Bài viết trình bày phân loại hệ thống quốc tế trong nghiên cứu lịch sử quan hệ quốc tế dựa trên đặc điểm không gian địa lý; dựa trên lĩnh vực tương tác; dựa vào trạng thái, tính chất; dựa vào sự phân bố quyền lực hay cơ cấu quyền lực; sự phân chia hệ thống quốc tế của Morton Kaplan...
Trang 1PH^N LOfll H€ THONG OUOC T€ TRONG
NGHICN ClhJ LiCH SUT QUflN HC QU6c TC
f,'; v j n - ;
HOANG K H A C NAM*
He thd'ng qud'c t l la tdng hdp cac chu
the quan he qud'c td' (QHQT) va sQ
tQdng tac l i n n h a u giQa chung dQdc cd c i u
theo nhiing luM 1? va mau hinh n h i t dinh
He thd'ng qud'c te' la mot quan nidm ly lu^n
dQdc xay dOng dQa tren ly thuyd't he thd'ng
X u i t p h a t tQ Ly thuyd't he thd'ng chung
{General Systems Theory) cua hoc gia ngQdi
Ao Ludwig von BertManffi, each t i l p can
va phan tich he thd'ng dQdc ap dung trong
Idioa hoc xa hdi tQ nhQng nam 1950-1960,
trong dd cd Uch sQ QHQT Mot sd' hoc gia
ndi tilng nhU Morton Kaplan, Rosecranee,
Kenneth WMtz, Gilpin, Joseph Nye la
nhQng vi du cua vide p h a t trien ly thuyd't
he thd'ng trong linh vQc nghidn cQu nay
Hidn nay, ly luEln he thd'ng qud'c te da dQdc
i p dung Idia rdng rM trong nghien cQu
QHQT ndi chung, lich sQ QHQT ndi ridng
Trong nghien cQu QHQT, t h u a t ngQ "he
thd'ng qud'c tl*' dQdc hieu theo hai nghia
Idiae nhau Nghia d i u tien la de chi mdt
phQdng phap nghidn cQu hay rdng hdn la
mdt c i p do nghien cQu Nghia thQ hM la de
md ta he thd'ng cie qud'c gia hay rdng hdn
la he thd'ng cae chu the QHQT x u i t phat tQ
each tid'p can he thd'ng Ca hM nghia nay
deu khien he thd'ng qud'c t l cd the dQdc ap
dung trong nghidn cQu lich sQ QHQT Vdi y
nghia la phQdng phap, he thd'ng qud'c te
dQdc sQ dung nhQ cdng cu de phat hidn va
p h a n tich cac ye'u to' lidn quan dd'n sQ van ddng QHQT trong lich sQ Vdi y nghia p h a n anh thiic tien g i n kd't giQa cae qud'c gia, h? thd'ng qud'c t l chinh la sQ the hien qua trinh p h a t trien cua QHQT theo thdi gian Tuy nhidn, vide ap dung nay IM tQdng ddi Idiac n h a u do dQa trdn nhQng each
p h a n loai he thd'ng qud'c td' k h i c nhau S Q
p h a n loM Idiie n h a u x u i t p h a t tQ cich tid'p can khac n h a u vdi nhQng tidu chi k h i c nhau S Q p h a n loai Idiac n h a u la d i l u binh thQdng bdi tuy thudc vao muc tieu nghien cQu Idiac nhau Mdi c i c h p h a n loM d i u cd nhQng Qu diem ridng khi hQdng tdi lam rd
sQ van ddng eua ydu td' nao dd trong he thd'ng qud'c td' Vi t h i , vide tim hieu cac cich
p h a n loai khac n h a u se giup dem them sQ
da dang va linh boat trong nghien cQu QHQT va lich sQ
X u i t phat tQ ly do dd, bM vid't n i y n h i m gidi thieu mot sd' each phan loai h? thdiig
qude te chii y l u ma cd the vkn dung dQdc vao
trong nghidn cQu Uch sQ QHQT Cie each phan loai nay diia trdn nhiing tieu chi khac nhau nhQ dac diem khdng gian dia ly, linh vQc tQdng tac, trang thM va tinh chit, cd c i u
p h a n bd'quyin liie cua he thd'ng qud'c td',
1 DQa t r e n d a c d i e m k h o n g g i a n dja ly Theo each phan loM nay, h? thd'ng qucic te dQdc phan chia lam hM loai: He thd'ng qude te toan c i u (hay cdn goi la he thd'ng toan ciu, h?
•PGS.TS Khoa Qude te hoc - TrUdng DHKHXH&NV - DHQG HN
Trang 2thd'ng the' gidi) va he thd'ng qude te' Idiu vQc
(hay cdn goi l i he thd'ng khu vQc)
H^ thd'ng toan c i u la de chi he thd'ng
qud'c t l cd quy md Ididng gian dia ly k h i p
t h i gidi hoac g i n k h i p t h i gidi He thd'ng
toan c i u chi x u i t hi?n khi QHQT da p h a t
trien dat tdi quy md toan c i u , idii sQ phu
thudc l i n n h a u giQa eic ehu the QHQT
cung dien r a k h i p t h i gidi Trong lich sQ
QHQT, chi cd hM h ? thd'ng qud'c t l dQdc coi
la h? thd'ng toan c i u Dd la he thd'ng qud'c
t l thdi ky 1945-1991 va he thd'ng qud'c t l
sau Chien t r a n h lanh hidn nay
H? thong Idiu vQc de chi he thd'ng qud'c
t l cd quy md Ididng gian trong mdt khu vQc
dia ly nao dd cua t h i gidi Theo dinh nghia
cua BrMUard Ph va DjMili M.R., he thd'ng
khu vQc la "tdng hdp cac tQdng t i c dac
trQng trdn cd sd sQ phu thudc vao dia ly"
(1) N l u dQa trdn IdiM nidm he thd'ng qud'c
td' nhQ da trinh bay d trdn thi he thd'ng khu
vQc cd the dQdc hieu la "tdng hdp eic chu
the QHQT g i n bd trong cung mdt Idiu vQc
dia ly va nhQng tQdng t i c dac trQng ciia
chung" Trong thiic tien Uch sQ, he thdng
khu vQc x u i t hidn tnide he thong toan c i u
khi QHQT mdi chi p h i t t r i l n tren quy md
khu vQc NhQng khi he thd'ng qud'c t l toan
c i u hinh thanh, he thd'ng Idiu vQc v i n tid'p
tuc tdn tai va trd t h a n h nhiing tieu he thd'ng
bdn trong h? thd'ng dd, tQc la mdt dang p h i n
tQ ciia he thd'ng qude t l toan eiu
Trdn ed sd dd ma ngQdi ta cd the chia t h i
gidi thanh cie h? thd'ng khu vQc nhQ chau
Au, chau Phi, chau My, chau A Cae he
thd'ng khu vQc nay ciing dQdc chia tid'p thMih
cac tieu h? thd'ng khu vQc nhd hdn nhQ Tay
Au va Ddng Au d chau Au; Bic My, My
Latinh d chau My; Ddng Nam A, Ddng Bie
A, Nam A, Trung CMi Ddng d chau A; Bic
Phi, Trung Phi, Nam chau Phi d chau Phi
Tham chi, eic tieu he thd'ng khu vQc nay cdn
dQdc chia nhd tid'p nQa nhQ Ddng Nam A hai
dao va Ddng Nam A luc dia, nhQ Benelux ciia Tay Au va Balkan cua Ddng Au
Tuy cung la mot p h i n tQ ciia h? thd'ng qud'c t l toan c i u , song h$ thd'ng khu vQc thQdng la mot he thd'ng k h i chat do cd
n h i l u mdl tQdng t i c lau ddi, sau s i c va phong phu hdn so vdi he thong qud'c t l toan
c i u Ddi vdi cie he thd'ng Idiu vQc chat che, h? thd'ng toan c i u n h i l u khi lai ddng vM trd nhQ mdi trQdng bdn ngoM ciia he thd'ng khu vQc Trong h ? thd'ng Idiu vQc nay, eic
p h i n tii thQdng chiu tac ddng tQ h? thong khu vQc n h i l u hdn la he thdiig toan c i u bdi khu vQc la mdi tnidng trQc t i l p Nhin chung hidn nay, he thdng k h u vQc v i n tdn tai manh me trong he thohg toan e i u va thQdng mang theo minh nhQng dac trQng ridng ca ve chinh t h i l i n tQdng t i c giQa cac
p h i n tQ cua he thdiig
Cung diia trdn yeu to' dia ly, cd ngQdi
p h a n chia k i t hdp vdi ydu to chinh trj
t h a n h Ddng va Tay nhQ trong C h i l n tranh lanh (y thQc he, e h i do chinh tri, chie'n iQdc
an ninh ), kd't hdp vdi y l u to'kinh te thanh
B i c va Nam nhQ hidn nay (mQc do giau nghdo, trinh do p h i t trien kinh t^ ) (2) Mac
du eic t h u a t ngQ nay dQdc sQ dung Idii phd bid'n nhQng Bic, Nam, Ddng, Tay khdng hoan toan la nhiing h? thd'ng Xdt theo quan diem cua chu nghia khu vQc, dd khdng phai
la cie khu vQc ma chi l i tap hdp nhiing
p h i n tii cd ctmg nhQng dac diem chung ve chinh tri hay kinh te va diing t h u a t ngQ dia
ly de md t a Qdc Id ma thdi
Uu d i l m ciia each p h a n loai nay la giup
t h i y dQdc qua trinh md rdng cua QHQT trong lich sQ va hien tai Nd cung giup tim hieu thdm eic xu hQdng toan c i u hda, khu vQc hda va mdl tQdng tac giQa chung NgoM
ra, each phan loai nay ciing giup t h i y cac
t i e ddng tQ ca toan c i u va k h u vQc tdi sQ van ddng cua QHQT
Trang 3Phan loai hg Ihgng qugc ti 55
NhQde d i l m cua each p h a n chia Idiu vQc
nay la d ba diem ThQ nhdt, Idiu vQc dia ly
dQdc hinh t h a n h khdng ehi tQ sQ g i n k l v l
dia ly ma cdn phu thudc vao ba y l u td' nQa
la tQdng ddng ve van hda xa hdi, tQdng tac
v l chinh tri va tQdng tac kinh t l (3) Vl the,
vide phan loai chi diia t h u i n tuy vao tidu
chi Ididng gian dia ly khdng p h a n anh dQdc
tinh chinh the va linh vQc tQdng tac da
dang cua he thd'ng Idiu vQc ThQ hai, sQ
phan chia diia theo ye'u to' dia ly nhQ trdn
cung Ididng p h a n a n h chinh xae mQc do
tQdng tac giQa cac p h i n tQ vd'n la ed sd
hinh t h a n h ndn he thd'ng Vi du, chau A
khdng b i n la mot he thd'ng bdi sQ tQdng tac
giQa Ddng Nam A va Tay A la Idia ylu,
Ddng Nam A la mot he thd'ng rd rang song
thQc t l cac tQdng tac Idnh te vdi bdn ngoM
lai manh hdn trong h ? thd'ng ThQ ba,
each p h a n chia nay bi chi phdi bdi sQ p h a n
chia dia ly t r u y i n thd'ng ndn dang gap khd
khan trong vide giM thich hi?n tQdng x u i t
hien n h i l u h ? thd'ng khu vQc khdng n i m
trong Idiudn khd dia ly nhQ quan niem
trQdc Ida Vi du, chau A-ThM Binh DQdng
cd dQdc coi la he thd'ng k h u vQc khdng khi
cd n h i l u y l u td' cua he thd'ng nhQng IM hdi
Idid xae dinh khudn Idid dia ly cua nd
2 Diia t r e n l i n h viic txidng t a c
Trong nghien cQu QHQT, ddi khi he
thd'ng qud'c t l dQdc p h a n loM theo Unh vQc
boat ddng nao dd cua he thd'ng Dd cung la
linh vQc tap t r u n g sQ tQdng tac giQa cae
p h i n tQ Dd cung la ndi dien r a boat ddng
chQc nang chu ydu cua he thong qud'c t l ,
tQc la p h a n Qng eua hd thd'ng ddi vdi cie
p h i n tQ eung dien r a chu y l u trong linh
vQc nay Vi the, cac h? thong qud'c t l dQdc
phan loai theo linh vQe tQdng tac cdn dQdc
goi la hd thd'ng chQc nang
Theo each p h a n loai nay, h? thd'ng qud'c
t l thQdng dQdc chia t h a n h cae he thd'ng
chQc nang nhQ he thd'ng Idnh te va h? thd'ng chinh tri Tuy nhidn, trong tQng loai h? thd'ng chQc nang, sQ phan chia tilp ciing Idia Idiac nhau do diia trdn sQ k i t hdp them nhiing tidu chi Idiae bdn canh tidu chi chung
la mQc do tQdng tac trong Knh vQc chQc nang
Vi du, diia trdn tieu ehi k i t hdp la c h i d? sd hOu Idnh te, cd cae he thd'ng Idnh te nhQ h? thd'ng Idnh te' tQ ban ehii nghia (TBCN) va h? thd'ng kinh te' xa hdi ehu nghia (XHCN) TQdng tQ nhQ v^y, diia trdn y thQc h?, h? thd'ng chinh tri gdm h? thd'ng chinh tri TBCN
va he thd'ng chinh tri XHCN Vi du khac diia trdn tidu chi kd't hdp la chii nghia khu vQc kmh te, ed he thd'ng kmh te Tay Au (EU), Bie
My (NAFTA) va Ddng A; k i t hdp vdi thQdng mai hay tM chinh, cd he thd'ng thQdng mai qude td'va he thd'ng tM chinh qudic tl
Trong mdt chQng miic nhd hdn, ciing cd ngitdi dQa them he thd'ng van hda-xa hdi vao trong nghidn cQu QHQT H? thdiig nay
cd the dQdc xae dinh theo nhiing tQdng ddng chung v l van hda, tdn giao, ngdn ngQ hay cung ngudn gd'c s i c tdc hoac dQdc
p h a n loai theo tQng tidu chi ridng re Tuy nhidn, vide sQ dung he thd'ng nay Ididng phd bid'n l i m trong nghidn cQu QHQT bdi nhQng diem chung van hda-xa hdi chQa
b i n da dem lai tinh chinh the cho he thd'ng ciing nhQ tQdng tac van hda-xa hdi chQa du manh de cd the tao r a h? thd'ng
Cac he thd'ng chQc nang theo c i c h p h a n loM nay cung ed the dQdc coi la nhQng tieu
he thd'ng bdn trong mdt he thong qud'c t l toan c i u hay khu vQc n i o dd Richard W Mansbach cho r i n g tieu h ? thd'ng l i
"nhQng tQdng t i c rdng rM giQa cie chu the trong mot he thd'ng ldn hdn v l nhQng v i n
d l Cl? the" (4) Theo dinh nghia nay, cac h^ thd'ng Idnh t l , chinh tri, van hda la nhQng tieu he thd'ng ciia he thd'ng qud'c t l
da di?n vd'n gdm n h i l u linh vQc tQdng t i c
Trang 4Uu diem ciia each p h a n loai n i y l i giup
t h i y dQdc cd sd v i linh vQc lidn kd't chu ye'u
sriQf» cac p h i n tQ de tao t h i n h he thd'ng
qud'c te Nd ciing giup t h i y dQdc chQc n a n g
cua h ? thd'ng de tQ dd d o i n dinh dQdc p h i n
nao p h a n Qng cua h? thd'ng ddi vdi cie
p h i n tQ va quan he giQa ehiing Cich p h a n
loai nay cung giup tim hieu sQ van ddng
cua QHQT trong tQng linh vQc cu the
Tuy nhien, each p h a n loai nay cung cd it
n h i t hM nhQdc diem ThQ nhdt, sQ q u i tap
trung vao mot linh vQc boat ddng chQc
nang cua he thd'ng de d i n dd'n cM nhin
p h i l n dien khi khdng p h a n anh dQdc tinh
da dien cua h? thd'ng ciing nhQ tQdng tac
trong he thd'ng He thd'ng qud'c td' thQdng la
da linh vQc va cac linh vQc nay deu quan
trong nhQ nhau ThQ hai, sQ p h a n loai nay
cung khd giup t h i y d i y dii nguydn n h a n v i
d i l u Iden cua sQ van ddng trong he thd'ng
qud'c te' khi thiic te' cho t h i y , giQa cac linh
vQc thQdng cd sQ dan xen va tQdng tac l i n
n h a u k h i m a n h me Tham chi, n h i l u khi
sQ tQdng t i c trong linh vQc nay hoan toan
cd the hi thay ddi bdi nhQng b i l n ddng
trong nhQng linh vQc Idiac
3 Diia v a o t r a n g t h a i , t i n h c h a t
Day la cich p h a n loM x u i t p h i t tQ mue
dieh cua ngQdi nghidn cQu Cach p h a n loai
nay cd the van dung diia tren nhQng tidu
chi khac nhau Cd bd'n loai tieu chi dQdc sQ
dung phd b i l n la mQc do tQdng t i c giQa cae
p h i n tQ trong h? thd'ng, trang thM quan he
vdi bdn ngoM, trang thM dn dinh va tinh
c h i t chu y l u cua tQdng t i c trong he thd'ng
Cdch thQ nhdt diia trdn mQc do tQdng
t i c manh hay ye'u, long hay chat giQa cie
p h i n tQ trong he thd'ng Theo each n i y , cd
hai loai he thd'ng qud'c td' chat va ldng
Trong he thd'ng qud'c t l chat, sQ tQdng tac
giQa eae p h i n tQ la Idia sau s i c vdi mQc do
phu thudc l i n n h a u tQdng ddi ldn Cd c i u
cua he thd'ng cung chat che hdn va eic luat chdi cua he thd'ng nay ciing ed hieu iQc ldn hdn Ddng thdi, boat dpng chQc nang hay phan ling cua h$ thd'ng tdi eic p h i n tQ ciing thQdng manh hdn Cdn trong h ? thd'ng qude
te ldng, t i t ca cie y l u td' tren d i u yeu hdn nhilu He thd'ng XHCN v i TBCN trong Chiln t r a n h lanh la nhiing vi du dien hinh eua h? thd'ng chat Ddi vdi he thdiig ldng,
h i u h i t cac he thd'ng qude td' toan c i u d i u la
he thd'ng long Trdn cap do khu vQc, ASEAN
d Ddng Nam A cung la mdt hd thd'ng Idia long leo trong Chie'n t r a n h lanh nhQng hien nay mQc do da giam bdt tuy v i n cdn long
Cdch thQ hai dQa trdn t r a n g thM quan
h? vdi ben ngoM n h i l u hay it Theo each nay, cd hM loai la h ? thd'ng qud'c te md va
he thd'ng qud'c te ddng He thd'ng qud'c t l md
la he thd'ng cd q u a n he vdi ben ngoM nhilu,
va tham chi la cd xu hQdng md rdng k i t nap thdm c i e p h i n tQ mdi Cdn he thong qud'c t l ddng la h ? thd'ng tQdng dm khdp kin, it q u a n h ? vdi bdn ngoM va cd xu hQdng p h a n bi?t ddi xQ vdi e i c p h i n tQ ngoai he thd'ng Bdi tQdng t i e vdi mdi trQdng bdn ngoai n h i l u hdn ndn he thdiig
md eung de chiu t i c ddng tQ ngoM hdn h? thd'ng ddng Vi du, h i u h i t h$ thd'ng kinh
t l cua eac nQdc de qud'c t h a n h lap cung vdi eic thudc dia hoac ddng minh cua minh tnide nam 1945 d i u la he thd'ng ddng trong khi he thd'ng Idnh t l the' gidi ciing nhQ cac h? thd'ng kinh te Idiu vQc hi?n nay deu la h? thd'ng md Hay NATO la mdt h? thdng quan sQ ehinh trj tQdng ddi ddng trong Chie'n t r a n h lanh nhQng da ed xu hQdng trd
t h a n h he thd'ng md hdn sau Idii khd'i Hi?p Qdc quan sQ Warsaw khdng cdn nQa
Cdch thQ ba diia trdn t r a n g t h i i dn djnh
ciia he thd'ng Theo each nay, cd t h e p h a n loai h? thd'ng qud'c t l t h a n h hai loai: H? thd'ng qud'c t l dn dinh hay Ididng dn dinh
He thd'ng qud'c te dn dinh la h? thd'ng cd sQ
Trang 5Phan loai hg Ihgng qugc ti 57
dn dinh tQdng ddi trong cd c i u p h a n bd'
quyen liic eua he thd'ng, trong each thQc
quan he giQa cie chu t h i QHQT va trong
phQdng thQc t i c dong eua he thd'ng qud'c t l
ddi vdi cie chu the Cdn he thd'ng qud'c td'
khdng dn dinh thi khdng dQdc nhQ vay Vi
du, he thd'ng qud'c t l trong thdi ky giQa hM
cuoc T h i chiln (1919-1939) la khdng dn
dinh vdi nhiing bid'n dong thQdng xuydn
Trong khi dd, he thd'ng qud'c t l trong thdi
ky Chidn t r a n h lanh lai la tQdng ddi dn
dinh vdi nhiing xu hQdng van ddng k h i rd
rang TQdng tQ nhQ vay, hidn nay, he thd'ng
Idiu vQc Tay Au la he thd'ng dn dinh, cdn he
thd'ng Idiu vQc Trung Ddng v i n tid'p tue
Ididng dQdc dn dinh
Cdch thQ tu dQa trdn tinh c h i t ehu y l u
cua tQdng tac trong he thd'ng Theo each
nay, he thd'ng qud'c te cd the la he thd'ng
xung dot hay he thd'ng hdp t i c Tinh c h i t
hdp tac hay xung dot dQdc p h a n i n h qua
m i u hinh tQdng tac chu y l u giQa eic p h i n
tQ va tao t h a n h xu the quan he chung
trong he thd'ng qud'c td' Day la each p h a n
loai hay dQdc i p dung de p h a n ky lich sQ
QHQT Vi du, he thd'ng quan binh q u y i n
iQc d chau Au thdi gian 1815-1914, h?
thd'ng qud'c te trong thdi ky giQa hM cuoc
T h i chiln (1919-1939) va he thd'ng qud'c t l
trong thdi ky Chid'n t r a n h lanh d i u la he
thd'ng xung dot Trong khi dd, he thd'ng
qud'c t l sau Chie'n t r a n h lanh cd ve nhQ la
mdt he thd'ng hdp tae n h i l u hdn khi hdp tac
va hdi nhap dang la nhQng xu thd' ldn, ldi
cud'n moi chu the t h a m gia
Cich phan loai nay cd Qu diem d chd la
ndu bat dQdc nhQng dac diem hay k h a
nang ndi bat nao dd cua he thd'ng qud'c td'
va dilu nay la cd ich trong nghidn cQu Tuy
nhidn, vide chi diia tren tinh c h i t hay
trang thM nao dd eua he thd'ng thi khdng
giup p h a n anh dQdc mQc do va quy md cua
tQdng tac cung nhQ Ididng cho t h i y diidc ed
c i u vd'n la nhQng dac tinh can ban cua he thd'ng NhQde diem nQa la nd chi phan i n h dQdc trang thM tinh ma Ididng lam rd dQdc trang thM ddng eua h ? thd'ng trong khi thiic t i h e thd'ng ludn van ddng va b i l n ddi
4 Diia v a o sii p h a n b o q u y e n liic h a y
cd c a u q u y e n liic
Day la cich p h a n loai dQdc sQ dung k h i phd bie'n trong nghidn cQu cung nhQ tren cie phQdng tien thdng tin dai chung C i c h
p h a n loai nay chiu a n h hQdng ldn eua he quy chid'u q u y i n liic va each tid'p can he thd'ng cua Chu nghia Hidn thiie Mdi Theo
dd, he thd'ng qud'c td' dQdc p h a n loai diia theo cd eau p h a n bd' q u y i n liie trong he thd'ng Cd c i u p h a n bd' q u y i n liic dQdc the
hidn b i n g "cQc" Ciic {Polarity, Polar) vd'n
la mot t h u a t ngQ vat ly va dQdc sQ dung trong QHQT de chi nhQng t r u n g tam q u y i n liic doe lap trong he thd'ng qud'c t l Cac trung t a m q u y i n iQc nay cd the la qud'c gia hoac lien minh giQa cac qud'c gia (5) Theo cich phan loM nay, cd nhQng dang he thd'ng qud'c te sau: H? thd'ng ddn ciie, hM ciic, ba cQc va da ciie
+ He thd'ng ddn cQc (Unipolar system) Ik
he thd'ng qude td' cd mdt t r u n g t a m q u y i n
iQc ma cac p h i n tQ Idiac phai xoay quanh
nd (6), tQc la phM chiu a n h hQdng chi phdi cua nd He thd'ng ddn cQc dQdc bieu hidn dQdi n h i l u dang thQc k h i c n h a u nhQ ba chu, he thd'ng d l qud'c hay hidn tQdng mot
sidu CQdng Trong dd, ba chu (Hegemony) cd
Qu t h i q u y i n liic vQdt troi so c i e p h i n tQ Idiac trong he thd'ng qud'c t l dd'n mQc cd the mot minh chi phdi cac luM 1? cung nhQ s i p xd'p trong QHQT Vi du, vai trd ba chu cua
My va Lidn Xd trong tQng phe TBCN va XHCN thdi ky Chid'n t r a n h lanh He thd'ng
d l qud'c cd q u y i n liic g i n nhQ tuyet doi eiia mot nude d l qud'c dQdc the hi?n qua sQ cM trj hoac Idem soat eac p h i n tQ khac trong
Trang 6he thd'ng ca ve ddi ngoai l i n ddi ndi H?
thd'ng de qud'c tdn tai n h i l u trong lich sQ
vdi cac d l qude va he thd'ng thudc dja eua nd
Vi du, he thd'ng de qude La Ma thdi cd dai,
he thd'ng de qud'c Trung Hoa thdi trung dai,
he thd'ng de qud'c Anh va Phap thdi cMi dai
(7) Sieu cQdng cung la mdt cQdng qude
nhQng cd quyin liie vQdt trdi va ca kha nang
chi phdi cac cQdng qude k h i c Dang thQc nay
gid'ng hdt b i chu nhQng dQdc sQ dung trong
nhiing dilu kidn mdi cua he thd'ng qud'c t l
thdi hidn dai va trdn quy md toan c i u VM
trd sidu cQdng cua My va Lidn Xd thdi ky
Chid'n t r a n h lanh la mot vi du
+ He thd'ng hM cQc {Bipolar system) Ik
he thd'ng qud'c t l cd hai qud'c gia hoac hai
Ididi lidn minh ldn cd vai trd nhQ nhQng
trung tam q u y i n liic chi phdi cac p h i n tQ
khae va ea h? thd'ng qud'c t l Vi du ldn n h i t
trong ljch sQ v l he thd'ng hM ciic chinh la
vM trd eua Lidn Xd va My trong thdi ky
Chie'n t r a n h lanh HM qud'c gia nay da tap
hdp va dQng d i u hM lidn minh ddi djch
nhau la phe XHCN va phe TBCN HM cQc
va hai phe nay da tao nen cd c i u ehinh trj
the gidi khi dd va chi phdi h i u h i t QHQT
TrQdc dd, d i u thd' ky XX eung tdn tM he
thd'ng hai cQc d chau Au la Ididi A n t a n t a
(Anh, Phap, Nga) va phe Lidn minh (DQc,
Ao-Hung, Bungari, Thd Nhi Ky)
He thd'ng hM ciic cung dQdc p h a n i n h
n h i l u trdn quy md khu vQc Trong dd,
thQdng tdn tai hM qud'c gia ed anli hQdng
hdn trong Idiu vQc va ed sQ t r a n h gianh
anh hQdng khu vQc n h i t djnh giQa chung
Vi du, India va Paldstan d Nam A, Brazil
va Argentina d Nam My, N h a t va Trung
Qud'c d Ddng A
+ He thd'ng ba cQc {Tripolar system) Ik
h? thd'ng qud'c te' cd ba t r u n g t a m q u y i n iQc
ldn hdn b i n cie p h i n tQ Idiac Cd ngQdi goi
day la he thd'ng chan vac Day la mot dang
he thd'ng qud'c td' hay cd c i u q u y i n iQc da
tQng hidn dien trong ljch sii Song so vdi cie hinh thM Idiac, tinh dn djnh cua nd Ididng cao bdi thQdng cd xu hQdng hM nQdc lidn minh de chd'ng lai nQdc kia va de ehuyen t h a n h he thd'ng hM cQc Vi du dien hinh la t a m giac c h i l n iQde Xd-My-Trung d chau A - ThM Binh DQdng trong thdi ky Chien t r a n h lanh D i u tidn, nhQng nam
1950, dd la hM cQc vdi Xd-Trung mdt ben
My mdt bdn Sau dd, Trung Qude t i c h Ididi Lidn Xd va he thd'ng ba cQc hinh thanh d chau A - ThM Binh DQdng trong nhiing nam 1960-1970 Dd'n cudi thap ky 1970, My va Trung Qude Uen minh vdi n h a u chong lai Lien Xd He thdiig ba cQc lai bj l i n g xuong Tinh ba cQc cua nd n g i n dd'n ndi nhilu ngQdi Ididng quan tam d i n h? thd'ng ba cQc
va coi nd n i m trong hd thd'ng hM cQc
Tuy nhien, hien nay, he thd'ng ba cQc dang dQdc n h i l u ngQdi quan t a m tQ gdc do Idnh te khi cho r i n g he thd'ng kinh te the gidi thdi ky h a u C h i l n t r a n h lanh se bj chi phdi bdi ba t r u n g t a m Idnh te ldn la Bic
My, EU va N h a t Ban/Ddng A
+ He thd'ng da cQc {Multipolar system) \k
h? thd'ng qud'c t l cd n h i l u t r u n g t a m quyin iQc He thd'ng da cQc dQdc xay dQng diia trdn can b i n g q u y i n iQc tQdng ddi giQa cac CQc Trong he thd'ng nay, khdng cd mot
t r u n g t a m nao q u i m a n h de cd the l i n i t dQdc cac qud'c gia Idiac va lam cho h? thd'ng qud'c te trd t h a n h ddn cQc Trong h? thd'ng
da cQc, cac qud'c gia k i l m c h i l i n n h a u de ngan khdng eho M dd trd ndn manh len, pha v3 can b i n g q u y i n liic Cung cd the cd mdt qud'c gia ddng vM trd "ngQdi can b i n g "
{Balancer) dQng t r u n g lap, s i n sang nhay
vao bdn y l u de lam cho can can q u y i n liic trd lai can b i n g Trong h ? thd'ng dd, do xu hQdng cae qud'c gia theo dudi q u y i n iQc qud'c te ndn thQdng cd nguy cd de doa pha
vd can b i n g cu va vi thd' cae qud'c gia cd the thay ddi lidn minh de tao r a nhQng can
Trang 7Phan loai hg thgng qugc ti 5 9
b i n g mdi NhQng cung vi diem nay ma sd'
iQdng cae cQc d day dQdc n h i l u ngQdi
(Morton Kaplan, J o s h u a Goldstein, ) cho
r i n g phM cd tQ n a m cQc trd len (8) N l u he
thd'ng cd bd'n cQc thi de bj chuyen t h a n h hM
cQc bdi sQ lien minh giQa cie ciic n h i m
gianh Qu the vdi nhau
Cd e i u quyin liic trong h? thd'ng da cQc
cd the dQdc p h a n a n h theo chilu ngang
b i n g he thd'ng eic cQdng qude NhQng nd
cung cd the dQdc p h a n anh theo chilu doc
qua thQ bae q u y i n liic giQa cac t r u n g t a m
nhQ md hinh Kim tQ t h a p q u y i n liic
{Pyramid of Power) Trong md hinh nay,
qud'c gia m a n h n h i t n i m d dinh, ke t i l p la
cac CQdng qud'c khac Qud'c gia cang m a n h
thi cang n i m d g i n dinh Rdi dQdi nQa la
nhiing qud'c gia ye'u hdn Do dd'c cua Kim tii
thap p h a n anh mQc do so sanh quyin liic
ciing nhQ tinh c h i t tQdng tac giQa chung
Kim tQ t h i p cang t h i p , sQ chenh lech
quyin liie Ididng cao, eac qud'c gia cang
binh dang Kim tii thap cang dd'c, Idioang
each q u y i n liic cang each biet, quan he b i t
binh d i n g cang tang
He thd'ng da cQc Idia phd b i l n trong ljch
sQ QHQT He thd'ng da cQc ndi tieng n h i t
la he thd'ng quan binh q u y i n iQc chau Au
trong khoang thdi gian tQ sau Hidp Qdc
Vienna nam 1815 d i n tnide T h i chiln I
He thd'ng nay cd da t r u n g t a m la Anh,
Phap, Nga, Ao-Hung, DQc, ItMy vdi Anh la
ngQdi ddng vM trd can b i n g N h i l u ngQdi
ciing eho r i n g he thd'ng qud'c te sau Chid'n
tranh lanh se la da cQc bdi sQ tdn tai cua ba
trung tam kinli te B i c My-EU-Nhat
Ban/Ddng A va n a m t r u n g t a m chinh trj la
My-EU-Nga-Trung Qud'c-Nhat Ban
Theo quan diem cua eac n h a Hidn thiic
chu nghia, each p h a n loai diia trdn sQ phan
bd' q u y i n liic ed Qu didm p h a n anh dQdc cd
c i u eua he thd'ng qud'c t l vdi sii p h a n t i n g
theo sQc manh cua cae qude gia thanh vien
Cac "cQc" cung la ndi chu yeu tao r a cac luat
Id trong tQdng tac giQa cac p h i n tQ, la ngudn chinh cua cac p h a n iing chQc nang tQ mdi tnidng ben trong Sii dn djnh cua h? thd'ng eiing phu thudc r i t n h i l u vao cie cQc va sQ tQdng tac giQa chiing Tuy nhien, cich phan loai nay ciing chQa diing nhiing nhQdc diem
n i m trong nhQdc diem chung cua Chu nghia Hidn thiic nhQ sQ tap t r u n g vao qude gia va chinh trj quyin liic ma khdng tinh d i n cie
p h i n tQ Idiae va nhQng tQdng tac thudc Unh vQc kinh te', van hda, xa hdi
5 Sii p h a n c h i a h e t h o n g q u o e t e ciia
M o r t o n K a p l a n
Md hinh cua Morton Kaplan k h i ndi tid'ng bdi nd la mot trong nhiing cdng trinh
d i u tidn nghidn cQu tQdng ddi toan dien v l
he thd'ng qud'c t l Trong chQng miic nao dd, day Cling la mdt cich p h a n loai he thd'ng qud'c t l Md hinh nay gdm 6 kieu he thd'ng, trong dd 4 md hinh d i u m a n g tinh gia t h i l t
va 2 md hinh sau m a n g t i n h tidn nghiem + H? thd'ng p h u quyd't: Moi qud'c gia d i u
cd kha nang tQ bao ve minh va ngan ehan
sQ de doa ben ngoM sQ dung sQc m a n h ddi vdi minh Trong he thd'ng nay, moi qud'c gia
d i u cd the sQ dung e i c k h a n a n g de ngan chan sQ de doa va d i u tich ciic chong lai sQ
de doa dd Trong he thd'ng nay, vM trd ciia cac td chQc qud'c t l toan e i u thQdng la b a n che H? thd'ng nay se trd t h a n h nguy hiem nd'u vu Idii h a t n h a n dQdc phd bid'n rdng rai Vi du, dd la he thd'ng qud'c gia dpc lap eiia chau Au sau 1648
+ Hd thd'ng can b i n g q u y i n iQc: Day l i dang he thd'ng da ciic Theo Kaplan, h ? thd'ng nay c i n it n h i t 5 cQdng qud'c vi neu
it hdn, he thd'ng de trd t h a n h hM cQc Theo Kaplan, he thd'ng nay cd 6 nguyen t i c tao ndn nhiing boat ddng dae t n i n g cua h$
thd'ng qud'c te Mdt la t a n g cQdng k h a n a n g dam p h a n ma khdng phai d i u t r a n h Hai
Trang 8la d i u t r a n h chQ khdng phai la t h i t bai
trong vi?c t a n g cQdng k h a nang Ba la
dQng d i u t r a n h ma khdng phai loai trQ
qud'c gia chu chd't nao dd Bd'n Id chd'ng lai
b i t cQ lidn minh hay qud'c gia nao dd cd xu
hQdng ddng vM trd Qu t h i trong he thd'ng
Ndm Id k i l m chd' nhQng chu the t a n t h a n h
cac nguyen t i e eua td chQc sidu qud'c gia
Vd sdu la eho phdp cie qud'c gia chu chd't bj
danh bai hoac bj k i l m c h i tilp tue tham gia
vao h? thd'ng qude te' vdi mot vM trd tQdng
ddi hoac dQa mot sd' qude gia Ididng phM la
chii chd't nay trd t h a n h chu the quan trong
hdn Vi du, dd la He thd'ng quan binh quyin
liic d chau Au tnide The'chiln I
+ He thd'ng hM ciie Unh boat (hay m I m
deo): Trong he thd'ng nay cd qud'c gia, cae
chu the mdi nhQ hen minh va cae chu the
mang tinh toan c i u nhQ td chQc qude td'
Tinh Unh boat d day the hidn d chd cd n h i l u
phQdng i n cua he thd'ng hM ciic Cd sd cua
nd phu thudc vao td chQc bdn trong tQng
khdi Khdi cd the d i n g c i p hda manh me va
cd tinh doc doan Idii ngQdi dQng d i u rang
bude dQdc cie ddng minh Khi dd, he thd'ng
se bid'n ddi sang he thd'ng hM cQe chat che
hoac thanh h? thd'ng thQ bae Khdi ciing ed
the khdng d i n g c i p h o i hoac dQdc d i n g c i p
h o i cd mQc do nd'u dQdc hinh thanh qua con
dddng tham khao l i n n h a u giQa cac qude gia
tii ehu Khi dd, he thd'ng lai trd t h a n h he
thd'ng da ciic Hoac gia neu cd chien t r a n h
tdng thd thi se d i n d i n tinh trang vd chinh
phii hoac he thd'ng thQ bac Tinh c h i t d i n g
c i p trong tQng Ididi khac nhau se d i n dd'n
cie phQdng an Idiac n h a u eua he thd'ng hM
ciic nay Vi du, dd la he thd'ng qude t l giQa
hM cude The chid'n vdi qua trinh tdn tai hM
phe ddng minh va phat xit
+ Hd thd'ng hai ciie chat che (hay cQng
r i n ) : Khac vdi he thd'ng trdn, he thd'ng nay
dQdc hinh t h a n h b i n g t r a t tii d i n g c i p
manh me Trong he thd'ng nay, mQc do chat
che den mQc khdng cd cae quoe gia t r u n g lap hay dQng ngoM nhQ trong he thd'ng hai cQc linh boat, cac chu the cd tinh toan c i u d day cung chi ddng vM trd b a n c h i va it cd anh hQdng ldn Ididi nay hay khdi kia
Binh luMi v l hd thd'ng nay, n h i l u hoc gia cho r i n g day la he thd'ng r i t de gay ra tinh trang b i t dn djnh bdi mau t h u i n sau sic, sQ biln ddng Uen tuc trong liic iQdng hM bdn lam cho can b i n g de thay ddi va sQ d i u tranh thQdng xuyen giQa hM ciic Vi du, dd la he thd'ng hM cQc thdi ky Chid'n tranh lanh Trong nhiing nam 1950, h? thd'ng nay dQdc coi la chat che nhQng da dQdc coi la long sau
sQ tich rdi cua Trung Qudic va Phap
-t- H? thd'ng toan c i u : H? thd'ng nay cd the cd dQdc khi c i e td chQc toan c i u thiic hi?n dQdc c i e chQc n a n g cua minh mdt each hieu qua Trong he thd'ng nay, cac chu the toan c i u ed vM trd ndi trdi va cd nhilu
q u y i n cua qud'c gia nhQ xae djnh quy c h i qud'c gia va p h a n chia ngudn ldi cho chung
Chung eung di r a nhQng quy djnh cho
QHQT va cd trach nhiem theo ddi vide thiic thi He thd'ng nay dQdc xay diing tren sQ nha't nguydn trong mdi trQdng chinh trj qud'c t l va trdn cd sd cd sQ doan k i t giQa cie ehu the qud'c gia va toan c i u Cac xung dot qud'c te se dQdc giM quyet theo cac nguydn t i e chinh trj cua he thd'ng
+ H? thd'ng cd thQ bac: H? thd'ng nay ed the dQdc hieu la mdt he thd'ng chinh trj chung cho toan thd' gidi Trong dd, vM trd ciia cac td chQc qud'c td' chung la ldn hdn qud'c gia, qud'c gia-dan tdc m i t di y nghia cua nd va cd the trd t h a n h nhQng ddn vj lanh thd ddn t h u i n He thd'ng nay cd tinh lien kd't cao dd'n mQc cd k h a n a n g ngan chan khuynh hQdng n i t lui r a Ididi h? thd'ng va sQ quay trd lai cua qud'c gia-dan toe He thd'ng thQ bac cd the la d a n chii khi cac nQdc d i u mong mud'n cung ed' va p h a t trien he thd'ng qud'c te' H? thd'ng thQ bac
Trang 9Phan loai hg ftgng qugc ti 61
eung cd the la doe tM khi cQdng qud'c hoac
mdt Ididi qud'c gia nao dd ap dat he thd'ng
dd ldn cac qud'c gia khac (9)
Cach phan loai hd thd'ng qude te cua
Kaplan ciing p h i n nao diia trdn cd c i u phan
bd' quyin iQc Trong chQng miic nao dd,
Kaplan da cd' g i n g diia trdn ljch sQ de IdiM
q u i t thanh cac md hinh cd tinh gia thie't
ciing nhQ d l r a nhiing phQdng an dii b i o cho
tQdng IM Kaplan ciing phan tich v l kha
nang tQdng tac giQa cac chu the ben trong
tiing md hinh Tuy nhidn, cich phan loai
nay ciing ed nhiing nhQdc diem la thien v l
quyin liie, eae cQdng qud'c va sQ xung dot
nhQ nhiing dac t n i n g eua he thd'ng qude t l
NhQ vay, he thd'ng qud'c te' vdi tQ each la
mot cdng cu ly lu^n da ed n h i l u each p h a n
loai Idiac nhau Mdi cich d i u cd nhQng Qu
Idiuye't diem n h i t djnh va cho den nay v i n
chQa cd each p h a n loM nao cd tinh tdng
hdp Tuy nhien, t i t ca cie each p h a n loai
gidi thieu d trdn d i u cd k h a nang van dung
CHU THICH
(1), (2) Andr6 I.A TsUgankov (1996),
Mezdunarodnue Otnoshenhja, Nauka, Moekba, tr
135 (ban tieng Nga)
(3) Xin tham khao them Hoang Khic Nam, SU
phdn dinh khu vUc trong nghien cdu qud'c te, Tgp
chi Khoa hoc, ehuyen san Khoa hge Xa hgi va
Nhan van, tap 23, sd2, 2007, tr 77-86
(4) Richard W Mansbach (1997), Global Puzzle:
issues and Actors in World Politics, Houghton Mifflin
Company, Boston and New York, p 142
vao trong nghien cQu ljch sQ QHQT Vi?c
ap dung chiing vao nghien cQu ljch sQ QHQT cd the giup ich p h i n nao trong vide tim hieu sQ van ddng eua QHQT trong ljch
sQ bdi h? thd'ng qud'c te vQa la sQ p h a n anh, vQa la ke't qua cua qua trinh p h a t trien QHQT Sii van ddng nay cd the la sQ md rdng Ididng gian t i c dong va a n h hQdng cua
he thong qud'c t l , ed the la sQ p h a t trien linh viic va mQc do tQdng t i c cung nhQ mdl quan he giQa chung ben trong he thd'ng, ed the la sQ bid'n ddi trang t h a i va tinh c h i t cua chinh he thd'ng, cd the la sQ thay ddi cd
c i u p h a n bd' q u y i n liic va t i c ddng cua nd tdi QHQT Chiing cung cd the dQdc ap dung de p h a n ky ljch sQ QHQT khi giup
t h i y dQdc nhiing dae diem ridng eua tvtog thdi ky Khdng nhiing thd', vdi tQ cich la mdt phQdng phap, he thd'ng qud'c t l cdn la mdt cdng cu ly l u a n giup tim hieu them nhQng yd'u td' tac ddng tdi QHQT eung nhQ
ed the dii b i o sQ van ddng nay
(5), (6), (8) Joshua S Goldstein (1999),
International Relations, Longman, New York, pp
84-85, 85, 85
(7) Ciing CO y kien cho ring hg thdng de qude khong phai la hg thdng qudi: te bcii eac nUde thugc dia mit dgc lap nen khong phai la chu the QHQT (9) Morton Kaplan, "Some Problems of International System Research" trong John A
Vasquez, Classics of International Relations,
Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1996, p 297-302