The PhD thesis studies the theoretical and practical issues of fixed asset accounting in coal mining enterprises of Vinacomin. In particular, the thesis focuses on studying the principles of measuring, recording, presenting and providing information on fixed assets as well as the method to collect, process, analyze and provide information in respond to requirements of fixed asset management. The thesis studies the application of these principles in the practice of fixed asset accounting in Vinacomin''s coal mining enterprises.
Trang 1EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF PHD DISSERTATION
Trang 3Academic supervisors: 1. Ass.Professor, PhD. Pham Thi Thu Thuy
2. Ass.Professor, PhD. Le Thi Thanh Hai
Reviewer 1:
Reviewer 2:
Reviewer 3:
The dissertation will be defended university level council of dissertation at Thuong Mai University Time: date month year 20
Trang 4and the Library of Thuong Mai University
Trang 51. Rationale
In the process of integration and development, the international accounting system on fixed assets has constantly been improved Regulations on identification, valuation and recognition of fixed assets have been mentioned in a comprehensive, systematic and more synchronous way in the relevant standards. It includes the regulation on the application of different pricing models to record and present information about fixed assets as well as regulations on accounting of environmental recovery costs; to identify and record the decline inn value of fixed assets; accounting of mineral preexploration costs
Vietnam is in the process of operating the socialistoriented market mechanism, with open economic policies, attracting foreign investment capital and gradually integrating with the world economy. To meet the requirements of this process, Vietnamese accounting system has been constantly improved. However, the updating and appropriately applying the current regulations on accounting of fixed assets of international accounting standards are still limited and not yet paid sufficient attention
In recent years, the mining industry of Vietnam in general, the coal mining industry in particular has made an important contribution to the socioeconomic development, contributing positively and effectively to ensuring energy security and to meet the domestic coal demand. Along with the technology revolution 4.0, coal mining enterprises continue to equip and renew fixed assets to access processes of modern mining technology, contributing to increasing productivity, promoting the substainable development of coal industry In coal mining enterprises, fixed assets account for a relatively large proportion in the total asset value of enterprises, thus fixed asset accounting is considered an important part of the accounting system of these enterprises. The application of the pricing model to identify, record and present information about fixed assets in coal mining enterprises is also a matter for discussion and consideration Recovery and protection of the ecological environment are also issues requiring sufficient attention. However, the regulations on accounting of environmental recovery costs are only first mentioned in Circular No. 200/2014 / TTBTC of the Ministry of Finance, leading to the fact that the application of this regulation in coal mining enterprises still faces many problems. In addition, the industrial revolution 4.0 has caused coal mining enterprises to face many challenges such as unupdated
Trang 6In addition, how to effectively manage and use fixed assets is also a problem for coal mining enterprises. Important and decisive information that governs the investment as well as the use of fixed assets is provided by the management accounting of fixed assets. However, in the coal mining enterprises of Vinacomin cureently, the management accounting of fixed assets has not been properly concerned by the managers, the information collected when developing investment plans is not clear and complete, mainly predictive. The provision of fixed asset accounting information under management accounting perspective affects the planning, control and evaluation of the implementation within the enterprise. Therefore, this issue needs to be researched and improved
For the mentioned reasons, the author decided to choose "Accounting of fixed assets in coal mining enterprises of Vietnam National Coal and Mineral Industries Holding Corporation" as the research topic of the thesis.
2. Overview of research
From an overview of studies published in Vietnam and in the world on fixed assets and accounting of fixed assets, the PhD student found out that the previous studies have focused on the content of measuring, recording fixed assets and presenting in financial statements; studying the compliance of fixed asset accounting in some countries with common practice, international accounting standards; the content and extent of application of fixed asset depreciation methods. The studies on fixed asset accounting is mainly based on the financial perspective accounting, not yet focusing on the effects of price calculation and fixed asset accounting according to the price calculation basis, therefore the appropriate choice of price calculation basis for fixed assets has not been made. In addition, no research has fully and comprehensively made regarding fixed asset accounting under management accounting perspective Therefore, the author decided to do research on some issues for further research and development in the thesis as follows:
Firstly, to study and analyze the views on fixed asset measurement based on
different price evaluation to select the appropriate price calculation method for fixed assets of Vietnamese enterprises and at the same time to apply in Vinacomin’s coal mining enterprises
Trang 7asset transactions with specific characteristics of coal mining enterprises, including mining rights, mineral preexploration costs, environmental recovery costs and apply these theories in coal mining enterprises of Vinacomin
With the above research objectives, the thesis defines specific tasks as follows:
Systematizing and clarifying the theoretical basis of fixed assets, accounting
of fixed assets in enterprises, paying attention to the accounting of fixed assets according to the viewpoint of original prices and reevaluation prices, thereby proposing a suitable price calculation basis for fixed assets in enterprises
Surveying, analyzing and assessing the actual status of fixed asset accounting in Vinacomin’s coal mining enterprises to confirm the achieved results and limitations of fixed asset accounting in these enterprises
Determining the factors and the level of influence of these factors on fixed asset accounting in Vinacomin’s coal mining enterprises
Proposing solutions to improve fixed asset accounting in coal mining companies of Vinacomin, contributing to improving the quality of accounting information on fixed assets, the effectiveness of managing and using fixed assets
of fixed asset accounting in Vinacomin's coal mining enterprises
Trang 8 Research content: The thesis only focuses on studying fixed asset
accounting for production and business activities according to the financial accounting and management accounting angles; excluding accounting of outsourced fixed assets and investment in real estate
Research space: The thesis focuses on studying fixed asset accounting in
coal mining enterprises which are subsidiaries of the Group and Joint ventures of Vinacomin. The dissertation only studies accounting of fixed assets in coal mining enterprises for the preparation of separate financial statements, not the information presented on the consolidated financial statements
(2). What is the accounting of fixed assets in view of the original price, the reevaluation price and the appropriate price calculation basis for fixed assets?(3). What is the actual situation of fixed asset accounting under the financial and accouting perspective in Vinacomin’s coal mining enterprises currently?
(4) How do these factors affect fixed asset accounting in coal mining companies of Vinacomin?
in coal mining enterprises of Vinacomin. From the research results, limitations and causes are drawn as a basis for proposing solutions in Chapter 3
Trang 9 Step 6: Conclusions, suggestions and recommendations
7. New contributions of the thesis
In terms of academics and reasoning: The thesis has clarified the theoretical
issues of fixed asset accounting from the view of the original price and the reevaluation price, thereby selecting the appropriate price calculation basis for fixed assets In addition, the thesis also clarified the accounting of mining rights; mineral preexploration costs and environmental reconstitution costs in coal mining enterprises
In terms of practice: The thesis has conducted surveys, analyzed and
comprehensively assessed fixed asset accounting in Vinacomin’s coal mining enterprises in both angles of financial accounting and management accounting. The thesis has selected a appropriate basis for calculating prices for fixed assets in Vietnamese enterprises in general and coal mining enterprises in VINACOMIN in particular, which is the original price combined with accounting of the declining value of fixed assets in case of the degraded fixed assets with the aim of providing complete, reliable and transparent information about fixed assets for users
The thesis has proposed solutions to improve the accounting of featured fixed assets in coal mining enterprises including mineral exploitation rights; mineral preexploration costs and environmental recovery costs
In addition, the thesis also proposes solutions on improving management accounting of fixed assets to provide information for making decisions regarding investment, management and using assets
8. The structure of the thesis
In addition to the Introduction, the conclusion references and appendices, the thesis consists of 3 chapters:
Trang 111.1.1.2. Classification of fixed assets
Classified in the form of manifestations, fixed assets in enterprises include: tangible fixed assets and intangible fixed assets
Classified by ownership, fixed assets in enterprises include: proprietary fixed assets and outsourced fixed assets
Classified by purpose and usage, fixed assets in enterprises include: Fixed assets used for production and business activities; Fixed assets used for welfare, security and defense purposes; Fixed assets awaiting handling and fixed assets receiving preservation and custody for other subjects
1.1.2. The role of fixed asset accounting information for management
For corporate management
Fixed asset accounting information is used for planning and estimation process; organizing implementation; checking; decisionmaking process and contributing to innovation and management improvement in enterprises
For third parties
Fixed asset information not only serves the needs of business management but also serves third parties such as investors, banks and credit institutions and state management agencies in making appropriate decisions
1.2. Accounting of fixed assets in enterprises under the perspective of financial accounting
1.2.1. Principles and requirements of fixed asset accounting in enterprises 1.2.1.1. Principles of fixed asset accounting
All economic transactions related to fixed assets are recorded on an accrual basis. Information on fixed assets must be measured, recorded and presented on the financial statements objectively and on the basis of generally accepted price
Trang 12an annual accounting period. Businesses are not valued higher than the value of fixed assets. Therefore, information on depreciation of fixed assets should be considered on the basis of prudent principles. Fixed asset accounting must collect, process and fully provide information of essential nature about fixed assets
1.2.1.2. Requirement in fixed asset accounting
Accounting reflects fully, promptly, accurately, clearly and comprehensively economic transactions arising regarding fixed assets in accounting vouchers, accounting books and financial statements. Information and accounting data of fixed assets must reflect honestly and objectively in accordance with the current status, nature, content and value of fixed asset transactions; at the same time, information must be reflect continuously and classified, arranged in a scientific, systematic, verifiable and comparable order
1.2.2. Fixed asset accounting according to view of price calculation
1.2.2.1. Overview of the views on calculating prices for assets in accounting Calculating prices for assets from the ‘original price’ point of view
According to original price, assets are measured, recorded and presented in financial statements on the basis of historical costs. Historical cost is the total cost that the unit has actually spent on asset formation
Calculating prices for assets according to the reevaluation point of view
In this view, after initial recognition, the property must be measured, recorded at the reassessed price Reevaluation prices can be general prices, current prices, output prices or fair values
1.2.2.2. Fixed asset accounting according to price calculation points of view
Accounting of fixed assets from the ‘original price’ point of view
Initial measurement and recognition of fixed assets
At the time of determining the initial value, fixed assets are recorded at original price which includes all initial direct related costs to form fixed assets. In addition to guiding the measurement and recording of common fixed assets for production and business activities, IASB also issues accounting standard guidelines to measure and record the specifically featured fixed assets of the mining industry as follows :
Firstly, mineral preexploration costs: According to international financial
record standards (IFRS 06) "Exploration and assessment of natural resources and
Trang 13minerals", mineral exploration costs are recorded as intangible fixed assets. Accordingly, this asset is measured, initially recorded at the original price, including all the expenses that the enterprise has spent on mineral preexploration drilling provided that the exploration drilling results discover a reserve of minerals.
Secondly, regarding mineral exploitation rights: According to IFRS 06, the
cost of purchasing mineral rights is recognized as intangible fixed assets. At the time
of initial recognition, this asset is recognized at original price, which includes all the expenses paid by the entity to obtain mining rights such as the cost of obtaining a license exploitation, cost of granting mining rights
Thirdly, the cost of environmental recovery costs: according to international
accounting standard No. 37 (IAS 37) "Reserves, contingent liabilities and potential assets", environmental recovery costs are compulsory expenses at a specified time in the future with a defined value, related to the mining project of the enterprise. Also according IAS 16, enterprises must initially estimate the cost of destruction, returning the site and restoring the original status as well as obligations that the organization incurs (recovery costs) when buying property or using properties in a certain period. Thus, the recovery cost is the cost that constitutes the original price of the tangible fixed assets
Measuring and recording fixed assets after initial recognition
Firstly, identifying and recording the depreciation value of fixed assets: In
order to calculate the depreciation value of fixed assets in each stage of production and business period, enterprises must allocate the original value of fixed assets to the years of using assets by the company. Enterprises often use straightline depreciation method; Decclining balance depreciation method and outputbased depreciation
method to calculate depreciation of fixed assets.
Secondly, identify and record the costs incurred after the initial recognition of fixed assets: The costs incurred after the initial recognition of fixed assets may
include: (i) repair costs to maintain the operational capacity of the fixed assets; (ii) the cost of repair and upgrading increases the value of fixed assets (recording the increase in original cost of fixed assets); (iii) fixed asset depreciation costs for the purpose of recovering investment capital in which depreciation expense of fixed assets has been presented by the author
Third, identify and record accumulated losses due to depreciation of fixed assets: After original recognition, due to many factors, fixed assets may decline in
value. In order to reflect the true value of fixed assets at the time of constructing financial statements, the accountants should determine the decline value of fixed assets. Therefore, after initial recognition, fixed assets are determined and recorded
Trang 14Stop recording fixed assets
The accountants stop recording fixed assets (also known as the deletion of fixed assets) in the following cases: (1) When liquidating assets or (2) When the enterprise no longer receives future economic benefits from using the assetes; (3) When capitalizing fixed assets, transfer owner’s fixed assets to real estate, missing inventory check,
Presenting fixed asset accounting information
In addition to the information presented about fixed asset accounting as the method of determining original price of fixed assets; depreciation methods; useful life
or depreciation rate Financial statements also reflect signs of depreciation of fixed assets and decline in value of such assets, information on longterm assets held for sale and terminated operation
Thus, the advantages of the original prices are reliable, objective,understandable, easy to apply, but the application of pure original prices in fixed asset accounting has certain limitations. Information on fixed assets at the original price does not reflect the real value of fixed assets at the time of reporting, especially when fixed assets are degraded in value; it does not satisfied the needs of investors or creditors Therefore, there should be a combination of fixed asset accounting at the original price with accounting for depreciation of fixed assets (if any)
Accounting of fixed assets in view of reevaluation prices
According to the reevaluation price, after the initial recognition, the fixed assets are reevaluated according to the general price, current price, output price
or fair price
Measure and record fixed assets according to general prices
Accounting of measurement and initial recognition of fixed assets according to general prices based on the background of the original price system. At the time of preparing the financial statements, all items of the Balance Sheet, including fixed assets, are employed as an index to adjust such as consumer price index or deflation price index
Measure and record fixed assets at current prices
At the time of initial recognition, fixed assets are measured at original cost. After initial recognition, fixed assets of enterprises are recorded at current prices, which is the amount and cash equivalents that the unit must spend to procure, invest
Trang 15or produce similar assets as fixed assets currently held. According to the current price basis, the current price of fixed assets is determined each time the financial statements are made.
Measure and record fixed assets at the output price
At the time of initial recognition, the accountant recorded an increase in fixed assets at the investment price similar to the original price basis. The output price refers to the actual use of observed prices at the time of establishing financial statements to measure the value of fixed assets Accordingly, fixed assets are evaluated according to the net realizable value which is the estimated selling price of the assets minus the necessary expenses for the sale of assets. In financial records, fixed assets are presented at the output price
Measure and record fixed assets at fair value
At the time of initial and initial recognition, fixed assets are recorded at fair value. Fair price is the price that can be received if an asset is sold or payable if a debt is paid in a normal transaction between market participants at the valuation date. In addition to the information presented on the financial statements similar to the original price, for fixed assets recorded at fair value, it is necessary to present: the time of evaluation, assessment experts, methods and assumptions to determine fair value
Thus, the revaluation of assets according to fair value is considered and applied
by many countries, but for fixed assets after initial recognition, measuring and recording fixed assets according to the original prices in combination with the recognition of the decline in value of fixed assets is still the most suitable option, especially in conditions of underdeveloped and incompleted market operations in many countries
1.3. Accounting of fixed assets in enterprises under the perspective of management accounting
1.3.1 Management accounting in collecting, processing, analyzing and providing information for making investment decisions on fixed assets
Decisions related to fixed assets are often longterm decisions. The management needs information provided by many departments, including information provided by the division of fixed asset management accounting to make decisions on investment in fixed assets. Based on the list of fixed assets to be invested, the accounting department operate in combination with other departments in the enterprise to collect, process, analyze and provide information for making decision of investment in fixed assets
1.3.2 Management accounting with the task of collecting, processing, analyzing and providing information for managing and using fixed assets
Trang 16assets must be managed scientifically and used effectively. Therefore, fixed assets must be strictly managed both in terms of quantity and values. The management of fixed assets is carried out on the accounting system of fixed assets at the place of use and in the accounting department
Management accounting with the selection of fixed asset depreciation policy:
The selection of appropriate depreciation method is an important measure to preserve fixed capital and is also an important basis to determine the payback period
of investment in fixed assets from longterm funding sources. Thus, enterprises need
to select scientific depreciation methods based on the objectives of enterprises, the nature of production and business activities, management and organization characteristics
Assessment of investment efficiency and use of fixed assets: In order to obtain
useful information on investment, management and use of fixed assets, accountants need to build a system of indicators to reflect the investment situation of fixed assets and technical status. and effective use of fixed assets in enterprises
Research on experience of calculating fixed asset prices, accounting for specific fixed asset transactions in mining enterprises as well as fixed asset management accounting in some typical countries in the world such as the US and China, some lessons are drawn for coal mining enterprises of Vinacomin:
Firstly, selectinging the basis for calculating the price of fixed assets
According to US and Chinese accounting, fixed assets are initially recorded according to the original price principle in combination with reflecting the decline in value of fixed assets. According to prudent requirements, in case of fixed asset depreciation, enterprises need to record and present the decline in value in financial statements