Bài viết trình bày những nhân tố tác động đến mối quan hệ giữa các quốc gia Bancăng sau Chiến tranh thế giới thứ nhất; mối quan hệ giữa các quốc gia Bancăng trong những năm 1919-1939. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo bài viết để nắm chi tiết nội dung nghiên cứu.
Trang 1MOI OUAN HE GIUA CAC QUOC GIA
BANCANG TRONG THdl GIAN GlUA HAI CUOC CHIEN TRANH THE GI61 (1919-1910)
DAO TUAN THANH*
l M d d a u
Sau khi Chien tranh the gidi thfl Nhd't
ket thuc cudi ndm 1918, hau bet cac qudc
gia tren ban dao Bancdng: Hy Lap, Nam
Tu (1), Rumani, Anbani, Bungari, vd Thd
Nhi Ky (2) deu da gidnh dUdc ddc Idp trai
qua nhieu ndm dd'u tranh kien cUdng, anh
dung Khoang thdi gian ngdn ngui gifla hai
cupc chien tranh the gidi (1919-1939) da
khdng dem lai mdt n I n hoa binh vflng chdc
vd sfl binh yen thflc sfl ddi vdi mdi qud'c gia
chdu Au ndi rieng va the' gidi ndi chung, ma
ngupc lai ddy lai Id giai doan khung hoang
thudng xuyen Cd the ndi, nhflng he qua
tieu cflc cua cudc Chien tranh thd gidi thfl
Nhd't (1914-1918), nhflng h a n che cila trdt
tfl Versailles - Washington, he qua tieu cflc
cua cudc dai khung hoang kinh te' the gidi
1929-1933, da cd tac ddng da chilu tdi td^t
ca cdc qud'c gia Bancdng ndi rieng, chdu Au
ndi chung Thiic td, cdc cU dan sinh sd'ng
tren ban dao Bancdng chi dUdc tdn hudng
bdu khdng khi hod binh vd thinh vUdng chi
trong vai ndm ngan ngili, rdi sau dd, mpi
viec deu diin bid'n theo hUdng khac, ddy
tinh tieu ciic, ma dinh cao Id sau nam 1940,
ban dao Bancdng da thiic sU trd thanh
chien trUdng cua cac chien dich quan sU ldn, khdc liet Vay sau khi dd gidnh dUdc ddc Idp, trd thdnh nhflng nhd nfldc ddn tpc thd'ng nhd't, chinh sach ddi ngoai cua cdc qud'c gia tren ban dao Bancdng cd nhflng diem gi mdi so vdi giai doan trfldc dd? Mdi quan h$ ddng minh lien Bancang lieu cd dfldc thiet Idp? Cac qud'c gia Bancang cd nhflng dd'i sdch gi de ngdn can dfldc sfl can thiep cua cac cfldng qud'c chdu Au, nhdm bao ve thdnh cdng ldi ich dan tpc? Trong khudn khd cua bai viet ndy, chung tdi mudn gdp phdn lam sang td nhflng cdu hdi neu tren
2 NhiJng n h a n to' t a c d p n g d e n m o i
quan h§ giiifa c u a c a c q u o c gia B a n c a n g sau Chien tranh t h e gidi thiif N h a t
Sau khi cudc chien tranh ddm mdu ddu tien trong lich sil n h a n loai ket thuc, cdc qud'c gia tren ban dao Bancang tie'p tuc
chiu sfl tac ddng sau sac cua boi cdnh chdu
Au vd the gidi Sfl bien mdt tren san khd'u
chinh tri chdu Au cua bd'n cfldng qud'c tflng
cd anh hfldng to ldn, ldu dai tdi tie'n trinh lich sfl cua ban dao Bancdng (de qud'c Ottoman, de qud'c Ao - Hung, de qudc Nga
va de qud'c Dflc) da thflc sU tao ra nhflng cd
•PGS.TS Khoa Ljeh sfl - Trudng D?ii hoc Su pham Hd Npi
Trang 240 Rghien curu Lich sit, sd 6.2010
hdi phdt trien mdi ddi vdi cdc nha nUdc ddc
Idp non tre tren bdn dao Bancang, song
ddng thdi cung dUa lai khdng it thdch thflc
Ben canh dd, sfl bung nd vd thdng Ipi cua
cupc Cdch mang xa hdi chu nghia thdng
Mudi Nga nam 1917, viec thdnh Idp nUdc
Nga Xd viet cung cd tdc ddng khd manh tdi
ddi sd'ng chinh tri - xa hpi cac nUdc
Bancdng Nhflng tac ddng tieu cflc cila cudc
Dai khung hoang kinh te' the' gidi cudi thdp
nien 20 - ddu thdp nien 30 cua the' ky XX
vd sfl xud't hien, ldn manh cua chu nghia
xdt lai, chil nghia phdt xit d chau Au da
dUa den n h i l u thay ddi ldn trong chinh
sach ddi ndi, ddi ngoai cua chinh phu cac
nUdc Bancang
Su cang t h i n g trong ddi sd'ng xa hdi,
chinh tri d cdc nUdc Bancdng do tdc ddng
cua cdc cudc khung hoang kinh te da lam
sdu sdc them mau thudn ddn tdc, sdc tpc d
mdi qud'c gia vd gifla cdc qud'c gia Bancdng
vdi nhau Tfl nam 1919 trd di, td't ca cac
qud'c gia Bancdng d i u phai ddi mdt vdi 4
vd'n de cd ban: Thd nhd't Id sfl tiep tuc da'u
tranh gifla cdc ddn tpc trong khudn khd
nha nfldc dan tpc vd sfl xung dot ldi ich
gifla cac qud'c gia Bancdng lien quan de'n
dudng bien gidi, t r a n h chd'p lanh thd; Thd
hai la nhflng khd k h a n kinh te do hdu qua
cua chidn tranh; Thd ba Id anh hudng cua
nhdn to' nUdc Nga XP viet tren sdn kha'u
quan he qud'c te chau Au vd Thd tii Id sU
dilu chinh cac mdi quan he qudc te sao cho
phu hdp vdi bdi canh mdi d chdu luc vd
qud'c te'
Nhflng vdn de ddn tpc, mdu thudn ddn
tpc CM vd mdi trong khudn khd mdi qud'c gia
Bancang cd tdc ddng manh me de'n chinh
sdch ddi ngoai cua tflng nfldc Hp thd'ng cdc
hiep dinh hod binh dfldc ky ke't gifla cac
nfldc chie'n thdng vd chie'n bai trong cudc
Chien tranh the gidi thfl Nhd't trong nhflng nam 1919-1923 (3) da khdng nhflng khdng giai quyet dUdc vdn d l dan tpc gifla cac qud'c gia chau Au noi chung, Bancang ndi rieng, md lai cdn ldm cho nd cdng thdng vd phflc tap them Mdt thflc td Id, d tren ban dao Bancdng rd't khd xdc Idp dfldc mdt nhd nfldc dan tdc thudn nhd't cd dudng bien gidi dupc phan dinh r5 rdng Sau nam 1918, quyln dan tdc tU quyet dUdc nhd'n manh trong ddi sd'ng quan he qud'c te d chau Au,
vd cd the coi nd chinh Id 'Tdm chi nam" ddn dudng cho sfl thdnh Idp cdc nhd nfldc dan tdc thd'ng nhd't d chau Au dfla tren quy dinh cua cac hiep dinh hda binh cila he thd'ng Versailles Tuy vdy, cung cdn phai thdy rdng, do q u y l n ldi cua ban thdn mdi qud'c gia Bancdng ma each nhin nhdn v l nguyen tdc "quyln tfl quyet dan tdc" cung khdc nhau Cdc nfldc thdng t r a n mudn cd dfldc n h i l u chien ldi ph^m, trong khi cac
nfldc bai t r a n lai h&a viu vdo quyln tfl
quye't dan tdc de h a n che' nhflng mdt mat to ldn v l lanh thd He qua la n h i l u vung dd't lich sfl, ndi vd'n la que hfldng cua n h i l u ddn tpc da hi cat nhfldng, trao di ddi lai ma khdng cdn dfla tren tieu chi dan tdc Trong cdc qud'c gia Bancang thi Nam Tfl va Rumani la nhflng nfldc cd n h i l u phflc tap lien quan den vd'n d l dan tpc va xung dpt ddn tpc
Cac cudc xung dot dan tpc d Nam Tfl chii yeu xoay quanh mau thudn v l ldi fch gifla cdc dan tdc chie'm da so' nhfl Serbi, Croat, Sloveni vd Bosni theo Hdi giao; mau thudn gifla cac dan tdc chie'm da sd'vdi cdc dan tdc thieu sd (4); ben canh dd, mdu thudn gifla ngfldi Serbi vdi ngUdi Anbani (lien quan de'n viec kiem soat Kosovo (5), Vojvodina) Nam Tu cdn cd sU t r a n h chd'p v l lanh thd vdi Italia vd Ao (nhflng qudc gia kiem soat nhflng vung dd't cd ddng dao ngfldi Slavd
Trang 3rotfi qaan h& giura cAc (|udc gia Ban(Uing—
phfldng Nam, ngfldi Sloveni vd Croati sinh
sd'ng)
Chfnh phu Rumani cung phai dfldng
ddu vdi nhflng phflc tap v l vd'n d l dan tdc,
ddc biet la mdi quan he gifla ngfldi Rumani
chiem da so' vd cac cdng ddng dan tdc thieu
so Sau Chien tranh the gidi ldn thfl Nhd't,
ddn sd' nfldc Dai Rumani tang hdn 2 ldn so
vdi trfldc ndm 1914, ca'u tnic dan tpc cung
cd nhflng thay ddi quan trpng, hdn 5 trieu
ngfldi tren tdng so' hdn 18 trieu dan khdng
phai Id ngfldi Rumani (6)
Nhin nhan v l vdn d l dan tdc d Bancdng
sau nam 1918, trong cdng trinh nghien cflu
cua minh, mdt chuyen gia v l Lich sfl ban
dao Bancang, Barbara Jelavich da cho
rdng, "cdc che dp ddn tpc mdi se dp dung
mpt quan diem khong co cho cho sii thoa
hiep Vi the' cua mpt cong dong ddn tpc
thieu so'CO the bdt ldi hdn diidi sii tho'ng tri
cua hg so vdi cdc de'quo'c cu Nhin chung,
bdt cd hdnh dpng ndo nhdm chong lai
chinh quyen trung lidng hay ung hp sii thay
dPi the che' deu bi coi Id mpt hdnh dpng
phdn bpi^' (7)
Sau Chie'n tranh the gidi thfl Nhd't, bflc
tranh kinh te cua cdc qud'c gia Bancdng
thdt am dam Ngheo ddi vd sfl lac hdu cua
nIn kinh ^e'tiep tuc deo dudi cac nhd nfldc
dan tpc tre tudi Cd rd't n h i l u vdt can kim
ham qua trinh hdi phuc vd phat trien cua
nIn kinh te cac quoc gia Bancang sau chien
tranh Nhflng hllu qua quan sfl vd kinh te
cua mdt cudc chien kdo ddi khien cho cdc
nudc Bancang tham chie'n gdn nhU kiet
que Su thipt hfd v l ngUdi Id ra't ldn (Serbia
ma't 700.000 ngudi; •)»ungari - 300.000
ngudi (8); Rumani - 340.000 ngUdi (9),
dilu ndy cd anh hudng tieu ciic lau ddi tdi
ngudn cung cd'p sflc lao ddng cho n I n kinh
td Ben canh dd hdu het cac chinh phu
41
Bancdng deu vay mdt so' tien kha ldn tfl trfldc hay trong thdi gian xay r a chie'n tranh, viec t r a cac khoan vay nay cung khdng de giai quye't Trong cac nfldc Bancdng, Bungari vd Thd Nhi Ky la nhflng nfldc bai trdn (10), vd khoan bdi thfldng chien phf ma cac nfldc ndy phai tra cho cac nfldc thang tr^n cung da tao ra khdng ft khd khan cho n I n kinh te sau chien tranh (11) Sau nam 1918, sfl bien ddng cua cac thi trfldng t r u y i n thd'ng da gay n h i l u tac ddng tieu cflc tdi boat ddng ngoai thfldng cila cac nfldc Bancang Trfldc chien tranh, tuy cdn ban che song de qud'c Dflc vd Ao -Hung vdn la nhflng ddi tac thfldng mai hang ddu cua Serbia vd Rumani; sau ndm
1918, hai nfldc nay phai tim kiem cdc thi trudng thay the' khac Mdt vdt can mdi xud't hien, nhUng lai cd anh hfldng ldn tdi sfl phdt trien cua thi trfldng hen Bancdng dd chfnh la khuynh hfldng bao hd cila mdi qud'c gia Bancang ddi vdi n I n kinh te dan tdc tre tudi cua minh ngay cang dfldc tdng cfldng thdng qua viec thiet Idp hang rdo thue quan Cd the tha'y, kinh te tuy la mdt
n h a n td ddi ndi, song lai cd tac ddng ra't ldn de'n chfnh sach ddi ngoai cila mdi qud'c gia, nha't la trong bdi canh khi xay ra cudc dai khung hoang kinh te 1929 - 1933
Sfl bung nd, thdng Ipi cua cudc Cdch mang Xa hdi chu nghia thang Mfldi Nga nam 1917 va sfl ra ddi va ngay cang ldn
manh cua niidc Nga XP viet da khdng chi cd
tdc ddng sau sdc tdi dien bien cua cua cudc Chie'n tranh the gidi thfl Nhd't, ciing nhfl thdi dp cua cdc ben tham chien md nd cdn
de lai n h i l u tac dpng ldu dai tdi ddi sdng quan he qud'c te d chdu Au sau chie'n tranh Ddi vdi chinh phu td't ca cac nUdc tren ban dao Bancdng, sii tdn tai cua mdt cUdng qudc ludn cd vu nhflng thay ddi cdp tien trong td chflc chinh tri, kinh te, xd hdi cila
Trang 442 Rghign curu Lich sit sd 6.2010
cdc nha nfldc dang tdn tai d chau Au nhfl
nfldc Nga Xd viet (Lien Xd tfl 1922) trong
thdi gian gifla hai cudc chien tranh thd gidi
da tao r a nhflng lo ngai, t h u dich (gid'ng
nhfl each hdnh xii ciia cac nfldc phfldng
Tdy) He qua Id, cho den het thap nien 20
cua the ky XX, khdng mdt chfnh phu ndo d
Bancang cdng n h a n v l mat ngoai giao vd
thiet lap quan he vdi nfldc Nga Xd vie't/Lien
Xd (12) Sfl lo ngai nay khdng phai la
khdng cd cd sd, bdi le, ngay sau nam 1918,
d Nam Tfl (13) hay Bungari, cac dang
Cdng san (dfldc td chflc dfla tren cdc dang
Xd hdi mac xft hay Xa hdi - Dan chil) tuy
cdn rd't non tre (ddu dfldc thdnh Idp ndm
1919 (14), song da gianh dfldc nhflng
thang ldi ldn trong cac cudc bdu cil, khidn
cho cac dang canh hflu cua giai cdp tfl san
dang nam q u y l n phai canh gidc, thdn
trpng Thai dp ca'p tidn v l va'n de dan tpc
cila Qud'c te Cdng san tai Dai hdi ldn thfl 5
dupc td chflc vao n a m 1924 dd cd tdc ddng
sdu sdc den td't ca chfnh p h u cdc qud'c gia
Bancdng Viec Qud'c te Cdng san ddi hdi
tudn t h u "quyln dan tdc tU quye't" cua cac
dan tdc hi dp bflc d Macedonia, Tracia,
Croatia, Slovenia, Transilvania,
Dogrogea, Basarabia vd Bucovina; ddng
thdi yeu cdu Basarabia va Bucovina phai
dupc t r a lai cho Lien Xd, cdn d tren cac
Idnh thd cdn lai se t h a n h Idp cdc nhd nUdc
rieng re, trd t h a n h mdt bd p h a n cua Lien
bang Cdng san dUdi sfl lanh dao cua Lien
Xd (15) da gay ra sii lo ngai sau sdc cua
chfnh p h u cac nfldc Bancdng nhfl
Rumani, Nam Tfl, Hy Lap Rd rang, nfldc
Nga X6 vie't/Lien Xd la mpt n h a n td' quan
trpng ma b a t ky mdt chfnh p h u nao d ban
dao Bancang khdng the khdng tfnh ddn
khi xac dinh dfldng ldl ddi ngoai cua minh
trong nhflng ndm gifla hai cudc chidn
t r a n h the gidi
Sfl hinh thanh he thdng cdc dong minh mdi sau Chien t r a n h thd gidi thfl Nhd't
ciing Id mpt n h a n td^ cd anh hfldng ldn den chfnh sach ddi ngoai cua cac qud'c gia Bancdng
Vipc nfldc Nga Xd viet vd nfldc Dflc cd vai trd b a n che trong ddi sd'ng quan he qudc
te chau Au trong thdp nien 20 cua the ky
XX da tao d i l u kien t h u a n ldi cho cac cfldng qud'c khac p h a t huy va md rdng anh hfldng cila minh Phap trd thdnh cfldng qud'c hdng ddu tren chfnh trfldng chau Au sau chien tranh Mi^c tieu ma Phap theo dudi la ldm
sao phai duy t n statu-quo (nguyen trang)
ban dd chfnh tri chau Au da dfldc ve sau cac hiep dinh hod binh cua Hp thd'ng Versailles Mud'n vdy, cdn phai ngdn can thanh cdng qua trinh phuc hdi cila nfldc Dflc (nfldc cd mdi tham t h u t r u y i n kiep vdi Phdp, lai cd so' dan ddng hdn, cd tilm nang kinh td ldn hdn Phap) Ben canh viec dp dat Dflc phai bdi thudng mdt khoan bdi thudng chien phi khdng Id, vUdt qua kha ndng tai chfnh cila ca Dflc l i n he thd'ng tdi chfnh chdu Au, Phap cdn theo dudi vipc thiet Idp mdt vanh dai an ninh bao vay, cd Idp Dflc vdi sfl tham gia cua cac nfldc thdng trdn chd'p nhdn sfl lanh dao, chi huy cua nfldc ndy Sau khi My n i t bdt sfl can dfl cua minh vdo cac va'n d l cua chau Au sau chien tranh, Anh vd Phap (Italia se cung tham dfl sau dd) Id nhiJng cudng qudc tU cho minh Id nhflng nUdc cd trach nhiem phai bao ve h$ thdng cac hiep dinh hoa binh da dupc ky ket gifla phe thang t r ^ n vdi cac nfldc bai t r a n (16), nhdm duy tri ldi the' cd dfldc sau chien tranh, ddi phd khdng chi ddi vdi Dflc (ke thu cu) ma cdn vdi ca nUdc Nga
Xd viet/Lien Xd (ke t h u mdi) Ld cUdng qudc manh nhd^t d chdu Au luc dia sau nam 1918 nen Phap Id nUdc ludn khdi xUdng cdc sang kien ngoai giao cua chau Au Chinh sach
Trang 5^6i quan h& giCra cac qudc gia Bancang 42
ma Phap theo dudi Id lam sao phai thdng
nhd't trong mpt lien minh manh me td't ca
cac nudc dupc hudng ldi tfl he thd'ng cdc hod
udc, ddi phd hieu qua vdi sU phuc thu cung
nhu tu tudng xet lai cua nhiing nUdc thfl
dich (17) Theo tinh toan cua Phdp thi bdii
qud'c gia Ddng Au: Ba Lan, Tiep Khdc,
Rumani vd Nam Tfl la "mot trong nhiing
dong minh hy vong" (18) cila minh Nhfl
vay, trong sd'cac qud'c gia ndm tren ban dao
Bancdng, Nam Tfl va Rumani se cd mot vi
tri khdng the bd qua trong tinh todn chie'n
Ifldc cua Phdp
3 Ve m o i q u a n h e givla c a c q u o c gia
B a n c a n g t r o n g nhu(ng n a m 1919-1939
Cd the thd'y, sau Chien tranh the gidi
ldn thfl Nhd't, vi the qud'c te cua cac nfldc
ndm tren ban dao Bancang la rd't khdc
nhau Trong luc Viidng quo'c cua nhSng
ngiidi Serbi, Croat vd Sloveni (tfl 1929, ddi
ten Id Vudng quo'c Nam Tu), Rumani, Hy
Lap la nhflng nfldc thudc phe thdng trdn,
dUdc hudng ldi tfl nhflng quy dinh cua He
thd'ng Versailles thi Bungari vd Thd Nhi
Ky lai Id nhflng nfldc bai trdn He qua Id,
khi xem x6t ve chinh sach ddi ngoai cua cdc
nUdc Bancang trong thdi gian gifla hai cudc
chien tranh the gidi, theo chiing toi, cd the
tam phdn chia ldm hai nhom nfldc: nhom
thd nhdt gdm cd Nam Tii, Rumani vd Hy
Lap, Anbani Vdi nhom nay thi muc tieu
hang dau hp se phai theo dudi Id ldm sao
duy tri dupc sii tdn tai nguyen trang cua
dudng bien gidi dd dUdc xac dinh bdi he
thd'ng cdc hiep dinh hod binh, tim kiem mdi
quan he ddng minh tfl phia cac cfldng qud'c
dang ndm quyln "cdm can nay miic" d chau
Au sau chien t r a n h (Phdp, Anh), ddng thdi
phai ddi phd cd hieu qua vdi chu nghia xet
lai, tham vpng phuc t h u cua cac nUdc bai
trdn; nhom thd hai gdm Bungari, Tho Nhi
Ky Muc tieu ma nhom nay theo dudi la
lam sao phai xda bd dUdc nhflng quy dinh bd't ldi cua cac hiep dinh hda binh, khdi phuc lai sflc manh kinh te', qudn sfl, thu hdi lai nhflng vung dd't vd'n tflng ndm dfldi sfl kiem soat cua hp da bi tfldc doat Tuy nhien, de dat dfldc nhflng d i l u dd, viec Ifla
chpn ddng minh mdi khdng h i ddn gian Sii phdn hoa tren Id mpt vat cdn rd't ldn de'n viec xdc lap moi quan he hoa binh, thdn thien gida cdc qudc gia Bancdng sau chie'n tranh, gida hg vdi nhau co qud nhieu bdt hod deep the thiet lap diidc sU phdi hdp vdi nhau, doi pho co hieu qud sU can thiep tii phia cdc ciidng qudc
Sfl thay ddi cua tfldng quan Iflc Ifldng vd
vi the mdi cfldng qud'c chau Au sau nam
1918 dd tao cd sd cho cdc nfldc Bancdng thi hanh mdt dfldng ldl ddi ngoai ddc Idp, tfl chu d mflc dp nhd't dinh Cd the khang dinh rdng, chfla bao gid gifla cdc qud'c gia ndm d khu viic Nam Au vd Ddng Au ndy lai cd mdi
trUdng thudn ldi de p h a t trien moi quan he khu vUc, nhdm thiet Idp nen mdng cho mdi
quan he song phUdng va da phUdng mang tinh hieu biet ldn nhau, cung bao ve ldi ich chung cua ca ban dao Bancang trUdc sU can thiep cua cdc cUdng qud'c nhU da tflng dien
r a trong sud't chilu ddi lich sii Sau nam
1919, sfl sup dd, tan rd cua de' qud'c Nga va
de qudc Ao - Hung (hai cUdng qud'c da tiing thao tung ddi sd'ng quan he qudc te d khu vUc ndy trong sud't the ky XIX cho de'n • trUdc nam 1914), cung nhU sii sao nhang cua Anh ddi vdi khu vUc da tao ra nhflng khoang trd^ng "tich cflc" cho cac qud'c gia Bancdng the hien cdc sang kie'n ngoai giao cila minh Tuy Phap vd Italia da nd Iflc thiet lap mpt he tho'ng cac ddng minh mdi nang dpng d Dong Au, song ca hai d i u khong CO du t i l m Iflc quan sU cdn thiet nhdm cu the hod vd hien thiic boa nhanh chong dupc tham vpng cua minh d khu vUc
Trang 644 Rghien curu Lich siJr sd 6.2010 Nha nghien cflu M^, Barbara Jelavich,
da dung khi nhdn dinh rdng, tuy gifla cdc
nfldc Bancdng cd sfl tdn tai nhflng kha
ndng thiet Idp mdt td chflc khu viic mang
tinh xay dflng, song "viec thda ke sii thu
hdn td qud khd dd to ra la qud ldn" (19)
Td't ca cac qud'c gia Bancang d i u nam
quyln kiem soat nhflng vflng Idnh thd khdc
nhau vd'n tflng dfldc chuyen giao di chuyen
giao lai gifla cac nfldc lang gilng trfldc nam
1914, hoac bi cac cfldng qud'c cdt, nhfldng
sau cac cudc chie'n t r a n h gifla cac de' qud'c
trong sud't cdc the ky XIV - XIX (20) Thflc
the ndy khien cho cd hpi cila sfl hod giai
gifla hp vdi nhau la rd't it va mong manh
Ngay sau cudc Chien t r a n h the' gidi thfl
Nhd't ket thuc, sfl quan tam hdng dau cua
cdc nfldc thdng t r a n la lam sao phai bao ve
dfldc thdnh qua dd gianh dfldc Trong bdi
canh dien r a sfl dao ldn cdn cdn Iflc lfl(?ng
theo hfldng cd'p tien d chau Au khi dd, mdt
lien minh khu viic mang tinh chd't phdng
thu ddu tien da dfldc thdnh Idp vdo thdng 8
nam 1920 - khdi Tieu hiep lidc - vdi sfl
tham gia cila Nam Tfl, Rumani vd Tiep
lOidc Sfl thanh Idp khdi Tieu hiep fldc
-dfldc nhflng ngudi sang Idp coi la cdng cu
"bdo ve cdc diidng biin gidi dd diidc hiep
dinh Trianon quy dinh" (21) - da nhdn dUpc
sii hoan ngheng vd ung hd cua Phap, vdi hy
vpng thdng qua khdi nay se cung cd' vi the'
cua Phap d Ddng va Nam Au Phdp mudn
ben canh Rumani, Nam Tu vd Tiep Khdc,
khdi Tieu hiep Udc cdn ldi kdo dUdc sii tham
gia cila Ba Lan vd Hy Lap Cd y kie'n cho
rdng khdi Tieu hiep fldc dupc td chflc nhfl
Id mdt cdng cu cua gidi ngoai giao Phdp
nhdm duy tri statu-quo (nguyen trang),
ddng thdi nhdm chdiig lai Hunggari (22) vd
Bungari (23) Cd the thd'y khdi lien minh
nay khdng h i phu hdp chut nao cho viec
thuc d^y kha nang hod giai gifla cac nfldc
Bancdng ndi rieng va cdc nfldc Ddng vd Nam Au ndi chung Sii ra ddi cua khdi Tieu hiep Udc dpn dudng cho viec ky ket hang loat cdc hiep udc ddng minh song phUdng gifla cdc qudc gia chau Au Ngdy 14 thang 8 ndm 1920, hiep udc ddng minh gifla Nam Tfl vd Tiep Khdc da dupc ky ket Theo gUdng Nam Tu, ngdy 23 thang 4 nam 1921, Rumani cung da ky mpt hiep Udc ddng minh tUdng tii vdi Tiep Khdc Phdn md ddu cila hiep Udc neu ro muc dich cua hiep Udc
la "nhdm duy tri hod binh theo tinh thdn cua Hpi Quo'c Liin vd trdt tii diidc thiei lap
td hiep dinh Trianon" (24) Phdn ndi dung
gdm cd 7 d i l u khoan, d l cdp den each thflc hdnh ddng gifla cac ben nhdm ddi phd vdi mdt cudc ta'n cdng ba't ngd cua Hunggari Hiep fldc cd gid tri trong thdi ban 2 nam (dieu 5), ndi dung cua hiep fldc se dfldc thdng bdo cho Hdi Qud'c Lien (dilu 6) (25) Ngay 7 thang 6 ndm 1921, Bd trfldng Ngoai giao Nam Tfl, Nikola Pasic va ngfldi ddng cdp Rumani, Take lonescu da ky ke't hiep dinh ddng minh ddu tien gifla hai qudc gia Bancdng vdi nhau NhU vdy, thdng qua cac hiep dinh ddng minh song phUdng, ba nUdc (Nam Tu, Rumani vd Tiep Khdc) da thiet lap mdt lien minh phdng thu chung nhdm ddi phd vdi Hunggari Vay tai sao cac nUdc nay lai gdp gap khi dat but ky cac hipp dinh ddng minh nhfl vdy, khi vfla mdi ciing nhau ky vdi Hunggari hipp dinh Trianon hdn mdt ndm trfldc dd Theo nghien cflu cua Nicolae Ciachir, nhd sfl hpc Rumani, sfl vdi va dd xud't phat tfl sU kien thang 3 nam 1921, ciiu hoang de cua de qud'c Ao -Hung, Carol de Habsburg, da quay trd lai HunggEiri, tim each gidnh lai ngai vdng Ngay Idp tflc, ca Nam Tfl, Rumani ldn Tipp Khdc d i u tuyen bd" sfl dung vu Iflc neu cdn
de chdiig lai am mflu dd, se cat quan hp ngoai giao vdi Hunggari Trfldc tinh hinh
Trang 7rodi quan h0 giira cac qudc gia Banctog 45
dd, Hpi nghi cac dai sfl dd nhdm hpp tai
Paris va thong qua Nghi quyet ngdy 31
thdng 3 nam 1921, bupc Hunggari phai tdn
trpng tuyen bd' cua Hdi nghi hod binh ngdy 2
thdng 2 nam 1920, trong dd neu ro viec phuc
hdi lai vfldng trieu Hapsburg la bi cdm
Khdng the di ngU(Jc lai y chi cua cdc cUdng
qudc thang trdn, ngdy 3 thang 11 ndm 1921,
Qudc hdi Hunggari budc phai buy bd quyen
thfla ke ngai vdng cua hodng gia Ao va
Carol de Habsburg (Carol TV) bi true xud't
vd dp giai den qudn dao Madeira (26)
Trong nhflng nam 30 cua the ky XX, cdc
qud'c gia Bancdng da cd nhflng cd' gdng
nhdm hod giai, xod bd sfl hdn thu gifla cac
ben, cac nfldc vd'n ddi nghich nhau trong
cudc Chie'n tranh the' gidi thfl Nha't, tie'n tdi
thiet lap mdi lien he khdng kbit hdn gifla
cdc nfldc cung ndm tren mdt ban dao Budc
di quan trpng ddu tien da dien ra tai Aten
(Hy Lap) vdo thdng 10 ndm 1930 khi Hdi
nghi Bancdng dUdc khai mac Cudc gap
khong chinh thflc nay da thu hut dfldc sfl
tham gia cua dai dien cac td chflc van boa
va nghe nghipp, dai dien cdc trfldng dai
hpc, vd cac chinh tri gia Nhilu uy ban
chuyen mdn dfldc thdnh lap, mpt sd^ budi
giao lUu va trao ddi van hoa gifla cdc qud'c
gia Bancang da dfldc ky ke't
Su kien Hitler va Dang Qud'c xa ndm
quyln lUc d nUdc Dflc (thang 1 nam 1933),
dac biet Id viec Dflc n i t khdi Hpi Qud'c Lien
vd Hdi nghi qud'c te v l giai trfl qudn bi tai
Geneva (thdng 11 nam 1933) cung nhU
hdnh ddng cua Mussolini (27) ddi xem xet
lai cdc dudng bien gidi dUdc thiet Idp tfl he
thd'ng Versailles dd khdng chi ldm cho
Rumani md ta't ca cdc ddng minh Bancang
khac trong khudn khd khoi Tieu hiep fldc lo
ngai (28), tim each ddi pho vdi sU bien dpng
day nguy hiem cua ddi sd^ng quan he qud'c
te' chau Au
Ngay trong thang 10 ndm 1933, Bd trUdng Ngoai giao Rumani da tien hdnh chuyen vieng thdm Thd Nhi Ky vd ky ket
"hiep lidc hdu nghi, khong xdm liidc, phdn
xd tranh chap theo hiidng thoa hiep gida Rumani vd Thd Nhi Ky" (29), tao cd sd cho
sU gdn gui vd phdi hdp chdt che trong nhflng nd Iflc dam bao a n ninh, hod binh d khu viic bdn dao Bancdng Mdt sfl kien khdc cung cdn dfldc nhdc de'n, tai phien hpp cua Hdi ddng Thudng tnic cua khdi Tieu hiep Udc tai Zagreb (Nam Tu) vdo thdng 1 nam 1934, doan dai bieu Tidp Khdc dd ddng y viec ky ket mdt Thoa thu^n
Bancang, "nhdm phot hdp nhiing nP lUc cua cdc niidc nhdm chdng lai chu nghia xet lai dDPng - Nam Au" (30)
Viec Bungari va Anbani, nhflng nfldc chiu anh hfldng cua Dflc vd Italia, khdng cd bd't cfl ddng thai ndo nhdm dap lai ldi d l nghi cung xdy diing mdt td chflc khu viic nhdm cung cd' an ninh vd gin gifl hod binh
d Bancdng da thuc d^y cac nfldc tren bdn dao Bancdng phai hdnh dpng gd'p Tai tbil
dd Aten cila Hy Lap ngdy 9 thdng 2 nam
1934, Bp trUdng Ngoai giao cua bd'n qud'c gia Bancang la Hy Lap (Demetrios Maximos), Rumani (Nicolae Titulescu), Thd Nhi Ky (Tewfik RUstu Aras) vd Nam Tu
(Bogoliub Jeftic) da ky ket Thoa thudn Bancdng gdm cd 3 dieu khoan (31) Phdn
md ddu cua ban Thoan thudn neu ro ly do cua cdc nUdc khi quye't dinh ky ke't nd Id
"xudt phdt td long mong mudn gop phdn vdo viic cung cp'hod binh d Bancdng; thdm nhudn tinh thdn hiiu biit vd hod gidi diidc neu ra trong Hiep Udc Briand - Kellog (32)
vd quyei dinh liin quan de'n hiep Udc ndy ciia Hpi Qudc Liin; dong thdi vdi quyet tdm mg.nh me nhdm duy tri sU tPn tg.i cua cdc thoa thudn co liin quan din duy tri trdt tU ICnh thn hien thdi d Bancdng" (33) Ndi
Trang 846 Rghien curu Lich sJr sd 6.2010 dung cd ban cila 3 d i l u khoan da cho thd'y
mong mdi cua bd'n qud'c gia Bancdng vdo
thdi diem gifla nhflng nam 30 cua the ky
XX Dilu 1 chi r5: "Hy Lap, Rumani, Tho
Nhi Ky vd Nam Tu cung nhau ddm bdo sU
an todn cua tdt cd ngUdi ddn d Bancdng";
dilu 2 cd ndi dung la: "Cdc ben tham gia ky
Thoa thudn co nghia vu dUa ra y kie'n cua
minh ve nhSng bien phdp se dp dung trong
tiing trUdng hdp cu the nhdm bdo ve ldi ich
cua minh Cdc ben co nghia vu khong sd
dung bdt cd hdnh dpng chinh tri trUdc bdt
ky mpt nUdc Bancdng ndo khdc khPng tham
gia ky Thoa thudn, trUdc khi co sii tham
khao y kii'n chung vd se khong nhdn bd't ky
nghia vu chinh tri ndo trUdc bdt ky mpt
nUdc Bancdng ndo khdc trUdc khi co sU
dPng thudn cua cdc ben ky ke't Thod
thudn" Npi dung cua d i l u 3 cung chi ro
rdng: "Thoa thudn ndy se co gid tri hieu lUc
ngay sau khi dUdc chinh quyen cdc nUdc
phi chudn trong thdi gian nhanh nhdt co
the Thod thudn se md cda cho bdt ky nUdc
Bancdng ndo mong muo'n gia nhdp, sau khi
dUdc cdc nUdc ky Thod thudn xem xet vd co
sUdong thudn" (34)
Tinh cha't phong thu ciia Thoa thuan
Bancang da dfldc k h i n g dinh them trong
Phdn Phu luc cua vdn ban ndy khi chi ro:
"Thod thudn khong nhdm chdng lg,i bdt ky
cUdng qudc ndo, no chi Id mot cong cu
phong thu Thod thudn se khong dUdc thiic
hien trong trUdng hdp mpt trong so'cdc ben
tham gia ky Thod thuan co hdnh dpng xdm
lUdc" (35) De khdng gdy sfl hieu ldm cho
Lien Xd, Bd trfldng Ngoai giao Thd Nhi Ky
cung dd ra tuyen bd' ngay sau khi ky Thoa
thudn, trong dd k h i n g dinh rdng: "Trong
bdt ky trudng hdp ndo Thd Nhi Ky cung
khPng cho phep coi Thod thudn Bancdng Id
mpt vdn kien nhdm chong lai Liin Xd" (36)
Thoa thudn Ban cdng da ddt nen mdng cho
sii ra ddi cua Khoi Thod thudn Bancdng
gdm 4 nudc: Nam Tu, Hy Lap, Rumani vd Thd Nhi Ky
Cd the thdy, sU thdnh Idp khdi Tieu hiep Udc (Nam Tu, Rumani, Tiep Khdc) va khdi Thod thudn Bancdng (Nam TU, Hy Lap,
Rumani vd Thd Nhi Ky) trong nhflng thdp nien 20 vd 30 cua the ky XX da tao thdnh mdt lien minh mang tinh chdt phdng thu d khu viic Nam vd Ddng Au, vdi so' ddn tdi 70 trieu ngUdi (37), cd the coi la nhflng nd Iflc cila cdc nfldc Bancdng nhdm chd'ng lai chu nghia xdt lai va banh trfldng dang ngay cdng trd nen m a n h me d chdu Au
Tuy da tuyen bd' cdng khai v l kha ndng gia nhdp td chflc khu viic cua cdc nUdc khac
ndm tren ban dao Bancang song khoi Thod thudn Bancdng da khong ldi kdo dUdc sU
tham gia cua Bungari vd Anbani Theo chung tdi, nhflng mau thudn sau sdc v l lanh thd, quyln kiem soat cac vung ddt lich sfl da khien cho sfl hdn thu gifla cdc qud'c gia Bancdng trong qua khfl Id khdng de xod
bd Viec Bungari vd Anbani dflng ngoai khdi da khien cho khdi Hiep fldc Bancdng chi Id mdt cdng cu de mdt so' nfldc thdnh vien sfl dung de chd'ng lai sU phan khdng cua Bungari vd duy tri dudng bien gidi dang tdn tai Mdt trong nhflng diem ye'u cd
ban cua khoi Thod thudn Bancdng Id mdi
thanh vien trong khdi d i u khdng sdn sang bao ve ldi ich cua cdc ddng minh khac trfldc sfl can thiep cua cdc cUdng quo'c (Hy Lap khdng h i cd y dinh can thiep vao cudc xung dot Nam TU - Italia; Thd Nhi Ky khdng mudn can dii trong tnidng hdp xay ra cudc chie'n tranh Nga - Rumani), viec hp coi nhau la ddng minh chi de nhdm ddi phd vdi Bungari Thflc te nay cho tha'y, cdc cam ke't gifla cac nfldc tham gia khdi Thoa thudn
Bancang "khong thiic sU co ich" (38)
Trang 9EPdi quan ha giUa e^c qudc gia Bancang 47
Mpt vf du nfla v l sfl cd'gdng nfla cila cac
nfldc Bancang nhdm bao ve boa binh cua
khu viic la viec ngay 20 thang 7 ndm 1936,
da sd' cac nfldc Bancang: Thd Nhi Ky,
Rumani, Bungari, Nam Tfl vd Hy Lap da
tham gia ky Hi4p Udc Montreux (hiep dinh
v l che dp ddi vdi cac eo bien Den,
Dardanele va Bosfor) cung vdi cac cfldng
qud'c nhfl Phdp, Anh, Lien Xd va Nhdt Ban
Dieu dang ndi la hiep dinh ndy khdng chi
giup cho Thd Nhi Ky gianh lai chil quyln
ddi vdi cdc eo bien Den ma nd cdn quy dinh,
"ddi vdi tdt cd cdc nUdc tiep gidp vdi bien
Ben thi se khPng co bdt ky han che ndo ddi
vdi cdc tdu chien cua hg td Bia Trung Hdi
ra hay vdo bien Ben thPng qua cdc eo biin
Dardanele vd Bosfor'' (39)
Sfl thoa hiep cua Anh, Phap trfldc
nhflng hanh ddng xam Ifldc cila phdt xft
Dflc, Italia da cd tdc ddng sau sdc tdi van
menh cua cdc qud'c gia Bancdng cung nhfl
mdi quan hp gifla cdc nfldc trong khu viic
Sfl kien Dflc de ddng sap nhdp do vao ben
trong dfldng bien gidi cua nfldc ndy (thdng
3 nam 1938) dd khuyen khi'ch Hitler h a n h
ddng manh tay hdn Vi ldi fch cila ban
than, Anh vd Phdp da nhfldng bd mdt each
dang xd'u hd trfldc tham vpng lanh thd ngay
cdng ldn cua Hitler Thod thuan Miinkhen
ngdy 30 thdng 12 nam 1938 khdng chi giup
cho Dflc nud't gpn Tiep Khdc ma nd cdn ldm
tan ra khdi Tieu hiep fldc sau 18 ndm tdn
tai (1920 - 1938), khien cho Rumani vd
Nam Tfl them lo sd v l so' phdn cila minh
khi md cac cfldng qud'c da bdt tay vdi nhau
de phan chia khu viic anh hfldng Cho de'n
thdi diem bung nd cudc Chie'n tranh thd
gidi thfl Hai (thdng 9 ndm 1939), cac nfldc
Bancang khdng the tfl bao v$ dfldc minh
nfla Cd thd coi sii kipn ngdy 23 thang 8
nam 1939 da tao r a bUdc ngoat quan trpng
trong dfldng loi doi ngoai cua Rumani khi
Bd trfldng Bd Ngoai giao Lien Xd Molotov
vd Bp trfldng Ngoai giao Dflc Ribbentrop kf thoa thudn hai nfldc khdng xam Ifldc ldn nhau, cvmg nhau p h a n chia khu vflc anh hfldng (trong ndi dung cua Nghi dinh thfl
bf mdt di'nh kdm Thoa thudn Xd - Dflc cd
neu ro: "Liin quan din khu vUc DPng vd Nam Au, phia Liin XP nhdn manh din ldi ich cua minh d Basarabia Phia Bdc tuyen bo'khPng he quan tdm dudi goc dp chinh tri din khu vUc lanh thd ndy" (40) Hp qua la,
trong bdi canh cac cfldng qud'c Anh, Phap thd d Lien Xd vd Dflc bdt tay vdi nhau, Rumani cung gidng nhfl cac nfldc Bancdng khac da khdng the cfl lai sflc dp tfl phfa Dflc vd Italia, ldn Ifldt trd thdnh ddng minh hay chfl hdu cila phe p h a t xft
3 K e t l u a n Khoang thdi gian hda binh qua ngdn ngili, hiem hoi gifla hai cudc chien tranh ldn tan khdc da khdng hda giai dfldc mdi quan he gifla cac nfldc Bancang thudc phe thang t r a n vdi cac nfldc thudc phe bai tran trong cudc Chien t r a n h the gidi thfl Nha't
Do nhflng mau t h u l n ve vSfn d l t r a n h cha'p
lanh thd, cpng them s\f hiem khfch v l va'n
d l dan tdc da lam cho cd hdi thiet Idp mpt nen hod binh, hflu nghi gifla cac qudc gia Bancdng trd ndn ra't nhd nhoi
Mdt sfl t h a t Id cac nfldc Bancdng da khdng cd kha nang tao Idp dfldc mdt cd sd vflng chdc cho sfl hdp tac vd bao ve ldn
nhau trfldc sflc dp tfl ben ngodi Tfl niia sau
thdp nien 30 cua the' ky XX, trong bdi canh phat xft Dflc (41) va p h a t xft Italia ngdy cdng bdc Id ro tham vpng vd tfnh toan chien Ifldc cua minh ddi vdi ban dao Bancang; vide Phap giam bdt sfl chu y tdi cac vd'n d l cila Ddng va Nam Au; viec Lien Xd vd Dflc
cd nhflng nhfldng bd tam thdi vdi nhau da khidn cho sfl an todn cua cac nfldc trong
Trang 1048
Rghi&n curu Lich sJr sd 6.2010 khu vflc trd nen mong m a n h (42) Cd the
thd'y, cung gid'ng nhfl sud't chilu ddi lich sfl,
trong tien t r i n h p h a t trien cila minh, cac
qud'c gia Bancang do n a m d vi the dia
-chfnh tri quan trpng nen khd thoat khdi sfl
nhdm ngd va t h a m vpng thao t u n g cua cac
cfldng qud'c Trinh dp p h a t trien tha'p v l
kinh te cua khu vflc Bancdng so vdi mdt bang chung cua chau Au, cdng vdi nhflng di san tieu cue qua ldn cua qua khfl ve lanh thd, dan tpc da khien cho cd hdi t h a n h cdng trong qua trinh phdn da'u cho sfl thinh vfldng cua cdc nfldc nam d phfa Nam vd Ddng Au nay thdt hiem hoi va mong manh
CHU THICH
(1) TU nam 1918 den nam 1929 ten gpi chinh
thUc cua quoc gia nay la Viidng qudc cua ngiidi
Serbi, Croat vd Sloveni Den nam 1929 dUpc dd'i
ten la VUcfng qudc Nam Tii (Yugoslavia) Song de
thuan tipn, chiing tdi xin dUdc ph6p dilng ten gpi
ngan Nam Tii de chi vUng lanh thd' ciia ngudi
Slavd phUdng Nam trong khoang thdi gian nghien
ciiu ciia bai viet
(2) Tuy phan ldn lanh thd' cua Thd' Nhi K^ nam
b chau A, song trong khudn kho cua bai viet nay,
chiing tdi v i n coi Tho Nhi K^ la mpt quoc gia
thupc ban dao Bancang bdi mpt so li do sau: Thii
nhdt, dudi khfa canh lich sul, trong nhieu the ky,
de quoc Ottoman/Thd' NhT K;^ nam quyen kiem
soat ban dao BancSng; ThU hai, vdi tha't bai trong
cupc Chien tranh the gidi thii Nha't, Thd' Nhi Kj>
budc phai ki Hda Udc Sevres (thang 8 nam 1920)
vdi cac nUdc thudc phe thSng tran Theo qui dinh
ciia Hipp dinh Sevres, b phin da't thupc chau Au,
Thd' Nhi K^ vSn cdn kiem soat dUdc thanh phd'
Constantinople (Istambul) va viing ngoai d NhU
vay v i n cd the coi Thd' Nhi K^ la mpt quoc gia
chau Au
Lien quan de'n khai nipm "dpc lap", dd'i vdi
trudng hpp cua Thd' Nhi K^ cung dn hieu khai
nipm nay cd nhiing diem khac khi so sanh vdi cac
qud'c gia khac tren ban dao Bancang De qud'c
Ottoman (Thd' Nhi K^ la h^t nhan) vao thdi kj>
thinh tri (khoang tii cud'i the ky XVI den giiia the
ky XVIII) da tiing kiem soat nhflng vung lanh thd'
rdng ldn v l t ngang qua ba chau luc Au, A, Phi Su
thong tri ciia Ottoman d chau Au gom toan bd viing lanh thd' phia Nam Au va phan ldn Ddng Au (ban dao Bancang) Tuy nhien, tii cuoi the ky XVIII, de qud'c Ottoman ngay cang suy yeu, khung hoang roi suy svp, trd thanh con bpnh cua chau
Au Day chinh la hoan canh vd ciing thuan Ipi de cac dan tpc sinh sdrig tren ban dao Bancang (Hy Lap, Serbi, Rumani, Anbani, Bungari ) vilng len da'u tranh chd'ng lai ach ap bUc cua de quoc
Ottoman, gianh lai chu quyen, t\f do Ben canh dd,
si^l suy ye'u cua Ottoman cung da tao cd hdi cho cac cUdng qudc chau Au can thipp vao cdng vipc ndi bd cua de quoc Tii cuoi the ky XVIII den dau the ky
XX, cac de qudc Anh, Phap, DUc, Nga, Ao/Ao -Hung (1867-1918), Italia da tranh gianh quyet lipt
anh hudng b de quoc Ottoman, thao tiing ve kinh
te, tai chinh, khien cho quyen lUc ciia hoang de (Sultan) Ottoman chi la hu vd Trong cupc Chig'n tranh the gidi thfl nha't, Ottoman thupc phe Lien minh (Dflc, Ao - Hung, Bungari) Do la mpt nUdc thupc phe bpi tran nen sau nam 1918, tinh hinh npi bp Ottoman ngay cang roi ren, cac cUdng quoc thang tran tiep tyc thao tung chinh sach doi npi, doi ngoai cua Ottoman, nhieu vflng lanh thd von thupc quyen kiem soat cua de quoc bi cfit x6t Trong boi canh dd, cupc each mang no' ra thang 11 nam 1922 da xoa bo che dp phong kien ton tai
hang nghin nam b Thd' Nhi K^, md dudng cho vipc
tuyen bo thanh lap nUdc Cpng hoa Thd' NhT K^ vao thang 11 nam 1923 Si^ kipn trpng d^i nay cung da
gdp phin giup cho quoc gia nay thoat khdi si^ thao
tung, kiem soat ciia cac cUdng quoc chau Au ve