Bài viết trình bày tóm tắt lịch sử Việt nam trong thế kỷ XX đã qua ba lần hội nhập quốc tế với nhưng mốc niên đại 1930, 1950, 1986; đôi nét về quá trình hội nhập trong lịch sử cách mạng Việt Nam và lịch sử ra đời, đấu tranh của Đảng Cộng Sản gắn liền với những biến động của tình hình thế giới.
Trang 1NGHICN Ciru UCH SIT DflNG
TRONG BOI CRNH HOI NHRP QUOC TC'
GS, NGND VC DlTONG NINH*
1 Cd the ndi tdm tat, lich sii Vi?t Nam
trong the ky XX da trai qua ba lan hpi
nhap qudc te vdi nhimg md'c nien dgi:
1930,1950 va 1986
Sau nhung nam thang tim dudng cuu
nudc, Nguyen Ai Qud'c - Ho Chi Minh
da neu len mot lugn de quan trpng: Vi^t
Nam la mdt bd phan ciia the gidi, each
mang Viet Nam la mpt bp phan eiia each
mgng the gidi Chan ly tudng nhu gian
don dd dupe nit ra tu thuc tien quan sat
cac trao luu each mang the' gidi, tu
nhiing trai nghiem ban than trong qua
trinh tie'p xiic vdi cac dan tpc nam ehau
bdn bien, va ciing la kinh nghiem due ke't
tu lieh sii da'u tranh cho'ng thyc dan xam
lupc Cac phong trao chdng Phap cuoi
the ky XIX ndi len tinh than dau tranh
kien cudng cua nhan dan Viet Nam
trong cdng cudc bao ve Td qud'c, song
deu khdng dat dupc ke't qua Ben canh
nhimg nguyen nhan dan deh that bgi
nhu su khdng can siic giiia ta va dich,
vi|c thieu mpt luc lupng lanh dgo cd
nang luc va tinh tan mgn ciia cac cudc
ndi day la tinh trgng hau nhu khep kin
trong timg dia phuong, lai cang khdng
" Dai hoc Qu6c gia Ha Noi
ed mdi lien h^ vdi the gidi ben ngoai, ngoai mpt vai cupc phdi hpp tac ehieh mang tinh ty phat vdi ngudi Lao va ngudi Campuchia De'n dau the ky XX, cae nha yeu nudc da he md canh eiia nhin
ra the gidi, hoac mudn theo md hinh duy tan kieii Nhgt Ban, hoac mudn theo che'
dp dan quyen kieu Phap, nhung ehinh Phap va Nhgt Igi dan ap nhiing y tudng cap tien dd Trong tinh trang hau nhu be tac, Nguyen Ai Qud'c rdi dat nudc ra di va mudi nam sau da tim thay anh sang tii Cach mang Thang Mudi Nga, tu hpc thuyet Lenin va hudng each mgng Viet
Nam di theo Quoc te' thii Ba Dd la buac khai dau cho su hoi nhdp cdch mqng Viet Nam vdo trdo luu cdch mqng v6 sdn the'gi&i
ma su thdnh lap Dang Cong sdn Viet Nam da'u ndm 1930 la md'c ddnh dau tiin trinh hoi nhap Idn thit nhdi ciia cdch mqng Viit Nam
Dang Cpng san Viet Nam da giucmg cao ngpn cd giai phdng dan tdc, doan ke't toan dan tie'n hanh cudc Tdng khdi nghia gianh ehinh quyai vao Thang Tam nam
1945, khai sinh nha nudc Viet Nam Dan chii Cdng hda Ngay tii ngay dau thanh lap, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da giii thu keu gpi eac cudng qud'c hay cdng nhan nen ddc Igp ciia Vidt Nam va ket ngp
Trang 2Vift Nam vdp Lifn hpp qud'c Nhung
khdng mpt chinh phii ndo, ke cd Nhd
nudc Xdviet, Ifn Hfhg iing hp cuOc
khdng chif'n chinh nghia, vd td't nhifn l?i
cdng khdng cd mdt sv vifn trp ndp" Chi
cd mpt kenh rd't nhd hvdng ra thf gidi
qua cdc Phdng thdng tin ddt d Bdngcd'c,
Rdnggun, Niu Deli de ndi vdi Praha d
chdu Au ttong mpt thdi gian ngin Trudc
dm muu tai xam lupc aia thvc dan Phdp
dupc su bp dd aia qudn Anh d phia
Nam va sv thda hif p cua Trung Hoa Dan
qud'c d phia BIC, ehieh tranh da biing nd
Nhdn dan Vift Nam phdi diing day
chien dd'u ttong the don dpc, nhung van
diing viing, timg budc khIng dinh y chi
va su?c m^nh ciia minh, "5 nam chien
dd'u dau tien a'y giir mpt vi tti ddc bif t
ttong ciiien ttanh gidi phdng vd giii nudc
hifn dai oia Vift Nam"^ Thing Ipi cua
each mang Trung Qud'c vd sv thdnh lap
nha nudc Cpng hda Nhdn dan Trung
Hoa da gdp phan gidi tda linh ttang bi
bao vdy dd, each mang Vift Nam cd dieu
kifn nd'i lien vdi thS' gidi ben ngodi
Chuyen di dd'u ndm 1950 aia Chii tich
Ho Chi Minh dfh Bic Kinh vd Mdtxcova
dat dupc thing Ipi to Idn ve mat ngoai
giao, Trung Qud'c vd Lifn Xd chinh thiic
cdng nhdn Vift Nam Dan chu Cpng hda
Tiep dd, cdc chinh phii ddn chii nhdn
ddn d Ddng Au ciing nhu Mdng Cd va
Trieu Tien lan lupt ddt quan hf ngo?i
giao vdi nudc ta The Id tit ndm 1950, vdi
cudc hdi nhap lan thit hai, cdch mqng Viit
Nam da phd dugc the hi bao viy, hoi nhdp
vdo the giii XHCN vd trd thdnh thdnh viin cua h^ thong XHCN D?i hdi lan thii II aia
Ddng ndm 1951 da khIng djnh budc hpi nhf p quan trpng ndy
Vifc hdi nhdp vdp hf thdng XHCN c6
y nghia rd't trpng d?i ddi vdi cupc khing chifh chdng Phdp vd chdiig My ttong bcS cdnh phan hda hai cvc aia Trat tv the gidi sau The chifh II Vift Nam da nhan dirpc
sv ddng tinh ve chinh trj, sv img hp ve kinh tf vd sv vifn ttp ve qudn sv, dii sire chdng chpi nhiing thf Ivc hem ta nhieu lan Trong bd't or hoan cdnh nao, Ddng va nhan dan Vift Nam van coi su ung hp qudc te^ ddc bift la sv vifn ttp oia cac nudc XHCN Id mpt ttong nhung nhan tff
CO bdn dem l?i thing Ipi cudi cimg ciia sy nghiep daii ttanh bdp vf ddc lap dan tpc
vd thdng nha't dd't nude
Nhung sau chien thing ve vang dy, do nhieu dieu kifn chu quan va khach quan, nudc ta lai roi vao tinh ttang bj bao vay nghiem ttpng Khd khdn chong chdt ttfn
cdc linh vvc kinh le, qudc phdng va ngoji
giao Trudc thdch thiic gay git dd, D?i hpi Dang lan thii VI (1986) de ra dudng Iffi
md cira, khic phvc sai lam aia thdi ky bao cap, gidi tda cdc vudng mlc ttong quan hf qudc tf^ dua da't nudc hpi nhdp vdi the gidi ben ngodi Vifc chain diit thoi
ky chiai ttarJi l?nh cimg sv tan rd aia hf thdng XHCN d chdu Au ddt ra nhung van df mdi Thvc hifn phucmg chdm da
phirong hda, da d^ng hda, quan hf i&
ngoai Viet Nam dtrpc md rdng vdi cdc doi tdc khac nhau, trong cac Hnh vuc khac
Trang 3nhau vd tten cdc tang nac khdc nhau Nhd
vdy, tinh ttang bi bao vdy cha'm diit, nudc
ta lan lupt ddt quan hf vdi td't cd cac nudc
Idn, tham gia cdc td chiic qud'c tf quan
ttpng, dan dan ndng cao vi the qud'c tf
oia minh LSn hdi nhap thir ba bdt dau tie
ndm 1986 dd dua Viet Nam tham gia cdc hoqt
ddng ciia cdng dong thi'gidi, tra thdnh ngucri
ban, ddi tdc tin cdy vd thdnh viin co trdeh
nhiim trin truong qudc ii'
Ba la'n hpi nhdp danh dd'u ba budc
chuyen cd tam chif'n lupc ciia cdch
mang Vift Nam, dva Vift Nam vupt
qua khd khdn thdch thiic, md hudng di
len, dat dupc nhieu thdnh tiru ttong sv
nghifp gidi phdng ddn tdc vd kifn thift
dd't nudc
2 Diein qua ddi net ve qud trinh hpi
nhdp ttong Uch sir each mang Viet Nam
de thd'y rang ljch sir ra ddi vd da'u ttanh
aia Ddng Cdng sdn g i n lien vdi nhiing
hifn ddng cua tinh hinh thf gidi, vira
chju dnh hudng ciia cac sv kifn qud'c tf
vd ttong mdt so trudng hpp lai cd khd
ndng tac dpng df'n nhirng diin bifh
qud'c tf Mdi quan he hai chieu dd cd liic
gdy khd khan, nhung cd liic l?i t^o
thudn Ipi cho tifn trinh cdch mjng Do
vdy, nghien ciiu Lich sir Ddng khdng chi
tip trung phdn tich ban than cdc sv kifn
oia Dang md nfu ddt nd ttong bdi canh
qud'c tf cu the thi se hieu sdu xa ngudn
goc cua va'n de, se gidi thich dupc
nhiing nhdn to dan dfn cdc quyft djnh
ciia Ddng ttong timg tinh hud'ng vd qua
dd nit ra nhiing kinh nghifm, df xua't
nhiing dv bdo cd y nghia thiet thvc cho budc phdt trien sau ndy
Trudc nay, ttong cdc gido trinh ve Lich sir Ddng, khi df cap dfn giai dojn ndo ciing deu ddnh phan dd'u cho vifc gidi thifu tinh hinh the,gidi aia giai doan dd Ddy la vifc ldm can thift nhimg se Id khdng dii nfu mud'n tim hifu sau xa cdi nguon ciia cdc su kifn, cdc quyft dinh trong tifn trinh lanh djo aia Ddng Cimg vdi cdc nhdn td ttong nudc, vifc nghign ciiu nhirng nhdn to ben ngodi se ldm sang td sv tinh toan timg budc di the hifn tam nhin chifn lupc vd nhiing quyft sach mem deo aia Dang thich iing vdi tinh hinh thvc tign nham dat dupc hieu qud td't nhd't ttong nhirng bdi cdnh cu the
Ve mdt dd'i ngoai, hch sir hai cudc khang chien ciia nhdn dan ta dupc ddnh ddii bdi ba bdn hifp dinh ky ke't vao cac ndm: 1946, 1954 vd 1973 Dd cd nhieu tdi lifu cua Ddng ddnh gia thdnh tvu, nhieu cdng ttinh khoa hpc phdn tich ndi dung
vd y nghia cua cac hifp dinh Ddng thdi cung xud't hifn khdng it y kifn ban thdo
ve kft qud va han chf cua mdt so dieu khodn ttong cac van kifn dd Vd duong nhien, cudc ttanh luan mang tinh hpc thudt ve nhirng vdh df dd thudng keo ddi, khd cd hdi kft
Thvc ra, cdc lap luan deu cd co sd nha't dinh, hoac dua vdo y mudn chit quan, hodc cdn a i vdo cdc nhdn to khdch quan Vdh de se sdng td hon khi cac sv kifn dupc xem xet ttong bdi canh qudc te'
Trang 4cua nd, trong moi hrong quan Ivc lupng
giiia cdc chu the trf n binh dif n thf gidi
vd trpng the Hfn cdng hodc hoa hodn
giira cdc nudc Idn cd drJi hudng chi phdi
dfn todn eye
Bdn Hiip dinh Sa b^ ngdy 6-3-1946 Id
kf't qud ciia cupc ddm phdn trvc tif'p
giira Vift Nam vd Phdp tai Ha Npi Nd
khdng chi Id cdu chuyfn ciia hai ben md
lien quan dfn nhifu thf Ivc, ttvc tif'p la
ba dinh aia tam gidc quan hf giiia Vift
Nam - Phdp - Trung Hoa Ddn qud'c
Ddng sau Phdp vd Trung Hoa la Anh vd
My; Vift Nam roi vdo thf cd lap, khdng
nhdn dupc sv cdng nhan oia bd't cir nudc
ndo Thdi dp im lang cua Lien Xd ciing
mac nhien tao dieu kien thudn Ipi cho ke
hoqich oia Phdp ttd lai Ddng Duong
Nhin ttfn binh difn qud'c tf mdi cd the
gidi thich thdi dp hirng hd aia Lien Xd
ddi vdi sv ra ddi ciia Nhd nudc Vift Nam
do Ddng Cdng sdn ldnh dao
Trong bdi cdnh qudc tf day rdy khd
khan nhu vdy, Chii tich Hd Chi Minh da
ldnh d?o Ddng di nudc cd "hda de tien",
cd phan nhdn nhupng de chudn bi cho kf
sdch ldu ddi Ngay sau khi Hifp dinh
dupc cdng bd^ cdc ddng phdi ddi ldp hdi
dd (Vift Qud'c, Viet Cdch, Dai Vift ) md
dpt cdng kieh du ddi, ddc bif t nham vao
dieu khoan de 15 ngdn qudn Phdp vao
mifn BIC Viet Nam thay thf 200 ngan
qudn Trung Hoa Ddn qud'c _Se khd gidi
thich nfu chi nhin vdo tinh hinh trong
nudc dang sue sdi Idng cam thii thuc ddn
Phdp Nhung xet moi quan hf qud'c t f
khi Hifp udc Triing Khdnh giiia Phdp va Trung Hoa da ky ngdy 28-2 thi Hifp dinh So bp chinh Id sdch lupc tranh ciing mdt luc phdi dd'i phd vdi nhieu ke thii -nguy CO dupc dv bdo tir trudc ngdy Tdng khdi nghia Dd ciing Id cdch phdn hda ke thii, chpn dung dd'i thii la thvc dan Phdp ngoan cd' r i p tdm trd l?i Ddng Duong Cac cupc ddm phdn tifp theo t?i Dd Lat, Phdngtenobld cho tdi T?m udc 14-9 la nhung cd ging ngdn chjn chifh ttanh, dong thdi Id thdi gian can thift de chuah
bi chif'n da'u Song cudi ciing, cdi gi phii den da dfn Cupc khdng chif'n chong thvc dan Phap himg nd vdo dem
19-12-1946 tten pham vi ca nudc
Cupc ttanh luan sdi ndi ve nhung dieu
khodn ttong Hiip dinh Gianeva ndm 1954
ciing keo ddi ttong nhieu nam^ Nhin tir nhiing thing Ipi a i a qudn ddn ta ttong cupc khdng chif'n, nhd't Id vdi chien thang lly limg Difn Bien Phii thi phai chdng vifc quy dinh gidi tuyen tam thoi
d VT tuyfn 17 va thdi h?n ti&i tdi tong tuyen cir 2 ndm la khdng tuong xiing, khdc vdi de xud't hpp ly ban dau la VT tuyen 16 vdi thdi han 6 thdng Nhimg bdn khodn dd Id cd co sd Song, neii nhin nhdn Hpi nghj Gionevo ttong bdi cdnh qud'c tf' nira dau nhirng ndm 50 thi cd the tha'y nhiing khia c?rih khac
Trat tv the gidi hai cvc da xuat hifn tit sau cupc Thf chif'n II, song phdi d & ndm
1950 mdi thvc sv ndi len rd net d khu vifc
Ddng A Sv thanh lap Cdng hda Nhan dan Trung Hoa da nang vj the qudc 1^
Trang 5ciia he thd'ng XHCN, xuat hi^n 2 chinh
quyen ddi Igp d Bac Kinh va Dai B^e
Tren ban dao Trieu Tien cung da hinh
thanh hai nha nude Dai Han DSn qud'c va
Cdng hda Dan chii Nhan dan Trieu Tien
Thang 6-1950 bung nd cupc chien tranh
giiia hai mien, ban dau mang tinh chat
mpt eude npi chien Song, vifc do bp eua
My va eae Ddng minh mang danh nghia
Lien hpp qud'c hd trp Han Qud'c va sy
tham chien ciia Chi nguyfn quan Trung
Qud'c ling hp Trieu Tien da bie'n ban diio
nay thanh noi dp sung tryc tie'p dau tien
giira quan dpi thupe hai phe TBCN va
XHCN O Viet Nam cd diem khae, eupe
khang chie'n chdng thue dan Phap mang
tinh chat mdt cudc da'u tranh giai phdng
dan tdc, giai quye't mau thuan dan tpc
giua nhan dan Viet Nam vdi de qud'c
Phap Tli nam 1950, My tang cudng vien
trp eho Phap va Trung Qud'c tie'n hanh
vien trp cho Viet Nam nen chien tranh
Viet Nam ciing phan anh mau thuln giiia
hai phe trong trat ty the gidi Nhung neii
ban dao Trieu Tien la bai ehieh trudng
true dien giiia My va Trung Qud'c, thi d
Viet Nam, ngoai mdt so cd' van eua mdi
ben, luc lupng tac chie'n van la quan dan
Viet Nam vdi dpi quan vien chinh Phap
va quan dpi quoc gia ciia Bao Dgi
Sau ba nam ehieh tranh khd'c liet giua
hai mien Nam - Bac Trieu Tien khdng
phan thang bgi, hai ben ky Hiep dinh
ngimg ban Ban Mdn Diem, trd ve diem
xua't phat ban dau la Vi tuyen 38 Dieu
nay eho thay trong eupe ddi dau true
difn bang vii luc, chua ben nao cd the gianh phan thang quye't dinh, tinh trang giang CO se keo dai nen hai phe deu tim giai phap thda hiep Mdi phe Igi ed nhung Iy do rieng de di vao hda hoan: Phap thua dam lam Anh lo lang lan sdng da'u tranh se Ian sang eac thudc dia eua minh My tang cudng vien trp khdng hifu quci da tinh deh chuyfn the chan Phap; Lien Xd dang trai qua cupc tranh chap quyen lye sau cai che't ciia Stalin; Trung Qud'c viia tuyen bo thanh lap nha nudc Cpng hda Nhan dan da phai lao vao hai eupe chie'n d Trieu Tien va Vift Nam, rat can thdi gian hda binh de kieh thie't dat nudc Trong bdi canh do, tu tudng hda hoan bao trum gidi lanh dgo ciia ca hai phe, va do vay, vifc ngiing ban d Trieu Tien vdi su phan chia hai mien dupc coi nhu hinh mau de giai quye't van de Ddng Duong
Cudc hpp giiia cac nudc Idn dau nam
1954 d Beelin di de'n quye't dinh trif u tap Hdi nghi Gionevo ban ve van de ngung bin d Trieu Tien va d Ddng Duong Hdi nghi ve Trieu Tien khdng dat dupc hifp dinh hda binh giiia hai mien nhung ehieh tranh cung khdng tai dien Cho deh nay, ve mat phap ly qud'c te^ ban dao nay van d trong tinh trgng "ngiing ban"
Sy dd vd ciia Hdi nghi Gionevo ve Trieu Tien lam cho cac ben lo nggi mdt ke't qua tuong tu se xay ra khi ban deh van de Ddng Duong, va trong sud't tien trinh hdi nghi, eupe dam phan giiia cac nudc Idn
bi chi phd'i bdi ndi am anh nay
Trang 6Viet Nam la te lupng khdng chifh chinh
ttong cupc ddi dau vdi thvc ddn Phdp vd
can thiep My ttfn chifh trudng E)dng
Duong, nhung t?i Hpi nghj Gionevo, Vift
Nam la dodn dai bieu "dupc mdi" bdi
Lien Xd Nfu phia ben kia cd dai bif'u aia
ba chinh phii Qud'c gia Vift Nam, Vuong
qud'c Lao, Vuong qud'c Campuchia do
Phdp dvng Ifn, thi phia bfn ndy khdng
cd dai bieu Ivc lupng khdng chien ciia
hai nudc ban, mac dau Trudng dodn
Pham Vdn Ddng Ifn tifng ddi hdi quyfn
cdng bang dd Ngodi cdc phien hpp
chinh thirc, cdc cupc thuong lupng thvc
chd't chi xoay quanh giiia cac nudc Idn ~
Anh, Phap vd Trung Qud'c, Lien Xd
Nhiing thda thudn tai Lieu Chau giiia
Chii tich Hd Chi Minh vdi Thu tudng
Trung Qudc Chu An Lai khdng dupc
thvc thi ttift de Trong hodn cdnh nhu
vdy, nhirng mong mud'n cua ta khd cd
the dat dupc hodn toan
Tuy nhien, nhirng han chf tten khdng
the phu nhdn nhiing thanh tun tai Hpi
nghi Gionevo Nfu nam 1946, dai difn
Cpng hda Phdp chi cdng nhan Vift Nam
"la mdt qud'c gia tu do", 15 ngdn qudn
Phdp dupc vao mien Bac Vift Nam, thi
tai Gionevo, "Hpi nghi chiing nhdn
tuyen bd aia Chinh phu Phap se tdn
trpng dpc lap, chii quyen, thd'ng nhd't va
toan ven lanh thd ala Campuchia, Lao
va Viet Nam", "chiing nhdn tuyfn bo
cua Chinh phii Phap san sang rut quan
dpi Phdp khdi Campuchia, Ldo vd Viet
Nam" Hon the niia, "trong quan hf vdi
Campuchia, Lao, Vift Nam, cdc nudc tham gia Hpi nghi cam kft tdn ttpng chii quyfn, ddc Ifp, thd'ng nha't vd todn v ^ ldnh thd aia moi nudc"* Dd chinh Id cdn cii phdp ly de nhan dan ta tif'p tuc cupc daii ttanh chdng sv xam Ivpc ciia My trfn chifn ttudng ding rJiu ttfn ban ddm phdn Pari sau ndy
Cudc ddm phdn Pari (1968-1973) diin ra
trong mOt bd'i cdnh khdc Cupc Tdng tien cdng Mdu Thdn ndm 1968 bupc Tdng thdng My Gidnxcm phdi tuyen bd ngimg, bin phd mifn Bic, de nghi thucmg lupng khdng kfm theo dieu kifn "cd di cd l?i" nhu bd'y ldu van ddi hdi Cupc dam phdn tifn hdnh tay ddi giiia ta vd Hoa Ky keo dai hon 5 ndm, khdng cd sv tham dv aia mdt nudc ndo khdc Viet Nam ttanh thii tham khdo y kifn cdc ddng minh XHCN, song tir kinh nghifm Gionevo, dd giii viing the chii dpng ttong sudt tien trinh thdo ludn tir cac phien hpp cdng khai dai cdc phien hpp kin Tir nhung cudc ban cai d Pari, cd hai ben deu lang nghe d&g Sling ttfn chi&i trudng, thf giang co tren ttdn dia ddn dfn vifc keo ddi thucmg lupng tai Hpi ngM
Ndm 1972, cupc hda dam budc vao giai doan chuain bi cho hdi kft vi ba ly do
sau ddy: Mdt, cupc Tdng tifn cdng Xuanr
He 1972 vd hdnh dpng ttd dua aia My ban phd ttd lai mien Bac da dua cugc chif'n Ifn miic dp cdng thang khdc lift Nhiing dpt chifh da'u gidnh gift timg thudc da't ttfn Thanh co Qudng T4 cho thdy cupc dp siic quyft lift ala hai ben
Trang 7tren todn chifn ttudng ciing chua thf
ngd ngii Hai, do Id nam bau cir Tdng
thd'ng d My, Nichxon mud'n tdi o i bang
qudn chii bai "hda binh d Vift Nam",
linh My se ttd ve gia dirJi hp Cd hai ben
deu mud'n tranh thii thdi co nay df kft
thiic ddm phdn, vd qua dd, Nichxon se
nam chic phan thing cir Ba, trong quan
hf qud'c tf cd su dich chuyfn quan ttpng
bdi chuyfn di cua Tdng thd'ng My df'n
BIC Kinh hdi thdng Hai vd dfn Mdtxcova
hoi thang Nam Sau dd, Thu tudng
Tnmg Qud'c va Chii tich Hpi ddng Bp
trudng Lien Xd lan lupt sang Hd Npi de
bdy td sv cam ket van tiep tuc img hd
Viet Nam Ddu sao do van la rJiirng tin
hifu ba't Ipi ddi vdi cudc khdng chifn ciia
nhdn ddn ta khi cdc ddng minh da bat
tay vdi ke thii vi nhiing Ipi ich rieng aia
hp Nhirng vv viec sau nam 1975 da
minh chiing nguy co dd neii ta khdng
sdm kft thiic chifn ttanh Cho nen Vift
Nam thiic day "dam phdn di vdo thvc
chat" vdi ban Dv thdo thdng Mudi nam
1972 dupc cd hai ben chd'p nhdn, de ra
Uch trinh ky kf't rd rdng Ta gdc lai vifc
ddnh dd Nguyen Vdn Thifu va Chinh
quyen Sai Gdn, Hoa Ky phai cdng nhdn
ddc lap chu quyen vd todn ven ldnh thd
cua Vift Nam, se riit quan khdi nudc ta
ttong thdi han 60 ngay, vdn giii gidi
hiy&i qudn sv tam thdi VT tuyfn 17
nhung thira nhdn d mien Nam ton tai hai
chinh phil, hai quan dpi vd ba luc lupng
chinh tti Thay rd nguy co bi My bd roi,
Thieu phdn dd'i dir dpi My la'y cd dd df
ep ta nhupng bp, ddi sita dd'i ban Dv thdo thdng Mudi Cupc oanh kieh thdng
12 bing B52 vdo Hd Npi vd cdc thdnh phd khac cung nhdm myc dich gdy siic
ep ddi vdi ta, ddng thdi td rd cho Sdi Gdn bift sv iing hp ciia My Nhung cupc chd'ng ttd anh diing cua qudn ddn mien BIC budc dd'i phuong phdi ttd l?i bdn dam phdn Hifp dinh Pari dupc ky kft thdng 1-1973 vdi npi dung co bdn aia bdn Dv thdo thdng Mudi Ddn ra cdc sv kifn tren de thd'y ring sv chuyen dich oia ba dinh tam giac trong quan hf My -Trung - Xd nam 1972 la mdt trong nhirng nhdn to quan trpng ca'n tinh deh trong nudc cd kft thuc dam phan Vd vifc xem xet cdc su kien trong mdi quan
hf qud'c tf cdng ldm sdng td cdc van de trong lich sir
3 Chifn thing miia Xudn nam 1975 da kft thiic thing Ipi cudc khdng chien chd'ng My xdm lupc, md ra thdi ky kifn thift dd't nudc trong dieu kifn hda binh
va thd'ng nha't Anh hudng qud'c tf oia Vift Nam dugc md rdng, thdng 9-1977 gia nhdp Lien hpp qud'c, thift lap quan
hf ngoai giao vdi cdc nudc ASEAN vd nhieu nudc tten thf gidi Nhung chi vdi ndm sau, bau khdng khi chinh tri trong khu vvc bien ddi theo chieu hudng bdi ipi cho Vift Nam, bien gidi phia Tdy Nam vd phia BIC bi de dpa, cdc the luc bSn ngodi gdy siic ep, tifn hdnh bao vdy, cdtn van Viet Nam lai roi vdo tinh thf bi
cd lap nghiem trpng Cho dfn nay, giai doan lich sir 1976 1986 chua dupc
Trang 8nghien ciru mpt each day dii, nhieu cdu
hdi chua dupc gidi ddp, nhieu kinh
nghifm chua dupc diic ket ttong khi
nhiing bdi hpc cua giai dpan ndy cd y
nghia rd't cd'p bdch va thift thvc ddi vdi
vifc xir ly cdc mdi quan hf qud'c tf cua
hdm nay vd mai sau
Nghien ciiu lich sir ddn tpc cung nhu
Lich sir Ddng ttong giai do?n nay, nhd't
thiet phdi gin bd chdt che vdi tinh hinh
the gidi de gidi thich nhiing bie'n dpng
tudng nhu ngluch ly Van la thdi ky
chifn tranh l^nh, the gidi vdn nam trong
khudn khd trat tv hai cvc, bdn mdu
thuan CO ban ciia thdi ky qua dp vdn
cdn dd, vdy md vi sao cdc nudc dd timg
la ddng minh trong thdi khdng chifn l^i
cdng thing trong quan hf sau chifn
tranh, tham chi da xdy ra cdc cupc chifn
ttanh bien gidi, vl sao hp lai ung hp chf
dp dif t chiing Khome Dd tdn bao nhd't
hch sir rpi lai Idn tifng vu khdng "Vift
Nam xam lupc Campuchia"? Cdn nhieu
cdu hdi "vi sao" can dupc ddt ra khi di
sau phan tich cac tinh hud'ng ddn dfn
tinh trang hi bao vdy cd lap da'y hiem
nguy Rd rang la nfu khdng ddt vifc
nghien ciiu Lich sir Ddng vao bdi cdnh
qud'c tf day bifn dpng cua thdi gian dd
thi khd thd'y dupc nhirng thdnh cdng
cung nhu nhiing han chf trudc nhiing
thir thdch quyft lift, va do vay, khd rut
ra dupc nhiing kinh nghifm bd ich,
thift thvc
Dai hpi Ddng lan VI da md ra thdi ky
doi mdi, dua da't nudc ra khdi tinh tt^ng
bi cd ldp va ttmg budc hpi nhap qud'c te Dfh nay, hon mpt phan tu thfky da qua vdi nhieu thdnh h ^ tten cac mdt kitJi te, chinh tri, ngo^i giao, vin hda xd hfi
Dd cd sv ddnh gid chinh thiic' cung nhu
nhieu cdng trinh nghifn ciiu ve thdi ky
ddi mdi va hdi nhap qud'c tf Nfu dat vifc nghifn a i u Lich sir Ddng ttong bc« cdnh qud'c tf oia thap nif n 80 thi cd the
nhdn m?nh mSt thdnh cdng cua Ddng trong sif nim bit dung xu thi'vd thai ca tren thi gidi detii'n hdnh cdng cudc ddi mdi
Nhin lai nhiing sv kifn tir giira thap
ky 80 dfn giiia thfp ky 90 cd the thdy hai khd ndng dien bifn ciia tinh hinh doi ngo?i Vift Nam Mpt Id khd ndng xdii: Nfu khdng cd dudng Idi ddi ngoai doi mdi hinh thdnh giira hai ky Dai hpi VI va VII (1991), Vift Nam khdng cd gi thay dd'i ttong chinh sdch ddi npi va doi ngo?i, thi khi Lien Xd vd chf dp XHCN Ddng Au tan rd, Vift Nam cdng bi roi vdo thf cd lap nghifm ttpng hon rai nhieu vd khdng the tinh hft hau qua dfi vdi van mfnh a i a da't nudc Nhung lich sir da chuyfn bifn theo khd nang thii hai,
md ra thdi ky dd'i mdi ttong chinh sach ddi npi va ddi ngoai Vdi sv ddnh gia dung din ve xu thf phdt trif'n cua the gidi, xdc dinh nhifm vu "giii viing moi trudng hda binh, on dinh df phdt triSi kinh tf - xa hpi Id Ipi ich cao nhat ciia To qud'c"' Dang de ra dudng Idi hdi nhdp qud'c tf theo phuong cham da phirong hda vd da dang hda Xdc dinh vdh de Campuchia ldm khdu dot pha, Vift Nam
Trang 9tuyen bd riit toan bp quan d^i khdi da't
nudc nay vao thang 9-1989 sau mudi
nam giiip Bgn hdi sinh da't nudc, xda bd
tan du ciia ehe dp di^t chiing, thie't lap
nha nude Cpng hda Nhan dan, xay dyng
lue lupng vii trang vung mgnh va gdp
phan vao thanh cdng ciia Hpi nghi Pari
ve van de Campuchia (10-1991) Qua
nhimg su kien dd, dan dan Vi?t Nam da
lam "tan bang" trong quan he vdi cAc
nude Ddng Nam A, binh thudng hda
quan he vdi Trung Qud'c (11-1991), thie't
lap quan h | vdi Lien minh chau Au (EU),
xac lap Id trinh 4 hude trong quan h^ vdi
Hoa Ky va ehinh thiic tuyen bo "Viet
Nam mud'n la bgn vdi tat ca cac nudc
trong cdng ddng the' gidi phan dau vi
hda binh, doe lap va phat trien" tai Dgi
hpi vn, diln ra vao thang 6-1991 Ta't ca
nhiing sy viec dd deu dupc thuc hien
truac ngdy 31-12-1991 - thai diem kei thdc
che do XoviH Cho nen, trudc su bie'n
ddng trpng dai cd ph&i bat ngd tren
phgm vi the gidi, nudc Viet Nam XHCN
gap nhieu thach thiic he't siie hiem nguy
de'n van menh ciia che dp nhung van
viing vang va tie'p tuc md dan nhiing
canh eiia di vao hpi nhap the'gidi, de deh
ttiang 7-1995 dgt dupe mpt vu miia bpi
thu trong quan he ngoai giao: ngay 11
thie't lap quan he vdi Hoa Ky, ngay 17 ky
Hiep dinh khung vdi EU, ngay 28 gia
nhap td ehiie ASEAN
The'la, trong muai ndm dau ciia thcri ky doi
mdi, Viet Nam ddphd duac thi'bi bao vay cam
van, gidi toa tinh trang bi co lap, thiei lap quan
he ngoqi giao vai hdu hei cdc nuac vd tham gia
to chitc khu vuc Dong Nam A
Lich sii da tCmg x^y ra trong qua khii,
khdng the khac dupc Nhung ngudi
nghien aiu ljch sii phiii dgt ra eae gia thie't
de tu dd nhin nhgn cae kha nang dien bien ciia tinh hinh, nghia la can dgt ra ehii
"neii" Neu vao nhung nam eudi 80, Vi|t
Nam khdng djnh ra dudng ldi ddi mdi, khdng giai tda cac mdi quan h | phiic tgp trong khu vyc, khdng budc dau md ra cac mdi quan he vdi ben ngoai, thi sau su kien Lien Xd tan ra - noi ma ta ludn coi la "hdn
da tang", sd'phgn nudc nha se ra sao? De'n khi dd, ta se di "lam bgn" trong the cd dpc, yell kem va chac chan se chiu nhieu siic ep nang ne Nhung ta da vupt qua dupc nguy CO do Nhiing cdng viec sau nam
1991 chinh la su tiep ndi nhiing tien de da dupc chuan bi td't trong thdi gian trudc Cho nen Viet Nam viing budc di vao the gidi vdi eac mdi quan he da phuong va da dang Qua tien trinh dien bie'n eiia eac sy
kien, cd the thay noi len van de nam virng thai ca trong dieu kiin ngdt ngheo de thodt khoi hi'tac Va Dang da thanh cdng trong
bude tiioat hiem day cam go dd, tiep tuc phat huy thanh qua va nang cao vi the qud'c te'ciia Vi$t Nam
4 Gan ke't vifc nghien ciiu lieh sii hon
80 nam ciia Dang trong bdi canh hdi nhap qud'c te^ chiing ta cd th§' riit ra nhiing dieu gi cd y nghia thie't thyc?
Mgt, nhiing phat kie'n dia ly cudi the
ky XV, nha't la su phat trien kinh te'ciia CNTB tu niia sau the' ky XIX va kem
Trang 10theo dd Id sv banh trudng cua chii
nghia thvc ddn khifn cho mpi diin bifn
trong tirng nudc, rtrng khu vvc deu gdn
lien vdi boi cdnh chung cua thf gidi
Nha't Id trong thdi d?i phdt trif'n manh
me cua khoa hpc cdng nghf, ttong thdi
dai todn cau hda ngdy nay thi trdi dd't
hau nhu thu nhd l?i, mdi lien hf giiia
cdc sv kifn qud'c gia vd qud'c tf cdng
gdn giii hon, thit chdt hon vd cd tdc
dpng qua lai mft thift hon Cho nfn
viec nghiin citu lich sit mdi qud'c gia khdng
the tdch rdi lich sit cua khu vuc ndi riing
vd lich sit thi' gidi ndi chung Dd Id mdt
thvc tf khdch quan md vifc nghifn ciru
Lich sir Dang ciing khdng nam ngodi
quy ludt khdch quan dd
Hai, nghien ciiu cac van kifn ciia Ddng
cho thd'y mdi khi cd mdt nghi quyft quan
ttpng, cdc nhd ldnh dao ludn ddt van de
ttong tinh hinh qud'c tf oia giai doan dd
vd mpi tinh todn de hoach dinh dudng
ldi, chii trucmg deu can a i vdo tinh hinh
dd Chu tich Hd Chi Minh vd Trung uong
Ddng, ttong dieu kifn khd khdn aia cdn
a i dia Vift Bdc hdi tien khdi nghia, da
nhin nhdn chinh xdc ve nhirng dien bifn
aia cudc chifn ttanh thf gidi, nim bit
dupc thdi dp cua cac cudng qudc vd do
dd, tinh todn diing nhirng khd ndng se
xdy ra, df xud't nhiing quyft sach diing ve
thdi CO tdng khdi nghia gianh chinh
quyen vd du bdo dung nhiing tinh hudrig
khd khdn de chudin bi ddi sdch thich hpp
ttong ndm dau oia Nhd nudc Vift Nam
Dan chii Cpng hda KitJi nghifm cho
thd'y, khi cd nhiing nhdn dinh ddng ddn ve bdi cdnh qud'c it thi viec dit bdo tinh hlnh si gdn vdi thuc tiin vd vifc hoach dinh dudng ldi, chu truong si chinh xdc Ngupc l?i, khi
khdng thd'y hft nhiing chuyfn dpng bai thudng ttpng nhirng tinh hudrig phirc tap cua thf gidi, vifc dinh ra chinh sdch si mang h'nh chu quan, dan tdi nhirng hdu-qud tai h?i vd dd't nudc ldm vdo tinh tt?ng cvc ky khd khdn Tinh h'mh mudi ndm sau chifh thing d f qud'c My la nhv vay, rd't cdn dupc nghiSn ciiu mpt each todn difn ttong bdi cdnh qud'c tf day bioi dpng mdi nit ra nhiing bdi hpc kinh nghifm cd y nghTa thift thvc cho hom nay vd mai sau
Ba, hau hft cdc nudc deu thvc hifn
d?o ludt ve vifc gidi mdt cdc tdi lifu luu tru sau 30 ndm tinh tir khi ra ddi vdn ban, trong mpt so tnrdng hpp ddc bift, thdi han cd the keo dai tdi 50 nam Kho luu trii Lifn Xd ciing da md cira sau khi nhd nudc Xdvift tan ra Nhd vay, cdc tai lifu lien quan df'n cdch mang Vift Nam hau nhu dd dupc cdng bd' Nhieu hgc gid nudc ngodi da tan dyng co hpi nay
de khai thdc tdi lifu, nghien ciiu doi sach aia cdc ben cd lifn quan vd dua ra
nhieu y kifn khac nhau Lich sis hifn d?i
Vift Nam, bao gom cd Lich sir Dan^ dupc rJiin nhan tir nhieu phia vdi nhieu
y kifn khdc nhau, cd khi ttai chifu nhau, t?o nfn each ddnh gid da dang tir nhifu gdc dp, thf hifn nhieu quan diem lam cho vdh de sang td hon vd each vift lich sir cd dieu kifn chdn thvc hem