Bài viết nghiên cứu về quê quán, thân thế của Tiến sĩ Nguyễn Cấu qua gia phả dòng họ và di tích thông qua các bài dịch chữ Hán nôm, văn bia, tiểu sử các vị khoa bảng. Để nắm chi tiết nội dung nghiên cứu mời các bạn cùng tham khảo bài viết.
Trang 1TRAO OOI Y KIEN
V E Q U E Q U A N , T H A N T H E C U A T I E N S Y N G U Y E N C A U Q U A
G I A P H A D O N G HO V A D l T I C H - D O I D I E U C A N T R A O D t f l
NGUYEN DINH HUNG*
T r a cQu tQ lieu tren mang Internet
vao muc cua Vien Nghien ciiu Han
nom d phan Van khac Han Nom, co trang
viet ve Bia Van Mieu - Ha Noi co bai: Van
bia de danh Tien sy khoa Quy Miii nien
hieu Quang Thuan nam thd 4 (1463) dang
toan van noi dung bai van bia va anh chup
ciia khoa thi Tien sy nam Quy Mui (1463)
Ciing tai phan chii thich trong bai nay cl
trang 5, so' thii t i l sd' 40 co ghi ve Tien sy
Nguyen Cau (? - ?) ngQdi xa Khuong Le,
huyen Tan Phuc (nay thuoc huyen Sdc Sdn,
Ha Noi) Van de mudn trao ddi trong bai
bai nay la que quan, than the va sii nghiep
cua Tien sy Nguyen Cau qua viec siiu tam
tu" lieu va di tich vdi quy ban doc de cung
nghien ciiu va tham khao
Theo mot so' cuo'n sach da cdng bo' nhu":
Cdc nhd khoa bdng Viet Nam, Bdc Ninh dit
dia chi, Tuyen tap Van bia Hd Npi (1) chi
ghi torn tat, sd liidc ve que quan, than the
va sii nghiep cua Tien sy Nguyen Cau
Sach Cdc nhd khoa bdng Viet Nam ch6p:
"Nguyen Cau, ngiidi xa Khuong Le, huyen
Tan Phuc (nay thuoc huyen Sdc Sdn, Ha
Noi) Dd ddng Tien sy xua't than khoa Quy
Mui nien hieu Quang Thu&n 4 (1463)"
(trang 115) Sach Bdc Ninh du dia chi va
Tuyen tap vdn bia Hd Ndi ciing khong ghi
diidc nhQng thdng tin nao hdn sach Cdc nha khoa bdng Viet Nam
Chung tdi da tra cQu mdt sd' sach ve cac nha khoa bang do dat tQ thdi Ly cho den thdi Nguyen cua midc ta, trong so' 2.898 vi
do dai khoa Tien sy va tQdng diidng trong
845 nam khoa cQ thdi phong kien, tQ khoa thi d i u tien nam 1075 thdi vua Ly Nhan Tong den khoa thi cudi cung nam 1819 thdi vua Gia Long chi co 2 ngiidi ten la "Cau":
Do la Tien sy Nguyen Cau da noi tren va Tien sy Le Ca'u, que xa Lac Thuc, huyen Thanh Lam (nay la huyen Thanh Ha, tinh
H i i Diidng do Tien sy khoa Tan SQu nien hieu Hdng DQc thQ 12 (1481) ddi Le Thanh Tong ong do nam 29 tuoi Ngoai ra, tra cQu cac sach khong cd ngQdi nao ten la "Ca'u"
do Tien sy nQa
Nhii v&y, qua nhQng thdng tin d sach
Cdc nhd khoa bdng Viet Nam va mdt so'
sach khac da neu cho biet:
- Sd iQdc ve que quan cua Tien sy Nguyen Ciu
- Nam dng thi do Tien sy: khoa Quy Mui nien hieu Quang Thu&n thQ 4 (1463)
- Do bdi canh lich sQ nen ghi chep ve than the, sii nghiep cua dng khdng dQdc diy du
* Sd Van hoa, The thao va Du lich Thai Nguyen
Trang 2Van de dat ra, sach Cdc nhd khoa bdng
Viet Nam lai chu thich que quan cua Tien
sy Nguyen Cau la: nay thuoc huyen Sdc
Sdn, Ha Noi
Theo van bia Tien sy diing nam 1484,
hien dang diidc diing tai Van Mieu - Ha
Noi, trong do co ghi ve Tien sy Nguyen
Cau, bia da chep: "Nguyen Ca'u Bac Giang
phu Tan Phuc huyen [ ] (U W At tt M
f r t§ W) = Nguyen Cau, huyen Tan Phuc,
phu Bac Giang Theo chii thich phan dau
cham liing trong ngoac vudng ciia sach
Tuyen tap Van bia Ha Noi - Quyen I - Nxb
KHXH, 1978, 3 trang 164 la co mot so chii
da bi liidc bo" (2)
Bai dich tu: chii Han nom bai Van bia de
ten Tien sy khoa Quy Mui nien hieu Quang
Thuan thii 4 (1463) d Van Mieu - Quoc Tii
Giam Ha Noi sang tieng Viet cua Trung
tam Van Mieu Quoc Tvi Giam - Thanh pho'
Ha Noi djch nghia noi dung ve que quan
cua Tien sy Nguyen Ca'u ciing tiidng tii nhu1
tren
Sach Ddt va NgUdi Thdi Nguyen cua
Nguyen Huii Khanh, do Hoi Van hoc Nghe
thuat tinh Thai Nguyen xua't ban nam
1997 co viet: "Tien sy Nguyen Ca'u (Nguyln
Dinh Ca'u) que cl lang Thanh Thu, tdng
Tieu Le, huyen Thien Phuc, phii Bac Ha,
xii Kinh Bac, nay la thon Thanh Van, xa
Ddng Tien, huyen Phd Yen, tinh Thai
Nguyen"
Theo Ho sd di tich Khu lUu niem Tien sy
Nguyen Cdu, xa Tan Hiidng va xa Ddng
Tien, huyen Phd Yen, tinh Thai Nguyen
(da diidc Uy ban Nhan dan tinh Thai
Nguyen xep hang cap tinh nam 2006) dang
liiu tai Sd Van hoa The thao va Du lich
Thai Nguyen ciing ghi que quan tiidng tii
nhu' sach Ddt vd NgUdi Thdi Nguyen ciia
dng Nguyen Huu Khanh
Vay, sach Cdc nha khoa bdng Viet Nam
do Ngo Diic Tho chu bien, Nxb Van hoc,
Ha Noi, 1993 da chep: NguySn Ciu, ngiidi
xa Khuong Le, huyen Tan Phuc (nay thuoc huyen Sdc Sdn, Ha Noi) co sii khac biet vdi nhiing tu" lieu ma chiing tdi siiu tam diidc
ve que quan va than the, sii nghiep cua Tien sy Nguyen Ca'u
Trong qua trinh tra ciiu ve tieu su4 cua cac vi khoa bang chiing ta thay cd nhieu sach viet khac nhau Nhiing vdi triidng hdp
ve que quan ciia Tien sy Nguyen Ca'u cd the diidc giai thich nhu1
sau: Tuy van bia b
Van Mieu Ha Ndi khdng ghi ten lang, xa cua Tien sy Nguyen Ca'u nhiing lai cd cac tai lieu khac bd sung, dd la sach nhu1: Lich trieu dang khoa (quyen I I I , td 35b), Lich dqi dang khoa, td 62a, Lich huyen dang khoa (quyen V, td 23b), Lich trieu tap ky (quyen I , trang 128), Lich trieu dang khoa Trong triidng hdp nay sach Cdc nha khoa bdng da ghi lai que quan cua Tien sy
Nguyln Ca'u, ngiidi xa Khuong Le, huyen Tan Phuc, phii Bac Giang Cd the chQ Khuong L l (IB ijif) chep nham la Tieu L l ('h ijif) chang? chii "khuong" (E) gan gid'ng vdi chii "cii" (!=[), chut tieu (/JN) gan gid'ng vdi chii "thuy" (?K) Vi du, mdt triidng hdp chep nham chQ d sac phong ciia di tich den Gia,
xa Tieu Le, tdng Tieu Le, huyen Phd Yen (Thai Nguyen) Sac phong nay phong cho Manh Dien qudc viidng va Phu Ddng Thien viidng phong nam Khai Dinh thii 9 (1924) chep nham chii "Tieu" thanh chQ "Thuy" sac phong viet nham dd nguyen van la:
"Sac Thdi Nguyen tinh, Phd'An phu, Thuy
Li xd tong tien phung sU "
Ve dja danh huyen Tan Phuc, phu Bac
Giang, theo cac sach nhii: Du dia chi ciia Nguyln Trai, Dqi- Nam nhdt thd'ng chi
(tinh Bac Ninh) deu chep huyen Tan Phuc
cd tii thdi Tran, thdi Hd, thudc chau Bac
Trang 3Ve que quan than the" 65 Giang, phu Bac Giang Sang dau thdi
Minh, Le sd van theo nhii the Den thdi Le
Hoang Dinh (1600-1619), vi ky ten huy vua
Le Kinh Tong la Tan, nen ddi la huyen
Tien Phuc Hien nay d dia phUdng bia da
"Bdi Cao ttf bi" (chua Doi Cao, xa Tan
Hiidng, tdng Tieu Le) diing nam Chinh Hoa
thu- 18 (1697) van ghi dia danh la "Tien
Phuc huyen" Nam Minh Menh thii 11
(1830) ddi ten huyen Tien Phuc thanh
huyen Thien Phuc, tran Bac Ninh (bia den
Ddng Thu, xa Thuan Thanh, huyen Phd
Yen) Nam Tii Diic thU 19 (1866) ddi ten
huyen Thien Phuc thanh huyen Da Phuc,
phu Da Phiic, tinh Bac Ninh Thdi Khai
Dinh thfl 5 (1920) tdng Tieu Le thuoc phu
Phd Yen, tinh Thai Nguyen
Theo sach Ten lang xd Viet Nam ddu the
ky XIX (3) cd chep xa Tieu L l , tdng Tieu Le,
huyen Thien Phuc, phu Bac Ha, xii Kinh
Bac Ddi chieu vdi cac van bia ghi chep dia
danh xa Tieu L l d huyen Thien Phuc d dau
the ky XIX ma nay thuoc huyen Phd Yen,
tinh Thai Nguyen la chinh xac vdi thdi
diem bay gid Phan tich cac tai lieu hien cd
tai Sd Van hda The thao va Du lich Thai
Nguyen nhii: sach Dong Khanh dtf dia chi,
kem theo ban dd cho biet xa Tieu Le, tdng
Tieu Le, phu Phd Yen, tinh Thai Nguyen la
mdt trong nhiing xa nam d phia Ddng
-Nam cua huyen Phd Yen Ddi chieii vdi ban
do huyen Phd Yen trong sach Bong Khanh
du dia chi vdi ban do huyen Phd Yen ngay
nay thi dia danh xa Tieu LS xiia, nay thudc
mot phan xa Ddng Tien, xa Tan Hiidng,
huyen Phd Yen, tinh Thai Nguyen
Tai lang Thanh Thu xiia, cdn goi la lang
Sui, triidc kia thudc xa Tieu L l , tdng Tieu
L l , huyen Thien Phuc, phii Bac Ha, xii
Kinh Bic, ngay nay la thdn Thanh Xuan,
xa Ddng Tien, huyen Phd Yen, tinh Thai
Nguyen cdn nhieu chi ho, con chau hau due
thudc ddng ho Tien sy Nguyln Cau, ndi day cdn bao tdn diidc md va den thd ciia Tien sy Nguyln C i u thi dd la mot cd sd de khang dinh day la que quan cua Tien sy Nguyln Ca'u
Nhii viy, ve que quan cua Tien sy Nguyln C i u trong van bia Van Mieu - Ha
Ndi la cd do tin chy cao, gia t r i lich su1 chan xac, nien dai diing nhit Van de dien each cua dia danh huyen Tan Phuc Tien Phuc -Thien Phuc trong lich sii nhii phan tich tren theo chiing tdi la thoa dang va dinh
chinh lai cho sach Cdc nhd khoa bdng Viet Nam, chep que quan cua Tien sy Nguyln
Ciu thudc huyen Sdc Sdn, Ha Ndi la chiia chinh xac ma c i n p h i i di'nh chinh lai la
Tien sy Nguyen Cdu que d xa Tieu Li, huyen Tdn Phuc, phu Bac Giang (nay la thon Thanh Vdn, xd Bong Tien, huyen Pho Yen, tinh Thdi Nguyen)
Ngoai ra, theo gia pha va ldi truyen tung cua cac cu cao tudi thudc ddng ho Tien
sy Nguyen Ca'u cho biet them - Nguyln Ca'u cdn cd ten goi khac la Nguyln Dinh Ca'u, dd De tam giap ddng Tien sy xuat than, khoa Quy Mui (1463) nien hieu Quang Thuan thii 4, ddi vua Le Thanh Tdng, lam quan tdi chiic Thi ve xu\ Cung theo gia pha cua ddng ho cua Tien sy Nguyln Ca'u cho biet dng sinh nam 1442,
dd Tien sy nam 1463, khi dd dng 21 tudi Nam 1463, dng di thi, ca midc cd tdi 4.400 ngiidi dii thi, chi l i y cd 44 ngiidi do, vdi ty le: 1/100, nhii the chung td sii khd luyen va tai nang cua dng de dat danh hieu Tien sy Sau khi thi dd dng diidc bd nhiem lam qua>n Thdi dd, mot sd' quan van cd tai nang diidc trieu dinh cii chuyen sang hang quan
vo, Nguyln Ciu la mdt trong nhiing ngiidi nhii vay Cung theo gia pha ddng ho Nguyln Cau cho biet dng dUdc trieu dinh giao trong trach girl chiic Thi ve xU Dieu
Trang 4nay trung kh6p vdi ghi ch6p trong sach Dqi
Viet sit ky toan thii, tap I I I , trang 97 ghi:
Nam Nham Ngo (1522), ldi dung tinh hinh
Mac Dang Dung diing len tru" khu! cac the
liic doi khang, vua Le Chieu Tong hoang sd
da bo kinh thanh chay trdh ra viing Minh
Nghia, huyen Tung Thien (Sdn Tay) lanh
nan Ngay 27-7 nam do, Mac Dang Dung tQ
Bo De (Gia Lam), cho quan viidt song
Hong, dot nhip vao kinh thanh, giet hai
nhiing ngiidi trung thanh v6i nha Le, trong
do co chi huy xii Thi ve Nguyen Cau, Do liic
sy Minh Sdn ba Nguyen Tho va Dam Cii
(4)
Trong sud't 6 ddi vua Le: Thanh Tong
(1460-1497), Hien Tong (1497-1504), Tuc
Tong (1504), Uy Muc (1505-1509), Tiidng
Diic (1510-1516), Chieu Tong (1516-1522),
Nguyen Cau lam quan da co nhieu cong
trang cho nen diidc thang tien chu yeu giQ
trong trach bao ve trong cung cam va khu
viic kinh thanh ciia nha vua Tiidng truyen,
khi Nguyen Dinh Cau ciing bo ha bi chem
ngay 27-7 nam Nham Ngo (1522), ong tho
81 tudi, mot sd' thu ha da lay diidc thu cap
ciia ong bi mat giau kin dem ve que nha
Khi ve den que thi trdi da tdi, lai dd cdn
miia, hd ben de thu cap d gdc cay ngoai go
ven lang, ho chay ve bao tin dii cho gia
dinh, lang xdm Moi ngiidi chuan bi dd mai
tang cho ong Nhiing sang hdm sau tai ndi
de thu cap dng mdi da xong len thanh ddng
rat to Ho hang cho rang la linh thieng ben
de nguyen nhu1 cii Sau nay tinh hinh yen
on, con chau da xay mo va ngdi mo tdn tai
tii do cho den bay gid
Ngoi md Tien sy Nguyen Ca'u hien dang
nam tren mdt doi dat thuoc khu canh ddng
Nghe, xom Phong Nien, xa Tan Hiidng,
huyen Phd Yen Hien nay, ngdi md hinh
vudng co canh dai 1,5m, cao 1,5m, mo xay
kin, lien ke vdi gian giQa cua ngdi deh
Tren md cd xay them mdt ngdi mieu nho lam hau cui.g Ngdi mieu nay cd kich thiidc rong 2,6m, dai 3,4m mai diidc cud'n vdm Dac biet, dang sau md cd mot cay dudi cd moc 9 nhanh, ngay sat chan tiidng hau, chu
vi gd'c 3,5m Cay dudi da trum gan kin ngdi
md xoe ra nhii chiec long khdng Id che mat cho md dng, tao them ve linh thieng Md diidc xay bang da ong hinh vudng NhQng hdn da ong de xay md cd hinh chQ nhat Tai khu viic cd ngdi mieu cd (nhan dan thiidng goi la Nghe Van), vao nam 1997, con chau ddng ho Tien sy Nguyln Ca'u da gdp tien, cua, tdn tao ngdi mieu triidc mo thanh mot ngdi den nhd Chinh dien ngdi den quay ve hiidng nam, tren cao mat chinh dien cd ten
chQ dap ndi 3 chQ Han ndm la "Thanh Vdn tu" Ngdi den cd kien true hinh chQ nhat cd
ba gian nhd, cd chieu dai 6,6m, rdng 4,7m Ndi that nha ket ca'u khung go ket hdp xay gach theo ldi tiidng dau hdi, bit ddc, mai Idp ngdi mui Tren ndc cd dap ndi "lQdng long chau nguyet" va bd dai Triidc cQa den xay dQng 2 cot tru cao vut cd ddi cau dd'i dap chQ ndi nhu" sau:
Van vu 'song todn, hien cdng tqo vinh quang To quoc
Diic tdi cao thiidng, luu danh diing truyen thd'ng cd'hUdng
Trong den, hai ben cua vdm hhu cung
cung cd cau dd'i ndi dung nhu1
sau:
Le trieu Tien sy danh van dai Dqi Viet tUdng qudn tac thien thu
Tai ban thd trong Khu liiu niem Tien sy Nguyen Ca'u d thdn Phong Nien, xa Tan Hiidng, huyen Phd Yen - di tich da diidc Uy ban Nhan dan tinh Thai Nguyen xep hang
la di tich lich sQ van hoa (2006) cd bai vi
thd ghi: "Nguyen Dinh Cdu, sinh Dinh Mao nien nhdt td tii Kinh Bdc huyen, Thien Phuc tdng, Tieu Li xa, Thanh Thii thdn, vi nien nhdt td luc tam Khdm sai dai thdn chi
Trang 5V3" que quan than the" 67
huy xu dac long qudn uy hdu ddc bdt
qudn cong Le Thdnh Tdng nhi ngu
dtfng thdp tai "
Hang nam cu" vao ngay 27-7 Am lich, con
chau hau due cua dong ho Nguyen Ca'u lai
den den Thanh Van lam le ciing gio ong
Ciing theo ldi truyen ngdn ciia dong ho
Nguyen Ca'u, sau khi ong mat, vi thdi loan
lac, giac gia lien mien, quan quan nha Mac
lien tuc truy cQu, cat cii 6" vung Thai
Nguyen, nen ten tudi, than the sii nghiep
cua Nguyen Ca'u ciing vi dd ma khdng diidc
trieu dinh nhac den Chi cd the sau khi
binh xong nha Mac vao nam 1667, d i t midc
tam yen ang, vua Le mdi truy phong cac
ciiu than da xa than trung thanh vdi nha
Le mdi cd sac phong truy ting Theo cac cu
cdn nhd, Tien sy Nguyen Ca'u cd sic phong
cd nhiing chQ: "Le trieu khdm sai dqi thdn,
chi huy xd, Thi ve long qudn cdm hdu,
Chanh do ddc, ddc bdc qudn cdng, thtfdng
ddng phuc thdn" Ban than ddng ho da ghi
cdng Tien sy Nguyen Ca'u bang viec giQ gin
md cd, bao ve cay cdi va ra Ha Ndi de sQu
tam tii lieu lich sQ Tai lang Thanh Thu cd
CHU THICH
(1) Ngo Due Tho (chu bien) Cdc nhd khoa
bdng Viet Nam, Nxb Van hoc, Ha Npi, 1993; Bac
Ninh dii dia chi - Do Trong Vf (the ky XIX) - Do
Tuan Anh dich, Nxb Van hoa Thdng tin, Ha Noi,
1997; Tuyen tap Van bia Hd Noi - Quyln I - Uy
ban Khoa hoc xa hdi Viet Nam - Ban Han Nom
sUu tSm, dich nghia va gidi thieu, Nxb Khoa hoc
xa hoi, Ha Ndi, 1978, tr 135, 164
ngdi dinh cd' duy nha't cdn nguyen mau kien true nghe thuat d huyen Phd' Yen, trQng tu nam Canh HUng thQ 40 (1780) co bai vi thd Tien sy Nguyln Ca'u l i m Thanh hoang lang Dinh Phong Nien, xa Tan HQdng each lang Thanh Thu 2km cung thd Tien sy Nguyln Ca'u lam phuc t h i n Qua nhQng tQ lieu do ddng ho cua Tien
sy Nguyen C i u d huyen Phd' Yen, tinh Thai Nguyen cung cip va cdng vdi viec sQu t i m
cua nhQng nha nghien cQu lich sQ, van hoa
d dja phQdng, biidc d i u da tap hdp dQdc mdt so' tQ lieu va thdng tin gdp phin lam sang ro que hQdng, than the cua Tien sy Nguyln Ca'u - mot vo quan dQdi trieu nha
Le Ong, ngQdi xa Tieu L l , tdng Tieu Le, huyen Yen Phuc, phu Bic Ha, xQ Kinh Bic, ngay nay la thdn Thanh Xuan, xa Ddng Tien, huyen Phd' Yen, tinh Thai Nguyen R i t mong cac nha nghien cQu lich
sQ va van hoa cd them y kien de cd sQ ddng thu^n giQa tai lieu khoa hoc va tQ lieu dQdc lQu giQ, bao tdn d dia phQdng nham tdn vinh ve mdt trong nhQng con ngQdi cd nhieu ddng gdp cho trieu dinh nha Le
(2) Tuyen tap Van bia Hd Noi - Quyen I, sdd (3) Vi$n Nghien cuu Han Nom Ten lang xa Viet Nam ddu theky XLX (Cdc tong, trdn, xa danh
bi lam), Dudng Thi The, Pham Thi Thoa dich, Nxb
Khoa hoc xa hpi, Ha Npi, 1981
(4) Bai Viet s& ky todn thd, tap III, Nxb Khoa
hoc xa hpi, Ha Npi, 1998, tr 97