The field experiment was conducted to study microbial product and urea effects in decomposing rice straw on the growth and yield of rice grown in acid sulfate soils in a three rice cropping system, at Tam Nong district, Dong Thap province, in the Autumn-Winter crop of 2016. The experiment was carried out in factorial design with 2 factors in randomized complete blocks with 3 replications.
Trang 1EFFECTS OF MICROBIAL PRODUCTS AND UREA IN BIODEGRADABLE RICE
STRAW ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF RICE IN ACID SULFATE SOILS, DONG
THAP PROVINCE
Mai Vu Duy1, Nguyen Bao Ve1, Nguyen Thanh Hoi1, Nguyen Thanh Tai2
1 Can Tho University
2 Dong Thap Department of Science and Technology
Information:
Received: 08/03/2019
Accepted: 11/06/2019
Published: 11/2019
Keywords:
Urea, Trichomix-DT,
TricôĐHCT-Lua von, Dascela,
yield of rice, acid sulfate soil
ABSTRACT
The field experiment was conducted to study microbial product and urea effects in decomposing rice straw on the growth and yield of rice grown in acid sulfate soils in a three rice cropping system, at Tam Nong district, Dong Thap province, in the Autumn-Winter crop of 2016 The experiment was carried out in factorial design with 2 factors in randomized complete blocks with 3 replications The first factor - treatment of Urea- included: (1) untreated (2) treated with Urea The second factor - type of microbial products- included (1) untreated, (2) treated with Trichomix-DT, (3) treated with TricôĐHCT-Lua von (4) treated with Dascela The results showed that incorporporation of rice straw treated with Dascela increased the number
of full grains per panicle (78 fully grains per panicle), the number of panicles per m 2 (447,7 panicle /m2) and grain yield (5,95 t/ha) The combination of rice straw treated with Dascela and Urea increased density
of Cellulomonas flavigena bacteria and the number of tillers per m 2 Urea treatment increased density of Cellulomonas flavigena bacteria
1 INTRODUCTION
Organic poisoning usually occurs on intensive
farming land, due to the fact that organic
material such as straw, and floral decompose in
wetlands, creating toxins such as organic acids,
and H2S (Ponnamperuma, 1984; Gao et al.,
2004; Kyuma, 2004) In orderfor decomposition
of straw to occur quickly, Luu Hong Man et al
(2005) fertilized straw by incubating it with
Trichoderma sp and saw a significant yield
increase compared to unfertilized control
However, the straw compost can take a lot of
effort, and it is difficult to encourage farmers to
implement it Therefore, to reduce the labor of farmers in the straw incubation, the hypothesis
is to spread straw on the field then use the bacterial decomposition of straw to accelerate straw decomposition under submerged conditions In Vietnam, the study by Van Phuoc
Vo and Cao Ngoc Diep (2011) isolated and multiplied the success Q4 strains from bovine rumen fluid which were capable of producing cellulose enzyme, cell analysis molecular-based 16S rRNA sequences that strains Q4
isomorphic with the Cellulomonas flavigena,
and recomposed effectively photocopy paper
Trang 2and straw According to Sami et al (1988)
Cellulomonas flavigena bacteria are capable of
decomposing straw in 7 days by cellulase and
hemicellulase secretion Vo Hung Nhiem
(2012), using microbial products containing
cellulolytic Cellulomonas flavigena bacteria
showed that this helped to decompose rice
straw in 7-10 days after treatment
Currently, high-yielding rice varieties like short
OM4900 are promising, showing good
tolerance to some insects, diseases and it is
growing in popularity in the Mekong Delta
provinces However, studies using the strain
Cellulomonas flavigena, Azospirillum sp.,
Peudomonas sp on the rice IR50404, to reduce
the toxicity of organic, reduce chemical
fertilizer, increasing yields on land rice straw
fresh buried in flooded conditions, are still
limited Therefore, the field experiment was
conducted to study some microbial product and
urea effects in decomposing rice straw on the
growth and yield of rice grown in acid sulfate
soils in three rice cropping system
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Materials
* The experiment was conducted in the Autumn
and Winter (2016) in Tam Nong district, Dong
Thap province
* Acid sulfate soils are a group of soils that are
difficult to use and difficult to improve, limited
by acid sulfate toxins, high acidity, rich in N
and K but very poor P
* OM4900 has a growth period shorter than
95-100 days from direct seeding This variety has a
high tolerance to salinity and acid sulfate soils,
is widely adapted, and has yields in
Summer-Autumn and Summer-Autumn-Winter seasons of 5-5,5
tons / ha, and in Winter-spring 6,5-7,0 tons / ha
* Microbial products:
- Trichomix-DT: products contains
cellulolytic bacteria (Trichoderma spp >
108 CFU/g, Streptomyces spp > 106 CFU/g), Phosphorus microorganisms
(Bacillus subtilis> 109 CFU/g ;
Pseudomonas sp > 106 CFU/g), macronutrients, intermediate and organic matter
- TricôĐHCT-Lúavon: 108 spore/g; The
product contains 80% w / w Trichoderma asperellum and 20% Trichoderma atroviride
Karsten
- Dascela: the product contains macronutrients, intermediate and organic
matter cellulolytic Cellulomonas flavigena
bacteria 108 CFU / g
2.2 Methods
2.2.1 Experimental arrangement
The experiment was carried out in factorial design with 2 factors in randomized complete block with 3 replications (each replication was
on a plot with an area of 25 m2 per plot) The first factor, treatment of Urea, included: (1) untreated (2) treated with Urea The second factor, type of microbial products, included (1) untreated, (2) treated with Trichomix-DT, (3) treated with TricôĐHCT-Lua von and (4) treated with Dascela
Rice straw after harvest was cut and a weight of rice straw used for the treatments was 6 tons /
ha (15 kg / 25 m2, calculated assuming a moisture content of 14%) and spread evenly over each plot Then, rice straw was incorporated in the soil by hand Microbial products were used as follows: (1)
Trichomix-DT was dissolved in water at a rate of 0.3 kg /
1000 m2 and sprayed evenly on straw; (2) TrichĐĐCTCT-Von was dissolved in water at
a rate of 200 g / 1,000 m2 and sprayed evenly
on rice straw; (3) Dascela was spread directly
on the field at a rate of 30 kg / ha covered with rice straw Urea fertilizer was used in the treatment with a weight of 2.5 kg / 1.000 m2,
Trang 3mixed with water and sprayed onto each
experimental plot after incorpoarting of rice
straws After 10 days of implementation, the
rice was sown
The rice seed density and fertilizer (according
to local farmers) were as follows: Hand-seeded
rice seeded by hand with a density of 120 kg /
ha The fertilizer was divided into 3 stages with
a fertilizer formula: 100 N- 80 P2O5- 50 K2O
+ Promotion fertilizing 1: 25% N- 28% P2O5-
24% K2O, 7 days after sowing
+ Promotion fertilizing 2: 35% N- 42% P2O5-
28% K2O, 16 days after sowing
+ Earing dressing: 40% N- 30% P2O5- 48%
K2O, 33 days after sowing
2.2.2 Details of data collection
+ Rice sampling: Collected data were plant
height (cm), number of tillers, number of
panicles per m2, number full grains per panicle,
filled grain ratio (%), 1.000 - grain weight (g),
and grain yield (IRRI, 1995) The N,
N-dimethyl formamide method was used to
analyze chlorophyll value (Moran, 1982)
+ Soil sampling: density of Cellulomonas
flavigena bacteria (Ulrich et al., 2008)
2.2.3 Statistical analysis:
The data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0 software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA)
Significant differences among the means were determined by Duncan’s Multiple Range test at
a 95% probability
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Density of Cellulomonas flavigena bacteria
Table 1 shows that, in 0-10cm of topsoil, rice
straw treated with Dascela obtained the highest density of Cellulomonas flavigena bacteria The combination of rice straw treated with Dascela and Urea obtained the highest density of Cellulomonas flavigena bacteria In 10-20 cm
of the topsoil,, density of Cellulomonas flavigena bacteria of urea treatment was higher than that of untreated Rice straw treated with Dascela obtained the highest density of Cellulomonas flavigena bacteria, significantly
different from the remaining type of microbial
products (excepting rice straw treated with
Trichomix-DT)
Table 1 Density of Cellulomonas flavigena bacteria (x 105 cfu/g)
Urea (A) Type of microbial
products (B)
In the topsoil 0-10 cm In the topsoil 10-20 cm
Untreated
Treated with
Urea
Trang 4B
Note: Values within each column with the same letters are significantly different by Duncan’s test, ns: no
significantly different; *: significantly different at 5%, **: significantly different at 1%
3.2 Plant height
Table 2 shows that treatment of Urea and type
of microbial products did not affect the plant
height There was no interaction between urea
and type of microbial products with plant
height Plant height in the treatments changed from 33,5-34,9; 54,5-59,6; 89,65-91,08; 95,9-99,1 cm at 20, 40, 60 days after sowing and harvest
Table 2 The plant height (cm) at 20, 40, 60 days after sowing and harvest
Urea (A) Type of microbial
products (B)
Days after sowing
hoa hoạch Untreated
Treated
with Urea
B
Note: ns: no significantly different
Trang 53.3 The number tillers/m 2
Table 2 shows that microbial products did not
affect the number tillers/m2 at 20, 40 days after
sowing However, type of microbial products
were significantly different at the 5% level for
the number tillers/m2 at 60 days after sowing
There is an interaction between urea and type of
microbial products to the number tillers/m2 The
combination of rice straw untreated with
microbial products and Urea obtained the lowest the number of tillers/m2, and was significantly different from the remaining treatments
Table 3 The number tillers/m 2 at 20, 40, 60 days after sowing
Urea (A) Type of microbial
products (B)
Days after sowing
Untreated
Treated
with Urea
B
Note: ns: no significantly different
3.4 Chlorophyll value
Table 4 shows that urea treatment did not affect the chlorophyll value a, b, ab value at 60 days after
sowing The chlorophyll value a, b, ab in the treatments changed from 1,266-1,750; 0,818-1,406;
2,157-3,007 (µg/mg) at 60 days after sowing
Table 4 Chlorophyll value (µg/mg) at 60 days after sowing
Urea (A) Type of microbial
products (B)
60 days after sowing Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll ab
Trang 6Trichomix-DT 1,4 0,818 2,157
Treated
with Urea
B
Note: ns: no significantly different
3.5 The components of yield and and grain
yield
3.5.1 Number of panicles/m2
Table 5 shows that urea treatment did not affect
number of panicles/m2 Rice straw treated with
Dascela and Trichomix-DT obtained the highest
number of panicles/m2 (379,7-447,7 number of
panicles/m2), significantly different from the
remaining types of microbial products
3.5.2 Number of filled grains per panicle
Table 5 shows that urea treatment did not affect
the number of filled grains per panicle Rice
straw treated with Dascela obtained the highest
number of filled grains per panicle (78,0 filled grains per panicle), significantly different from the remaining type of microbial products There was no interaction between urea and type of microbial products to the number of filled grains per panicle Number of filled grains per panicle in the treatments changed from 70,9- 80,0 filled grains per panicle
3.5.3 Filled grain ratio
Table 5 shows that urea treatment and microbial products did not affect the number of filled grains per panicle Filled grain ratio in the treatments changed from 71,59-77,22%
Table 5 The components of yield
Urea (A)
Type of
microbial
products (B)
Number of panicles/m2
Number of filled grains per panicle
Filled grain ratio (%)
1000-grain weight (g)
Untreated
TricôĐHCT- lua
von
Trang 7A 409,9 73,0 75,13 26,7
Treated
with Urea
TricôĐHCT- lua
von
B
TricôĐHCT- lua
von
Note: Values within each column with the same letters are significantly different by Duncan’s test, ns: no
significantly different, **: significantly different at 1%
3.5.4 1000-grain weight
Urea treatment and microbial products did not
affect 1000-grain weight 1000-grain weight in
the treatments changed from 26,5-26,9 g (Table
5) According to Yoshida (1981), grain weight
is a feature of the variety and the grain size is
controlled tightly by rice husk So, the grain can
not grow more than the size of husk, even under
advantageous conditions and when water and
nutrition are provided sufficiently
3.5.5 Grain yield
Table 5 shows that the urea treatment did not affect grain yield Rice straw treated with Dascela and Trichomix-DT obtained the highest grain yield (379,7-447,7 tons/ha), significantly different from the remaining type of microbial products and seed setting rates According to Duy et al (2015), rice straw treated with
microbial products containing Cellulomonas flavigena bacteria increased the number of
tillers/m2, number of panicles/m2, grain yield, and reduced inorganic fertilizer by 25% (25 kg
N and 15 kg P2O5)
Table 6 Grain yield (tons/ha)
Urea (A)
Untreated Trichomix-DT TricôĐHCT-
lúa
Dascela
Treated with
Urea
5,33
bbb b
5,95a aaaa aaa a
Note: Values within each column with the same letters are significantly different by Duncan’s test, ns: no
significantly different, **: significantly different at 1%
Trang 84 CONCLUSION
The incorpoartion of rice straws treated with
Dascela increased the number of full grains per
panicle (78 fully grains per panicle), the
number of panicles per m2 (447,7 panicle /m2)
and grain yield (5,95 t/ha)
Urea treatment increased density of
Cellulomonas flavigena bacteria
The combination of rice straw treated with
Dascela and Urea increased density of
Cellulomonas flavigena bacteria and the
number of tillers per m2 (20 day after sowing)
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