Bài viết trình bày cuộc đấu tranh cũng cố độc lập dân tộc của Liên bang Malaya sau độc lập vẫn phải tiếp tục với những nhiệm vụ vô cùng phức tạp trong đó có vấn đề toàn vẹn lãnh thổ nhằm đảm bảo tính thống nhất trong toàn bộ Liên bang.
Trang 1VAN OE "TOAN YEN LANH THO" CLIA LIEN BANC MALAYSIA CIAIOOAN SAU DOC LAP (19571965)
PHAN VAN RAN* TRINH THI HOA"
Trai qua qufi trinh dfiu tranh chdng
fich thd'ng tri ciia thflc dfin Anh,
ngfiy 31-8-1957, Lidn bang Malaya (1)
tuydn bd' thfinh lfip qudc gia ddc lfip Nhfi
nridc doc lfip mdi vfin gifl nguyen ten cu lfi
Lien bang Malaya vdi 11 bang (2) Cac
thfinh vien ciia Lien bang vfin duy tri tinh
ddc lfip tfldng ddi cua minh Mdt so' bang
cdn lai lfi Singapore, Sarawak, Sabah vfi
Brunei vfin cdn nfim dridi sri kiem sofit eiia
thrie dan Anh Do dd, cuoc dfiu tranh eiing
CO ddc lfip dan tde cua Lidn bang Malaya
sau ddc lfip vfin phai tiep tuc vdi nhflng
nhidm vu vd cflng phfle tap, trong do "vfiii
de tofin ven lanh tho" nhfim dam bao tinh
thdng nhfit trong tofin bd Lidn bang lfi mdt
ndi dung dflpc chinh quyin Malaya dfic bidt
quan tam
"i tridng lidn kfit cac vung dfit tren thfinh
mdt td' ehflc hfinh chinh thdng nhfi't vd'n da
tflng dflpc ngridi Anh di cfip nfim 1887
Thdi diem dd, ngridi Anh dfit ra vfin di hdp
nhfit efie bang nfiy 'lfi nham bao ve lpi ich
cua ngfldi Anh d vflng Vien Ddng chfl
khdng phai dap flng khfit vpng ciia eac
chinh quyin tfl tri tai day" (3) Tuy nhien,
do nhflng can trd tfl mdt so" bang vfi sfl can thiep tfl phfa nhfi nridc Xidm (Thai Lan) liic
dd dfin dgh tuyen bd' thfinh lfip Lidn bang Malaya ngfiy 1-7-1896 da khdng bao gom tfit ea "miin dfi't cua ngfldi Melayu" Sau khi Malaya gianh ddc lfip nfim 1957, vfin d^ nfiy dflpc d i cfip lai trd lai Dridi gde dd vfin hda, nd lfi nhu cfiu tri thfin ciia nhfliig cfl dfin thudc "miin dfit eua ngridi Melayu" Dridi gdc dp chinh tri - xa hdi, day lfi ndi dung ndng bdng trong cfic chridng trinh nghi sri eiia chinh quyin Malaya Ngflcli khdi xfldng y tfldng nfiy lfi Thu tfldng Tunku Abdul Rahman Ong dfi xfiy dring
nen "Ki hoach Dai Malaysia" vdi chridng
trtnh sfip nhfip cfic bang edn lai trong h^ thd'ng thupc dia Anh d qufin dao Ma lai thanh mdt td' chfle hfinh chinh thd'ng nhfit
-"Lien bang Malaysia"
Vi sdp nhgp Sabah vd Sarawak vdo Lien bang Malaysia
Ddi vdi Sabah va Sarawak, hpp tfic gi^B chfnh quyin Malaya vdi hai bang nfiy da
' PGS TS Hpc vien Chinh tri - Hanh chinh Qudc gia Hd Chi Minh
•• NCS Hpc vidn Chfnh tri - Hfinh chfnh QuSc gia Hd Chi Minh
Trang 2dflpc thiet lfip sau khi Malaya tuyen bd* ddc
lap nfim 1957 Cfic cupc ti^p xue, dfim phfin
thridng mai tri do gifla hai phfa da dripc
tiin hfinh Tuy nhien, chfnh quyin Malaya
nhfin thfiy rfing, "nhflng hidu qua tfch cflc
trong thdi diem nfiy rfit ban ehe bdi Bfic
Borneo nhri mdt bi$p hpi khdp kin chiu
"anh hfldng" vfi dang cd nguy cd hi cfic nridc
lfing giing chinh phuc" (4) Cd sd di Thu
tfldng Tunku Abdul Rahman dfla ra "Ki
hoach Dai Malaysia", dd lfi dng dfi rfit tin
tfldng vao moi quan he tri nhidn gifla cfic
viing lanh tho Borneo vfi Malaya tfl trflde
din nay Ong hy vpng day se lfi diiu kien
thufin lpi v i mfit dia ly, nhfin chiing dl vi$c
sap nhfip thfinh cdng Hdn nfla, vi^c sfip
n h | p se khae phue dflpc tinh trang mfit cfin
ddi v i nhfin ehiing trong Lien bang khi
ngfldi Hoa dang chiim sd' ddng d Singapore
6ng tin rfing, khi thdng nhfi't dflpc cd cfiu to
chfle Lien bang, thi "Lidn bang Malaysia se
dem de'n mdt tfldng lai tSt nhfit cho cfic
vflng lanh thd' Borneo" (5)
Thang 5-1961, Thu tfldng Tunku Abdul
Rahman cdng bo k i hoaeh "Dai Malaysia"
Tuydn bd cua dng dfi lfim khufiy ddng
khdng khi chinh tri cfic vflng lanh th^ Bfic
Borneo Cac dang, nhdm chfnh tri tai dfiy
da bfin thao rfit sdi noi cd nen sfip nhfip vfio
Lien bang Malaysia bay khdng Hp rfit
quan tfim de'n tfldng lai ciia Bfic Borneo khi
gia nhfip Lien bang Thfing 6 nfim 1961,
dai di^n eua bang Sarawak, Sabah (thude
Bfic Borneo) da tham dfl hdi nghi cflng dgi
didn eiia ehinh quyen Malaya vfi
Singapore, d i bfin v i vfin d i thfinh lfip Lidn
bang mdi Trdn thflc t i , hai vflng dfi't Sabah
vfi Sarawak vdn dfi hi Nhfit tfin phfi nfing
n i trong Chien tranb t h i gidi thfl Hai Do
dd, nhu cfiu bfle thiit ciia ca hai bang lfi
khdi phuc phfit triin n i n kinh t i Vfio thdi
diim nfiy, Sabah vfi Sarawak khdng ed
nhieu dang phfii chfnh tri hay ed sri hien
dien mdt hd thdng nhfi nfldc do dfin bfiu cii Trfii lai, ndi day vfin nfim dfldi m^t bd may eai tri gia trfldng vfi ddc tfii eiia Cdng ty Bfic Borneo Viec bfiu c^ d dfiy mdi chi dijfng lai d mflc dp hinh thflc Gidi cfim quyin d efie bang nfiy dfiy vfin cdn nghi ngai v i vfin
de sfip nhfip Nd'u nhri Thing ddc Bfic Borneo nghi ngai v i mdt vien canh khi cfic bang nfiy sfip nhfip vfio Lien bang Malaysia: do lfi sri tut h^u so vdi Singapore vfi n i n chfnh tri Lidn bang, thi d Sabah, nhiiu ngridi lai lo ngai v i "Dai Malaysia thdng nhfit dang che gifiu mdt k i hoach tiep quan cua ngridi Melayu" Hp cho rfing,
"de tham gia Malaya, trong khi chflng ta vfin cdn lfi thuoc dia, diiu nay chi cd nghia lfi chflng ta khdng con lfi thupc dia eua Anh vfi trd thfinh thude dia cua Ma Lai " (6) vfi nhri v^y hp se bi mfi't di nhflng quyin lpi vd'n cd eua minh khi gia nhfip Lien bang;
"hp se phai ehfip nhfin chju thidt thdi v i lpi fch vfi hi nam dridi quyen kiem sofit eua Kuala Lumpur" (7) Do dd, "hp chua thuc sri sfin sang cho mdt sfing kien chfnh tri ldn" (8) la thay the e h i dp cai tri thude dia eiia ngridi Anh bfing c h i dd ciia Nhfi nridc Malaysia
Ben canh sd phan dra eiia ngfldi dfin d Sabah vfi Sarawak, chfnh quyin Malaya cung khdng phai dl dfing thoa thu^n dripc vdi ngridi Anh v i vfin d i nfiy Ngridi Anh coi day la muc tieu dfii han ciia chfnh quyin Malaya Hp chfla muon rdi bd cfic lpi fch thupc dia von da dflpc thiet lfip tfl trridc Cfic Thong dd'c ngridi Anh d dfiy diu cho rfing, efie vung Ifinh t h i Borneo cfin thiit l|lp quan he chfit che vdi ngridi Anh hdn, trfldc khi hp gia nhfip Lien bang Chfnh quyin Anh lo ngai vi$c bude phai trao tra ddc lfip cho hai bang nfiy ddng nghta vdi vide hp phai ra di khdi dfiy, khi dd "ea hai
viing Bfic Borneo vfi Sarawak se khd duy
tri trang thai yen d'n eiia rieng minh mfi
Trang 3thay vfio dd lfi mdt khdng khf chinh tri mdi
se tao cd hdi cho cfic thi^ Iflc mdi can thi$p"
(9) Do dd, trong qua trinh dfim phfin vdi
phia chfnh quyin Malaya, cac thfinh vidn
Anh d i nghi: "giai doan chuyen tiip t£S
thiiu la 3 nfim hofie tdi da lfi 7 nfim k i tfl
ngfiy thfinh lfip Lidn bang mdi Giai doan
chuyen tiip nfiy dripc khuyin cao nhfl lfi
each di dgt dfldc mdt thda thufin chung ddi
vdi dai di$n giiia chinh phii l i d n bang vfi
chinh phii tiiu bang" (10)
Ddi vdi ehinh quyin Malaya, Thii tridng
Tunku Abdul Rahman nhfin thfiy dfiy lfi
thdi diem cfin cd sri quyit tfim ddi vdi muc
tieu "tofin vpn lanh th^' Bdi le, viec sap
nhfip cac viing nfiy se lfi cd sd dam bao cho
chridng trinh sap nhfip Singapore sau dd
dripc thfinh edng: "khdng cd viing lanh t h i
Borneo, tdi sd khd thfiy cd the hinh dung
dflpc sfl hdi nhfip ciia Singapore vfi Lidn
bang, hofie thuyet phue cfic ddng nghiep
chfnh tri eiia tdi vfi dfit nridc chfip nhfin
diiu nfiy" (11) Hdn nfla, vdi Ong, nguy cd
mot "Singapore cpng san" cung nhri fip Iric
tfl vfin d i nhan chung trong Lidn bang se
de dpa d i n quyin Iflc eua chfnh quyin
Malaya Vi vfiy, trong qufi trinh dfim phfin
vdi ngridi Anh, dng da eridng quyit "khdng
dong tinh vdi thdi gian qua dfii cua qufi
trinh chuyin doi vfi duy tri hi$n trang cua
cac bang"; "Sarawak vfi B^c Borneo nen
thfla nhfin lfi quSc gia trong Lien bang cfing
sdm cfing td't trong vong 12 thfing tdi" (12)
Trude quan dilm cutng rfin vfi quye't tam
ciia Thii tridng Tunku Abdul Rahman,
ngudi Anh cung nhfin thfi'y rang: "nd'u
khdng the sfip nhfip eac vflng lanh tho vfio
Lidn bang, thi vide sap nhfip Singapore coi
nhri khong thfinh Khdng sfip nhfip, chfnh
quyin Singapore se khdng tru vflng, diiu
nfiy dfin^den hfiu qua ngridi Anh mfit se
mfi't quyen sii dung cac cd sd vdn da dflpc
t h i i t lfip tfl trfldc Dfiy se la mdt kich ban
tdi td ddi vdi ngfldi Anh" (13) Diing trfldc hai lfla chpn, hofie ung hO chinh quyin cfic bang Sabah vfi Sarawak vfi kdo dfii thdi gian trao tra ddc lfip, tri hoan vi$c thfinh
lfip Lidn bang Malaysia; hofie di mfit
Singapore, thi ngridi Anh da Iria chpn giai phfip thfl nhfit cd lpi nhfit cho hp Ngfiy 24-7-1961, Hpi nghi "KhSi Thinh vflpng chung" dflpc tri$u tfip d Singapore cung cfic dai dien eiia Sarawak, Sabah, Brunei vfi Malaya "Khoi Thinh vfldng chung" da bfiy
to sri ung hd kd' hoach "Dai Malaysia" vfi ra Thdng cfio nhfin dinh: "sri cfin thiit vfi khdng the trfinh khdi cua cfic tiiu bang trong sri thdng nhfi't cda Lien bang Malaysia" (14) Ngridi dflng dfiu Bic Borneo da ddng tinh rfing; "Malaysia cfin dripc tao nen bdi tfit ca cac thanh vidn, diu
cd lien quan nhri lfi mdt hiep hdi ciia cac ddi tac, k i t hpp vi lpi ich chung d i tao ra mdt qudc gia mdi, nhring phai gifl lai nhiing quyin lpi rieng cua hp" (15) Ban than chfnh quyin Bfic Borneo cung da k^ ke't vdi chfnh quyin Malaya mot vfin ban c6 tdn la "Sabah - Bidn ban ghi nhd 20 diem"
(16), trong dd de cfip tdi nhflng v & di cd
ban lidn quan d i n sri ^n dinh chfnh tri lfiu dai cua Lidn bang Malaysia dd lfi: ngridi
dftng dfiu nhfi nridc, tinh trang cua ii6i
giao, ngdn ngfl, quyen cdng dfin vfi di cfl, dich vu dfin sri vfi tfii chfnh, kinh ti vdi mong mud'n dam bao d'n dinh mdi quan h^ gifla Lidn bang vfi tieu bang V i phfa Malaya, chfnh phii Lien bang cam k i t sau khi sap nh$p se thflc hi$n eac diiu ki§n tren, ddng thdi chfnh quyin Lien bang phai
cd trfich nhidm trp cfip cho si^ phfit triln kinh t i cua Sabah va Sarawak cung nhfl phai cd bidn phfip k i l m sofit vipc nhfip cfl, dfic biet Ifi ngridi Hoa vfio cfic vflng dfit trdn
Thfing 8 nfim 1962, IJy ban thfim dd dfl
Trang 4quyin Anh vfi Malaya) da dria ra k i t qua:
"khoang 1/3 dan sS" trong ea hai vflng lanh
tho Bfic Borneo vfi Sarawak da nhanh
chdng iing hd vide sfip nhfip Lien bang
Malaysia mfi khdng quan tfim qufi nhiiu v i
cfic diiu khoan vfi diiu kidn 1/3 s i dfin
khfie eung ting hp dfl fin Malaysia vfi yen
cfiu efie diiu kidn vfi bidn phfip bao vd ldi
leb vin cd ciia hp vdi mflc dd khfic nhau
S i cdn lai bi phan tan gifla nhiing ngfldi ddi
quyin ddc lfip trflde khi sfip nhfip vfio
Malaysia vfi nhflng ngridi iing hd vide tid'p
tuc thi^c hidn cfic lufit Id eua chfnh quyin
Anh trong mdt so nam tdi Vfin edn mdt so
nhfi hoat dong chfnh tri phan dm viec gia
nhfip vfio Malaysia vdi bfit k^ diiu kidn
nfio, trfl khi dripc ddc lfip vfi thfinh lfip dflpc
chfnh quyen tri tri Sd'ngridi cd quan dilm
nfiy len den gfin 20% dfin sd' cua Sarawak
vfi mpt phfin d Bfic Borneo" (17) Nhri vfiy
c6 khoang 80% cii tri d dfiy da sfin sfing gia
nhip Lien bang vdi diiu kidn: hp vfin dflde
quyin sii dung ngdn ngfl vfi tdn giao eiia
minh, cd ngridi dflng dfiu Nhfi nflde rieng
vfi cd quyin thflc hidn chfnh sfich nhfip cfl;
Sabah se cd 16 ghe vfi Sarawak cd 24 g h i
trong Qudc Hdi Lien bang; Dan ban dia
dflpc hfldng dfic quyen nhfl ngfldi Melayu
theo Hiin phap 1957
Sau khi efie ben da dat dfldc thda thufin
chung, ca Malaya vfi Sabah, Sarawak diu
tfch efle chufin hi cho vi$e thfinh lfip Lidn
bang Malaysia, dri dinh vfio ngfiy
31-8-1963 Vide sfip nhfip nfiy nhri lfi bride cfin
thid't de tang eridng vi thd' chinh tri cua
chlnb phii Lidn bang trridc khi tiin hfinh
sfip nhfip ca Singaopre vfio Lidn bang
Vi sdp nhdp bang Singapore vdo Liin
bang Malaysia
Vfio thdi diem sau dpe lfip, chfnh quyin
Malaya nhfin thfiy rfing, nhiing diin biin
an ninh - chfnh trj phfle tap d Singapore
dang trflc tiep de doa tdi vi tri Ifinh dao eiia chfnh quyin Malaya Ngofii vide cd lfip vfi tridt tidu Dang Cpng san d Malaya, chinh quyin Malaya cdn phai ddi di^n vdi kha nfing Iflc Iflpng cdng san dang gianh quyin kilm sofit d Singapore Lric Iripng cdng san
d Singapore se lfi "nguy cd" d ^ vdi chinh quyin Malaya Do dd, vdi Thu tridng Tunku Abdul Rahman, "cfich duy nhfit dl ong ed the kiem sofit dripc tinh hinh lfi d l Singapore sap nh^p vao Lidn bang vfi khi
dd v i ^ ddi phd vdi lric Iripng cdng san lfi chi cdn lfi vfi'n d i an ninh ndi bd cua Kuala Lumpur" (18); ngripc lai, n i u "gifl Singapore bfing cfich ngfin chfin vfi de Igi long thfldng xdt doi vdi nhflng ngridi cdng san se la mdt ehinh sach nguy hilm" (19)
d& vdi chfnh quyin Lidn bang Tfit nhidn,
Thii tudng Tunku Abdul Rahman eung nhfin thflc mdt thflc te cd the xay ra, dd lfi khi sfip nhfip Singapre vfio Lidn bang ddng nghia vdi vide bo sung 1,3 tridu ngridi Hoa tren bfin dao Ddi vdi dng, sri hidn didn eiia ngridi Hoa ciing se lfi nguy cd "phfi vd si^ can bfing ?hiing tde d Lidn bang" vfi "buy hoai bfiu khong khf chfnh tri on dinh" (20) tai dfiy
Dl cd t h i thric hidn dflpc "Ki hogch Dgi Malaysia", Thu tridng Tunku Abdul Rahman cho rfing: cfin phai fip dung quy dinh ti le bfit budc d ^ vdi dai didn cua Singapore trong Quoc h^i Lidn bang it hdn
so vdi eac bang khfic, chfl khdng phai cfin cfl vfio ti Id dfin cfl d l bfiu ra dai didn nhfl cfic bang khfic: "Singapore sd phai chfip nh^n mdt dai di$n vdi ty Id tridng flng ft hdn d Qud'c hdi Lidn bang chfl khdng phai
dfla tren cd cfiu ty le dan s&' (21) Diiu nfiy
"nhfim duy t n quyin lfle cua chinh phu Lien bang- rdng ldn hdn nhiiu so vdi cfic thfinh vien khac trong he thd'ng Lidn bang Dfing sau cfic diiu ki$n cu t h i vdi
Trang 5Singapore la nhfim bao ve tofin bd Lidn
bang khdng bi anh hridng bdi kha nfing
thd'ng tri eua ngridi Hoa - Dieu mfi cfic
chinh tri gia Umno va ngridi Melayu rfit
quan tam" (22) Trong mdt bfii phfit bilu
trridc Qudc Hdi Lien bang (16-10-1961) v i
chu de sfip nhfip, Thu tridng Tunku Abdul
Rahman giai thfch rang: "Chung ta khdng
the khdng thfla nhfin vide hofin tfit sfip
nhfip Singapore la ke hoach tuyet vdi cd the
ddi phd dflpc vdi nhflng khd khfin eua
ehung ta"; "Chfnh phu Lien bang vfi
Singapore da ciing nhau thid't lfip cd c h i
lfim vide nhfim nghidn cflu vfin de nfiy
Dieu khoan tham chiiu cua nd lfi di nhin
vfio tfi't ca cfic khia canh cua viec sfip nhfip
bao gdm ea qudc phdng, hfinh hfinh chfnh,
tai chfnh va kinh td'vdi quyin ban rdng cho
Singapore mfi khdng anh hridng de'n
nguydn tfic cua chfnh phu trung fldng
manh me " (23) Ong khfing dinh,
Singapore lfi mdt phan cua Lien bang vfi tri
tri trong Lien bang, nhfl "doi tfic trong mdt
ban sfic" (24), "Singapore cd t h i phfit triln
thinh vridng nhri New York eua Malaysia"
(25) Singapore se dripc coi "nhri la mot nhfi
nfldc tfl tri ed quyin tuydt dra trong eac
cdng viec npi bd cua minh, ngoai trfl cac
vfi'n de qudc phong, ddi ngoai, an ninh ndi
bd" (26); "Cd cfiu hfinh chinh tai Singapore
se dflpc gifl nguyen vfi nhfi nflde se duy tri
dieh vu dfin sfl cua nd" (27) V i vfin de sfl
dung can cfl qufin sri d Singapore, Tunku
Abdul Rahman d i nghi rang, "cfic can cfl
ciia Anh tgi Singapore khdng nen sfl dung
cho muc dich cua SEATO, nhring cd the
duy tri cho Khdi thinh vfldng chung" (28)
V i phfa Singapore, Thii tridng L:y Quang
Didu cung nhfin thflc dripc nguyen nhan
sau xa sfl thieu tin cfiy eua phia chinh
quyen Malaya ddi vdi viec sfip nhfip
Singapore chinh lfi vfin d i ngridi Hoa d
Singapore: "Hp lfi nhiing ngfldi mdi nhfip cri vfi d i u cd trinh dp"; "Trong cfic bfio cfio eua chinh phii Malaya d i u d i cfip d i n kha nfing ngfldi Hoa se ludn ludn trung thfinh vdi Trung Qudc vfi it cd tri tridng v i mdt dfin tpc Malay" (29) Tuy vfiy, trridc ldi keu gpi ciia Thu tfldng Tunku Abdul Rahman, Thli tridng Ly Quang Di^u da hoan nghdnh gpi y nfiy vfi cho rfing, "Logic nghidm ngfit
v i dia ly vfi sfic manh cua cfic lric Iripng lich
svi, dfin tde vfi kinh t i fit phai thfing the^
(3D) Ong phe phfin hfiu qua cua chinh sach thric dfin Anh trong quan h^ Singapore -Malaya; "ranh gidi gifla Singapore vfi Lien bang lfi "mpt con quai vfit" dripc tao ra bdi
cfic nhfi quy hogch vfi san xufit ban do b
Lufin Ddn" (31) Trdn thric t i , ly do dia 1^ lfi diiu ngridi ta de cam nhfin dripc, song quan trong hdn lfi quan diem chfnh tri eiia cfic dang vi§n trong "Dang Nhfin dfin hfinh ddng" - PAP Da sd" thfinh vidn trong Dang PAP d i u eho rfing: "thd'ng nhfil vdi bfin dao lfi tuy$t ddi quan trpng dd'i vdi sri sd'ng edn cua mdt qudc gia thinh vflpng, khdng cdng san" Dfiy von lfi mdt chii d i thridng xuyen dripc trao dd'i trong cac chfldng trtnh nghi Sri ciia Dang PAP ke tfl khi Singapore tuydn bd' tach ra khdi lien bang Malaya nfim 1946: sfip nhfip trd lai hay lfi tdn tai ddc lfip vdi Malaya? Trong Dang PAP, khuynh hfldng cua nhflng ngridi edng san Singapore thi mud'n tiep tue thric hi$n quy che ridng bidt eua Singapore, hridng tdi xay dring mdt "phao dfii cdng san d Ddng Nam A" Trong khi dd, da so'cdn lai thi ding tinh vdi vide gia nhfip trd lai vao hen bang Malaya Nfim 1959, Bd trridng tfii chfnh Singapore da dria ra ldi d i nghi thfinh l^p mpt thi trridng chung vdi Lien bang Malaya thdng qua vi$c khdi ddng "Chridng trtnh hda hpp vdi LiCn bang" Tuy nhien, nhflng cudc dfim thogi sd bd d i i n ra trong nfim
1960 dfi bi bd Iflng bdi sri khdng thdng nhfit
Trang 6gifla hai khuynh hridng tren chria thong
nhfit trong npi bd chinh quyin Singapore:
"khuynh hridng Malaya" vfi "khuynh hridng
Trung Qudc" Trong diiu kidn dd,
Singapore khd cd t h i khdi ddng dripc
"Chridng trinh hda hpp vdi Lien bang"
Thdi dilm dfiu thfip nidn 60 cua t h i 1^
XX, chfnh phii Singapore nhfin thiic dripc
nhflng khd khfin mfi hp dang phai dSi mfit
Trfldc tidn phai k l d i n Ifi sfl gfin k i t hiiu cd
v i mfit dia 1^ gifla Singapore vdi Lidn bang
Malaya Tiip dd, v i chfnh tri, Singapore se
khd gifinh dflpc ddc lfip thric sri n i u ngay
lfip tflc hofin tofin d^c Ifhp vdi Lien bang
Malaya Niu Singapore khdng sfip nhfip
vdi Malaya thi "khd cd kha nfing ngridi Anh
cdng nh&n nen ddc lfip ciia Singapore" (32);
"ddc lfip cho Singapore lfle nfiy Ifi mdt ao
tridng nguy hilm, dao quic nfiy se tri hiiy
di^t minh n i u nd tfl chdi hpp nhfit trong
Malaysia" (33) V i kinh te', Singapore dang
phai ddi mfit vdi thfich thflc ldn, dd lfi tinh
hinh thfldng mai - ngfinh kinh te mui nhpn
cua Singapore dang sa sut nghiem trpng,
nhu cfiu dfiu tfl von nflde ngofii gia tfing
Mfit khfic Lien bang Malaya dang lfi thi
trfldng tidu thu tfl nhien, cfic du an xfiy
dflng khu cdng nghidp Idn tai Penang,
Kualalumpur vdi nhiing liu dfii, bao ho
t h u i quan lfi thach thflc ddi vdi n i n kinh t i
eiia Singapore Bd trfldng Tai chinh Goh
Keng Swee da nhin thfiy diiu nfiy rfit rd
rfing vfi nhfin xdt rfing "bfit cfl diiu ^
chflng ta nhfim thay doi n i n kinh t i chi cd
t h i cd dflpc ne'u Singapore va Lien bang
tich hpp nhfl lfi mdt nen kinh ti", "niu
khdng cd mdt sd' hinh thflc cua hoi nhfip
kinh t i hofie thi trfldng chung, efie n i n kinh
t i Singapore vfi Malaya se tnie tiip canh
tranh vdi nhau, dfic bidt lfi trong viec thu
hut cfic nhfi dfiu tfl nfldc ngofii Singapore
vdi Iflc Iripng cdng nhfin it hdn, chi phf san
xufit cao hdn da gfiy ra bfit ldi eho chfnh nd
Nhieu cdng ty d dia phridng nhri cfic cdng ty san xufit gifiy ddp cao su dia phridng da ehuyin ra ngoai vi chi phi d do re hdn d Singapore" (34) Ve xfi hdi, nan nhfip cri d
at, dfic biet lfi ngridi Hoa dang lfim cho vflng dfit nhd bd nfiy ngfiy cfing ddng dfin hdn; tlnh trgng thfit nghidp gia tfing Niu gia nhfip Lidn bang Malaysia, Singapore se giai quyit dripc khd khfin trdn Dfic bidt, trong linh vric kinh te, Singapore hy vpng se thie't lfip dflpc mpt thi trudng ehung vdi Lien bang, khdi phue lai
n i n kinh t i bi dinh trd sau chiin tranh, thu hut cac Iudng vd'n dfiu tri tfl bdn ngofii Nen kinh t i cua Singapore se khdng bi mfi't ehii ddng khi gia nhfip mdt thi trfldng ehung trong Lien btuig Thfle te, n i u so sanh vdi Lien hang Malaya, thu nh^p cua Lien bang Malaya trridc vfi sau khi ddc lfip chu yiu lfi phu thudc vfio t h u i hai quan vfi
n i n kinh t i ndng nghidp lae hfiu, trong khi
dd thu nhfip cua bang Singapore lai Ifi tfl vide thflc hidn chfnh sfich thfldng mai tfl do vfi tu do hda eang hien Vi v|y, khi sap nhfip, Singapore vfin dam bao dflpc sU dpe lfip trong cae chinh sach kinh t i cua minh ddi vdi Lien bang V i chinh tri, neu khdng gia nhfip Lidn bang thi khd ed kha nfing Singapore gifinh dflpc doe lfip
Nhri vfiy, chridng trinh "hda hpp" din lue nfiy khdng phai lfi "cd the" nfla mfi thi^c sri dfi trd nen can thiit ddi vdi Singapore Trong cudc trflng cfiu dan y td ehflc 6 Singapore vao thang 9-1961, cd tdi 90% cfl tri di bd phieu, 71% trong sd phiiu dflpc trflng cfiu da tfin thanh chu trridng gia nhfip Lien bang Malaya
Ngfiy 16-11-1961, tgi KualaLumpur vfi Singapore, trridc sri chflng kiin ciia chfnh quyin Anh, cfic chinh phu da cdng bo dat dripc cfic thda thufin "hda hpp" nhu sau: Sau khi sfip nhfip, chinh phii trung Udng se dam nhfin cfic vfi'n de dd'i ngogi, qudc phdng
Trang 7vfi an ninh ndi bd Singgapore vfin se dam
nh^n cac vfin d i thupc tfii chfnh, nhfin lric
vfi giao due Singapore vfin lfi hai cang tri
do, cd chfnh phii, ed quan lfip phap vfi
ngfldi dflng dfiu nha nfldc ridng Singapore
dflpc chi dinh 2 nghi si vfio Thridng vidn va
15 nghi si vao Hg vipn Cdng dfin ciia
Singapore vfin gifl nguyen tfi't ca mpi quyin
chfnh tri cua minh; cfic quyin lpi v i gifio
due, lufit phfip, chfnh sfich cfl tru, t h u i thu
eiia Lien bang dflpc ap dung binh dang V i
vfiii d i cfin cfl qufin sri, ehinh phii
Singapore da dgt dripc thda thufin vdi
Malaya: cfic cfin cfl qufin sfl tai day vfin se
do Anh kilm sofit de "bao ve hda binh d
Ddng Nam A" Nhri vfiy, sfl hidn dien cua
ngridi Anh tai Singapore vfin dripc dam bao
cho Singapore khai thac dich vu kinh t i ,
giai quyet nan thfit nghidp vfi cung lfi d l
dam bao an ninh cho Singapore
Ngfiy 9-7-1963, dai didn lidn bang
Malaya, Singapore, Sabah, Sarawak vfi ehinh
phii Anh da ky k i t dripc thda thufin v i viec
thfinh Ifip mdt qudc gia mdi lfi l i d n bang
Malaysia, theo thda thufin, viec tuyen b i thfinh lfip nha nridc mdi di? dinh se dripc tiin hfinh ngfiy 31-8-1963 Tuy nhien, do bfit ddng
vdi cfic qudc gia lfing giing vi vSh d i tranh ch£p lanh \h6 vflng B^c Borneo da lfim chflm
dri dinh tuydn bo ddc lfip ciia l i d n bang
Malaysia Ngdy 16-91963, trUdc sii chOng kiin cua Liin Hdp Qudc vd dgi diin chinh quyin Anh, chinh phu Malaysia tuyen bd chinh thitc thdnh lap "Liin bang Malaysia"
Nhri vfiy, miic tieu "tofin ven lanh tho" cua chfnh quyin Malaya v i cd ban da thfinh cdng (ngogi trfl sri va vfip trong quan
he vdi cfic nridc lang giing hen quan din vi$c sfip nhfip vung lanh tho Bfic Borneo) Lien bang Malaysia dripc thanh Ifip vdi cd cfiu to chfle hfinh ehinh 14 bang thong nhfit Cfic bang nfiy da dang v i cfic dfin tpc, sfic tde, khdng thufin nhfit v i the c h i chinh tri vfi khfic biet sau sfic ve trinh dd kinh t i
- xa hdi Dfiy vfla lfi thufin lpi vfi eiing vfla lfi thfich thfle ddi vdi chinh quyin Lien bang Malaysia trong sfl nghidp cung co nin ddc lfip dan tpc sau nfiy
CHU THICH
(1) T§n ciia l i g n bang Malaysia tnidc n i m 1963
(2) Bao gom: Johor, Selangor,
Negeri-Sembilan, Perak, Pahang, PerUs, Kedah,
Terengganu vk Kelautan, Penang, Malacca
(3) Regina l i m Federal • State Relations in
Sabah, Malaysia, Institute of SouthEast Asian
Studies, Singapore, 2008, p.41
(4) Tan Tai Yong Creating "Greater
Malaysia": Decolonization and the Politics of
Merger, Singapore: ISEAS, 2008, p.l52
(5), (8), (9), (11), (13), (14), (18) (19), (20) (21),
(22) Tan Tai Yong, sdd, tr 158, 154, 152, 68,
151-152, 71, 67, 31, 68-69, 68, 68
(6), (7), (10), (12), (15), (16), (17) Regina Lim, sdd, p 41, 5, 44, 45, 44, 45, 43
(23) Tau Tai Yong, sdd, p.69 (Tunku'a Speech
in Parliament, 16 October 1961)
(24), (25), (26), (27), (28) Tan Tai Yong, sdd, p
70, 193, 68, 68, 68-69
(29) Lee K u a n Yew The Singapore Story:
Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew, Singapore: Federal
Pubhcations, 2000, p 362
(30) D.G.E Hall Lich sH Bdng Nam A, Nxb
Chinh tri Quic gia, Hfi N§i 1997, tr 1255 (31), (32), (33), (34) T a n Tai Yong add, p 37,
40, 37 37-38