000 seeds) Thus, BL has an effect on the number of pods/plant but does not affect the weight of 1000 seeds of sesame seed, which is an important factor to help increase productivity and product quality According to Ali (2017) BL increases the rate of fruiting and helps the plant reduce physiological loss

Table 4 Number of fruits/plant, weight of 1000 seeds and sesame yield

(pod)

Weight of 1,000 seeds

Notes: In the same column, numbers with the same following digits do not have statistically different; ** difference at

significance level of 1%; * difference at significance level of 5%

4 CONCLUSION

Spraying brassinolide on leaves at two

concentrations of 0.07 ppm and 0.10 ppm helped

the height of the black sesame seed ADB1 reach

153.13 cm Number of branches/plant and number

of leaves/plant, leaf size and leaf weight were not

affected Spraying brassinolide at a concentration

of 0.07 ppm for sesame accumulating proline high

of 2.59 µmol/g dry weight and achieving a

chlorophyll index of 73 SPAD is the highest

Treating brassinolide at a dose of 0.07 ppm helps

the sesame tend to increase disease resistance and

have a high yield of ADB1 black sesame seed of

1,637 kg / ha

In production, brassinolide spray can be applied at

a dosage of 0.07 ppm at 15 days and 30 days after

sowing, helping the sesame to increase tolerance to

wilt and seedling death and increase productivity

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study is funded in part by the Can Tho

University Improvement Project VN14-P6,

supported by a Japanese ODA loan

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