Thực trạng sở hữu ruộng đất ở Tiền Hải (Thái Bình) cuối thế kỷ XIX, đầu thế kỷ XX

Bài viết nghiên cứu thực trạng sở hữu ruộng đất về ruộng đất công và ruộng đất tư ở Tiền Hải (Thái Bình) cuối thế kỷ XIX, đầu thế kỷ XX.

TinlC TRANG s d llCu RUdlVG D X T d TM^ HAI

(TiiAi Bii\ii) cud'i mft' K Y X I X , BAU THC' K Y X X

NGUYEN THI MY HANH*

Cd thd ndi trong ljch sfl c$n dgi Vidt

Nam, vfi'n dd rudng dfi't c6 sy thay

dfi'i rfi't ldn Dd lfi thyc trgng cfldp dogt

rudng dfi't cua thyc dfln Phflp, sfl hlnh thfinh

chd dp sd hflu Idn vd rudng dfi't cua dia chu

thye dfin Phflp vfi dia chu ban xfl RiSng

huyfin Tien Hai (Thfli Binh) - m^t huydn

dfl^e thfinh Iflp vflo niia ddu thd ky XDC

(1828) tfl cdng cupe kh&i hoang eua nhfi

Nguydn li^u tinh hinh ed dien ra nhfl v^y

hay khdng? Vfi ne'u c6 thi dien ra d mflc dd

nfio?

1 Rupng da't cong

Trong khi nghien cflu tinh hinh sd hflu

rudng dfl't d Tidn Hai (Thfli Binh) tfl khi

thflnh Iflp ddn nfla sau thd ky XIX eac

nhfl nghien cflu ddu da di den kS't lu^n

rfing: rudng dfi't cdng nhin chung chiS'm ty

1^ cao bdn ru^ng dfl't tfl (tfl't nhiSn cd ngogi

Ig do hofin canh lich sijl tflng Iflng chi phdi

nhfl trfldng b^p Iflng Thanh Giflm - huydn

Tidn Hai) D^n cuoi thd ky XIX dfiu thd ky

XX sfl ehuydn biS'n rudng dfi't efing vfl tfl d

cfle lfing xa Thai Binh ndi chung vfi d Tien

Hai ndi riSng tidp tyc didn ra rfi't phflc tgp

vfl da dgng Song theo cac nhfl nghiSn cflu

thi ehidu hfldng ehung lfi edng didn suy

giam, sd hflu tfl didn tfing len vfi chidm ty

1$ ldn

Ndi rflng edng didn ed chidu hfldng suy giSm khfing ed nghia lfi edng didn luc nfiy

chi cdn chidm ty Id nho mfl trfin thyc ti: d

Thfii Binh, d$e bidt lfi d Tidn Hai, rudng dfi't cfing cdn tdn tgi vdi sd" Iflyng vfl ty 1§ khfi ldn

Didu nfiy dflOe t h l hidn qua sy ki^n nfim

1894, khi ngfldi Phflp ddn, hp v&n vo cflng ngge nhidn vl khfle vdi nhidu lfing xa d Bfie

Bp luc bdy gid thi d Tidn Hai luc nfly rupng dfi't chil ydu v3n lfi rupng dfl't ciia Iflng xa

edng hflu (1) Hay trong cuon "Kinh tindng nghiip Ddng Duang" xufl't ban nfim 1932,

Yvd Hfingry (Yves Henry) - Tong thanh tra ndng nghidp Ddng Dfldng cho bidt: vflo diiu thd ky XX ad ru^ng cdng d Th&i Binh Ifi khoang 100.000 m&u, trong khi dd di^n tieh eanh tflc khoang 300.000 mSu (2) Tfl d6 suy ra ty 1§ % edng difi'n lfi: khoang 32% tdng so' didn tich ru^ng lua cua tinh Ndu di vfio tflng phu, huydn thl ty Id edng didn cdn

cao hfln Didn hinh Ifi h u y ^ Tidn Hai, vdo ddu thiky XX, ty li edng diin Id 59% (trong khi theo P.Gourou, trong cudn "NgUdi ndng ddn chdu thd Bde K^' thi vdo ndm Minh M^nh thd 13, sd rugng edng d ddy chiim 75% tdng di^n tich) Cung theo so li$u thdng

ke dfiu thd ky XX, trong 51 hflong flde cua c&c lfing d Tidn Hai dflyc cfle nhfi nghiSn cflu

* ThS Khoa Ijch sfl - Trfldng Dgi hoc Sfl phgm Hfi Ndi

tim hieu thi so lfing xa ed rupng d&t edng

qufln efi'p lfi (M)CQC) 51 (3) (Xem bang 1,

Z) Nhfl vfly Ifl nhin chung hfiu nhfl lfing nfio

cung ton tgi cdng didn, Trong cdng didn thd

fiiy, tuy^t dgi bd ph§n Ifl didn, thd' khdng ed

bao nhieu - chi chiS'm ed khoang 8% (4)

Cdng chflu thd hfiu nhfl khdng dfing kd

V&y lfi, 80 vdi mia dfiu thd ky XIX thi sd

Iflqing rupng dfi't cdng cd giam sflt theo

khuynh hfldng chung cua efie tinh Bfie K^

Song ndu so vdi cfic tinh khfic, d$c bi^t Ifl

xfit trong tfldng quan vdi cfic huydn khfle

trong tinh Thfli Binh thi ty Id cfing didn vfl

so* Iflyng Iflng cd rudng dfl't cdng qufin cfi'p

eua huydn Tidn Hai Ifl ldn hdn (Xem bang

3) Hi^n tflpng nfiy cd thd I^ giai b^ng

nhidu nguySn nhfln khfic nhau Trfldc hdt,

didu dl nh^n th&'y Ifi: d&y Ifi mpt huydn

nfim d midn ven bidn, Ifl mpt vflng dfi't tre,

mdi dxiifc khai khiln chfla Iflu Ban dfiu sau

khi dfl^ khai kh&i, ban thfin huy^n Tidn Hai dfl dflpe mdnh danh Ifl "Tidn Hai tofln thi qufin cfi'p" Hdn thd, thdi gian tfl dd ddn thdi didm nfiy cung ehfla du dfii d l tfl didn

du sfle l&'n fit hofln tofin edng didn Song mpt nguySn nhfin chii ydu phai k l ddn Ifl

do ehfnh sflch rupng dfi't eua thye dfin Phfip Kd tfl dfiu thd ky XX, trong Nghi dinh ngfiy 8-3-1906 dd cflp ddn vi§c quan Iy tfli san cua efie Ifing xa Bfle K^, chi'nh quydn LiSn bang Ddng Dfldng da ra I$nh cfl'm k^ mye cfle Iflng xa khdng dflpc baji edng didn cong tho (nhfl lufit Ip Gia Long da quy dinh tfl nfim 1803), Vd sau, trong eac vfln ban "Cai Ifldng hfldng ehinh", thfle dfin Phfip ed eho phfip thue, linh canh, thflm chi

Bang 1: Bing tinh hlnh mfing cfing quin dp ocic ling xfl Thil Binh diu thlSky XX

Ten phu huyfn

Ti«nH^

Thuy Anh

Duy&iHi

K i ^ Xoang,

Tliii Nmh

Tiftn Hung

DfinRQuan

Phv Due

HrniRNhan

Thi Tri

Cing

Sd hirong irdc

diroc nghifn clhi

51

70

58

73

53

42

3

443

SI ling xa kh6ng ghi RDCQC

0

4

6

9

12

3

10

6

0

0

SO

SI ling xfl kh&ng c6 RDCQC

0

0

3

0

10

3

18

I

0

38

SI ling xfl c6 RDCQC

51

28

61

49

47

18

2

1 3SS

(Ngudn; S6 lifu lil cuAi "Kinh li" ndng nghidp Hdng Ouang" (Sconomie AgncoU de Ilndochme) l u i l ban 1932 ci Hangny v i i6 lieu cua SA Dia chfnh bdo cio ciia COng (H d c U'nh Btc K^ (luu gift l u Tning Um l>ni UO Qa6c gia Hi NOi)

B a n g 2 : B a n g t j 1( c 6 n | d\in m ^ s6 l i n g t h u p c h u y ^ Ti^n H a l ( T h i l B i n h ) d i u t h £ ky X X

U n g thu6c h u y ^ T l ^ Hal

NhoLflm

Thanh Giim

Done Cao

Tdnf* s£ ni^ng (miu)

350

510

C6ngdi6n(mAu)

90

200

125

Ty l« % c«ng d i ^ 25,7 39,2

(NguAn: Ding Lao DOng V i « Nam, Ban chip hinh linh TWi Eftnh H6 wt'Tulifa Itch sU phong trdo cdch mang huyfn Titn Hdi

1925.194S" Hd so sd 21/SD - F6 quydn t6 30-01 Tii lieu lini frit lai phdng tuu dit Unh uy Thii Blub)

Bing 3: Bing phin btf ru^ng ctfng d cic phii, huyfn d Thif Binh

Ttn phiJ, huy^n

Tl^n Hii

Thvy Anh

Kiffn Xifong

Thir Trt

Tliii Ninh

Duyen Hi

Vil Tien

Htfng Nhan

QuJnhCdi

Tien Hung

PhyDi^c

Ddng Quan

l)l(n Ifch canh lie (miu)

31.166 22.761 30.833 25.833 30.555 25,833 16.944 20.000 22.761 25.000 19.444 25,276

Dlfn Ifch c6ng dl^n (miu)

19.841

12.710 16.967 11.766 13,616 8.814 7.185 4,135 4.212

3 589 2.090 1.956

T^ If % cOng d l ^

63,6

53,8 35,0 43.3 44,5 34.1 26,6 20.6 18.5 14.3 10,7 7.7

(Ngufln Sdli^u lilcufin Kink ifnOng nghifp 06ng Duong(^conomie Agricolede I'Indochine), l u l i bin 1932dia YvoHingny

vi td lieu cit Sd Dia chfnh, bio cio ciia COng lit cic llnh Bic K^ (luu gift lai Trung Um Jim UQ Qufic gia HI NOI))

cho ban rupng cong eua Iflng xa d^ chi dflng

vfio efing vi§c cila Ifing, nhflng chi dfl^ thi^e

hi^n trong nhfliig trflcing hifp dfie bi^t vfi

phai dfldc afl dong f cua cua chinh quy^n

cfi'p tinh hofic cfi'p xfl (5) Hay trong th6ng

tfl ngfiy 25-3-1915, Thong afl Bfle K^ c6n ra

I?nh cho eae quan chu tinh bfit bu$c cfle

Iflng xa thfle hi$n vi$c chia di^n cfing th^

theo dinh k^ 3 nfim m^t lAn (6) Chflng ta

deu bi^t ring: cdng di^n Ifi eh hflu chung

cua lfing xa, Ifi cd sd kinh ti cua tS chflc

lfing xa vfi moi Iflng xa Ifi m^t ddn vi hflnh

chfnh rieng bi^t do bpn efldng hflo dflng

diu 6 dfiy, d^ qu6c Phfip khfing x6a bo

cong diin mfl l^i duy tri ch^f d$ cdng di^n

tfle Ifl duy trt hinh thfle tS chflc thon xfi, Ipi

di^ng chfnh ngay to chflc thon xfl dfl c6 sSn

fi'y, thong qua bpn cflcfng hfio ly djeh di bdc

Ipt ndng dfin Sflu, thu^, phu dfli t^p dich,

chflng chi vi^c phfln phoi theo ddn vj Ifing

xa vfl bpn efldng hfio I^ djch, I ^ c6 nhi§m

vv b^ vfio ddu ndng dan trong Ifing xfi

Chfnh sfieh nfly da dflpc th\fc dfin Phflp fip

dung 5 cfle tinh, huy^n Bfie K^, trong d6

2 Ru^ng dlTt tvi

M$c dfl thi^c dan Phap vfi tri^u dinh nhfi NguySn ra sflc duy trt ch^ dp cdng di&

d dfiy vfi trfin tht^c ti da thu dfl^c mpt sfi*

k^t qua nhfit dinh Song chiing cung khdng

th^ nflo phu n h ^ dflpc B^f tdn t^i ciia eh^

dd tfl diln th^ nghidp d t^t ca cac lfing xfi ndi nfiy

TrSn thxfc ti nhfin dan cfie Ifing xa ven

biln Tiln Hai vfl ndng dfin nghfio Iflu vong tfl khfip efic ndi khfle da quy t\i v l dfiy, hp hi^p tfic trong lao d$ng t$p t h l , quai de I&

biln, dxfng Ifing I$p ^p, biln vflng dfi^t

hoang vu chua m$n thfinh di^n tfch canh tfie phi nhidu Do v$.y sau khai hoang moi

sufi't dinh diu dflpc chia tU diin thi nghiip ngang nhau Si^ phfin p h ^ ru^ng d&t dd

phai chfing phan anh si^ ddng gdp edng sfle lao ddng ngang nhau trong qufi trinh khai

khin d i y gian k h i cua hp Hdn thl, trong tinh hinh xfi h^i b nuta d i u t h l ky XIX nfiy,

d l giai quylt yfiu c i u ru$ng dfl't gay gflt, bfle thilt ctta ddng dao ndng phieu tfin

tfl diln t h l ngiii^p chi efi the xufi't hi$n dfldi

hinh thfle tu hihi nho, theo nguyen tfic binh

qufin Vfi tfi't nhien cflng vdi dd Ifl B\f xufl't

hi$n mpt t i n g Idp ndng dfin mang tfnh chfi't

nfing dan tilu tfl hflu Vdi nhflng ngflcti

ndng dan nfly, tuy rudng dfl't edn dflpe phfin

chia h^n ehl, song nd da t^o ra dpng Ii^e ldn

khuyin khieh ndng dfin tilp ti^e edng euOc

khin hoang dang con nhilu triln vpng cl

phfa trfldc

Din cull t h l ky XIX, d$c bi§t vflo diu

t h l ky XX, c h i dp tfl diln t h l nghidp v5n

tilp tue dUffc m5 rdng do kit qua ciia vide

khai hoang khdng ngifiig diln ra Song dilu

dfing chd ^ lfi phfldng thfle phfin phdi rudng

khai hoang gid dfiy khdng cdn Ifl efich chia

diu nhfl hdi t h l ky XDC mfi mang tfnh ehfi't

bfi't binh d ^ g r5 r§t Cudn "Diln hp b?"

hi^n Iflu trfl t^i phdng truyen thing xa

Ddng Lfim dfiy 21 trang, cudi sfi' c6 chfl 1^

ciia sfic mue, d i u tripn cua Ly trflflng, diu

tri$n chflng thfle eua quan huy^n vfi d p

tren cd chip l^i nhfl sau:

"Tinh Thdi Binh phii Kiin XUdng,

huyin Tien Hdi tdng Tdn Phong, ldng

Thanh Gidm Nhdng diin hd chung tdi

kinh trinh vi^e sda ddi addiin bg Ddn ldng

chdng tdi nguySn ed mdt khu ddt hoang 96

mdu, phia Ddng gidp vdi de Bgch Long,

phia Tdy gidp vdi sdng NgU Dung, phia

Nam gidp gidi ldng Nho Ldm, phia Bdc

gidp gidi ldng Ddc Ca, thUdng bi nUdc mdn

ehdy qua nin chiia thi khai khdn Thdng

trUdc tidn chung tdi dd ldm dan xin trUng,

chd khi thdnh thtie diin se nhdn ldm tU

diin tfli nghidp hang rudng loai ba Mdi

nay may dUpc y cho ldi xin Nay vdng linh

sUta ddi sd ba, ddn chung tdi xin nhdn khu

ddt hoang dd, ph&n chia rd rdng, moi phdn

Id bao nhiiu sdo thUde, mdi mdi nhdn ldm

tam dang tU diin thi nghiip de truyin cho

con chdu Td nay vi sau, ngUdi ndo khdng

dd vi^c khai khdn thi khdng dUdc tranh chdp Ngudi ndo nhdn mdy sdo, ti^i xd dong ndo, diu ghi rd ddng tdy td ehl vd ki nh^n d dudi Kinh xin quan Tri huy^n kiim chdc Doanh diin sd bdn huy^n tra xet, phi chudn eho ldm bdng chdng di ddn mon chdng tdi dupe nhdn khu ddt hoang dd ldm

tu diin thi nghi4p Mudn ngdn hy vpng, Nay kinh trinh" Cung trong cuon "Diln so

b?" d6 cdn ghi ti mi ring: tofln bd s l rudng khai khin dflpc Ifl 96 mSu chia thflnh 153 phin cho 122 sufi't dinh Moi phin dfli?c 6 Bfio 2 khfi'u (mfii khfi'u lfi 36m''); trong a l 95 ngfldi (tfle 77% so dinh trong Iflng) dflpe nh§n 1 phin, 23 ngfldi dflpe nhfln 2 phin, 4 ngflcti dflpe nh^n 3 phin Nhfl v^y, ehi mpt

a l ft ngfldi thi dflpe flu dai n h ^ 2 hay 3 phin, trong khi tuy§t d^i da so (77%) chi dflpc nhfln 1 phin (7)

Hdn thl, eudl t h l ky XIX, trong mdt vfii tong cl Tien Hai da cd bi^n tfldng ehuyin mpt p h i n cdng diln thflnh tfl diln d l Iflm rupng ghi nhd cdng lao I^p ly, fi'p, trai, giflp Trong dd phai ke din trfldng hpp tfl diln cua trai Nhufln 6e (tong Tfln Dinh) ed 305 mSu rupng dit, tong s l dfln dinh aau khi l^p trpi lfi 15 ngfldi Trfl tho cfl dflpe phfin theo dung quy dinh cua nhfi nfldc (moi aufi't dinh 1 mSu), phin tfl diln dfldc chia cho 7

hp den khai phfl, I^p trgi d i u tien, tfnh theo dinh, m6i s u i t 5 sfio Cfle hp: Do, Tfi, Bfli, Vu, Dfldng, Ngd, Nguyen da nh^n dfl^c phin dfl't nfly Trong so 7 hp neu tren,

hp Ngd xuong aau (3 sufl't dinh) dflpe ehia 1,5 m§u, nhflng phai ra d phia ngofii Iflng Cdn 8 hp din sau khfing dflpc nh|in phin tfl diln nfly (8)

Sl? phat triln cua tfl diln t h l nghipp dflpc t h l hi§n ro n i t d nhilu ly, Ip, trai, gifip khfle trong huy^n Tiln Hai vflo cudi

t h l ky XIX, d i u the ky XX Vf nhfl: d Ip Tfin Xuan, tfi'ng Tfin Boi Ifl fi'p mdi Iflp, dflpc

dflng rifing thfinh ddn vi hfinh ehfnh cfl'p ed

sd chfnh thfle vfio nflm 1901 Cuin dia b?

eua fi'p Tfin Xufin dflpe I|p nflm Thfinh Thfii

thfl 18 (1906) cho bilt: luc nfly ting s i d i l n ,

t h l ndi dfiy Ifi 45 mlu vfl dflpc phfln ehia

nhfl sau: Tfl diln: 21 mlu (ehilm 46,6%

tfi'ng di§n tfeh rudng dfl't); Cdng diln: 20

mlu (ehilm 44,5% td'ng di$n tfch rudng

dfi't); Tfl thl: 4 mfiu (ehilm 8,9% td'ng di|n

tieh ru0ng dfi't) (9) Rd rfing, d Tfln Xufln thl

ty Id tu diln trdi hdn so vdi cdng diln

Cfich fi'p Tfln Xufin khdng xa Ifi tr^i

Thifin Kilu, dflpe thfinh I$p nflm 1828 Dia

b^ Thien kilu nidn d^i Thfinh Thfli thfl 12

(1900) cho bilt s l Iflpng tfl diln nhilu gfi'p

ddi so vdi Iflpng edng diln Trong td'ng s l

299 m l u diln, tho thi cdng diln Ifl 74 mfiu

7 sfio (chiim 25 % tong di^n tfeh); tfl diln

168 mlu 3 sfio (ehiem 53 % tong S); tho 66

m l u (ehilm 22%) (10)

Tinh hinh cung diln ra tfldng ti;t d thdn

Dai Phong, xa Nghia Phong (td'ng Tfln Boi)

theo dia ba thdn D ^ Phong nidn d ^ Thflnh

Thai thfl 12 (1900) thl td'ng a l d i l n tho Ifl:

140 mfiu, trong dd edng dien 60 mSu (ehilm

ty 1$ 42,9% td'ng so diln t h l ) ; tfl diln; 30

mfiu (chiim 21,4% td'ng s i d i l n thl); thd': 50

mfiu (ehilm 35,7% ting so diln thd')

Qua dfiy cho ta thfl'y: e h l dp tfl hflu, d$c

bi^t lfi tfl diln t h l nghidp tilp tyc dflpc xfie

Iflp, phat triln vfl cd ndi edn fip dao ca cdng

diln Cd nhilu hinh thfle phfit triln tfl diln

t h l nghidp, tuy nhidn hinh thfle khin

hoang v&n lfi m | t trong nhflng hinh thfle

quan trpng Vfl hdn t h l ai? phfln phli ru^ng

dfi't aau k h i n hoang ro rfing dfi cd svt

ehuyin bien hofln tofln khfic so vdi trfldc

day Tinh chfi't binh ding trong phfin phoi

ru|ng dfi't sau k h i n hoang gid dfly da hi

nhfldng cho eho tfnh bfl't binh dflng

Song ililu dflng ndi Ifi chfnh si? ra ddi vfl

l^i t^o ra dilu ki$n cho si? phflt triln nhanh chdng ciia hinh thfle tfl hflu ldn hdn eua dia chu ndi dfiy vflo culi t h l ky XDC, dfiu t h l ky XX Difiu nfiy b i t nguin tfl nhilu nguyin nhfin khfie nhau: Chflng ta bilt, trong qufi trinh khai hoang, ban t h i n nhflng dia chu phfl hfio cd

t h l lflc dli dfio cung dflng ra ehifiu m | nhfin cdng, tiln hflnh khai hoang dfldi hlnh thfle "tl? khin" vfi t^o ra hinh thfle tfl hflu Idn eua nhflng diln chu, cd quy m l phi biln khoang chflng vfii chi?c mfiu cd khi din vfli trfim mfiu m$t nghidp ehu Qfla trtnh khai hoang g i n mdt t h l ky da t^o ra khdng

ft nhflng diln chii nhfl vfiy

Them vfio dd, nan kiem tinh rupng dit l^i ed dilu ki^n phflt triln 6 ndi nfiy Nhflng thflnh qua k h i n hoang ciia nhan dfin ludn dflng trflde nguy cd bi chiim do^t nghiem trpng Lfi mpt miln ven bien hoang

vu, t r | t tl? xa hpi d Tiln Hai thfit sfl khdng

on djnh Nhflng "I cfldp", "gi$c co thfldng hay ty t | p d dfiy" D6 Ifi ndi t h ^ cflch ndi

ciia cfle nhfl chdp B\t phong kiln vdi hfim ^

fim ehi nhflng ngfldi ndng dfln nghfio ddi thfldng tu t^p bgio dpng d dfiy Khdng nhflng t h l , bpn gi$c biln mfl nhfin dfin quen gpi Ifi gi^c Tfiu 6 tfl ven biln Trung Qudc I^i thfldng trfin vfio cfldp phfi nhfin dfln Tinh hlnh xfl h | i thilu In djnh nhfl v$y khiln cho nhfl nfldc phong kiln NguySn, vtfn da thilu nilm tin ndi dfin

chflng Bfle Kf, 1^ ddng dd t^n kinh thfinh

H u l xa xdi, cflng khd b l kilm aofit khong

c h i tinh hlnh M | t khi nhfi nfldc trung fldng efing budng Idng bao nhieu thi cfing tpo ra dilu ki$n thu^n Ipi cho t h l Iflc cfldi^ hfio phong kiln dja phfldng liing d o ^ vfi kilm tinh r u | n g d i t b i y nhieu Thfle dfin Phfip mfi tn?c tilp Ifl bpn quan cai tr) d d p tinh thl tham nhung sflu mpt, dung dfldng tilp tay cho bpn dia ehii efldng hflo d cfic

Ifing xa ndi dfiy Qua trinh tflp trung rupng

dfi't theo d6 dflpc diy m^nh

La mpt mien chfiu tho ven biln, Tiln

Hai khdng nhflng dflpc thidn nhidn flu dai

nhflng tflng p h i m qu^ gifl nhfl nhflng vflng

dfl't dai mfiu md, nhflng Iflng xfi trfl m^t

mfl thien nhien cdn dem din eho Tiln Hai

nhflng tai hpa khiing khilp nhfl: bfio biSn,

thiiy trilu rli vd dd lu lyt cfldp di ciia hp

nhijng lfing fl'p, nhflng con dd, nhflng cfinh

ddng mfi nhfin dfin d l bilt bao cdng aflc gay

di?ng nen Thien tai dfl ddi vfi khfie nghiet

bao nhieu thi nan b i n cflng phfl san, nan

ddi kim Iflu vong cfing p h i biln biy nhieu

Vfi dfiy mdt Iln nfla I ^ t^o cd hpi cho giai

d p dia chu phong kid'n kiem tinh rupng

dfi't, gdp p h i n phat triln hdn nfla chd' dp sd

hflu rupng dfl't Idn eiia dia ehu

Ro rfing vflo euli t h l ky XDC, dfiu t h l ky

XX, d Tiln Hai, che dp tfl hflu rudng dfi't

dang dien ra sfl phan hda ngfiy eflng sfiu

sfic Dflc bi^t, trong khoang thdi gian nfiy,

yeu to tu ban chu nghia ngfiy cfijig tham

nhfip aflu vflo ndng thdn khiln eho afl phan

hda dd dien ra ngfiy cfing gfit Si? thflm

nhfip ciia ylu to tfl ban chu nghia dd dflpc

bilu hipn ro ndt d th<?c tr^ng: hidn tflpng

elm CO, mua bfln rupng dfi't diln ra ngfiy

efing pho biln trong khoang thdi gian nfly

Thdng qua con dfldng elm co mua ban

rupng dfl't, nhflng dia chu phu hfio da cfldp

doat, bdc Ipt tfin bao ndng dfin, d i n diy hp

ra khdi manh dfi't von nhd bl ciia minh

D$c biet e h l dp tfl hflu d Tifi'n Hai lue bfi'y

gid cdn phfit triln hkng efich Ifl'n chiem

rupng dfl't cdng tao thfinh 1 hinh thfle tfl

diln dflc bipt gpi Ifl "tU diin gian" (11)

Thtfc t l luc nfiy c6 khdng ft nhfliig dia chii,

efldng hflo lpi dyng t h l Ii?c vfi tiln tfli eua

minh, n h i t Ifl tranh thu nhflng luc mit

mfla ddi kdm de mua ban vfi Ifl'n chiem

rudng cdng lfim thfinh eiia tfl M^c dfl hlnh

thfle tfl diln nfly trflde phfip lufit nhfi nfldc Ifl khdng hpp phfip, nhflng do dflpc quan d buy^n, tinh bao che dung tung nen dja chu vfin cd quyln ehilm hflu vfl ehi phdi nd nhfl tfl diln cua minh v^y Vf du: dia chu Nguyin Tri Phu, Nguyin Tri Ban d lfing

D ^ Hflu (ting Tfln Dinh) vflo nhflng nfim diu t h l ky XX, nhd mua bfin rudng dfi't gian l§n mfi ed trong tay hflng ngfln mfiu rudng d huy$n Tiln Hai, Kiln Xfldng, Vu Tien Hay trfldng hpp nhfl d xfi Tilu Hofing

ed dja chu nfim trong tay mfiy trfim mfiu tfl diln gian Vfi mpt khi hidn tflpng tfl diln gian eflng nhilu thl bi^n tflpng mua bfln rupng dfi't efing p h i biln Vf nhfl: d 1^ Ddng Cao (tong Tfln An) eo 4 dia ehii ngo^i lai Ifl Hfl Huyin, Hfin Ban, Hfin Quynh d Kiln Xfldng vfi Hofing Vfin L^ d Thi xa dfl mua tdi 245 mfiu "tfl dien gian" nen khiln moi aufi't dinh d Dong Cao ehi edn 2 sfio 6 thfldc rupng cdng mfi thdi (12) 'Rnh hinh tren cung dien ra tfldng tfl d nhilu dia phfldng khae trong huypn Tiln Hai Ifle bfi'y gid Dilu nfiy giflp ta Iy giai tai sao cupe dtfu tranh ehong "tfl dien gian" lai trd thfinh mpt npi dung quan trpng trong phong trfio ndng dfin d Tiln Hai d i u t h i k y XX Vfiy Ifi, e h l dp tu hflu rupng dfi't vfio eudl

t h l ky XIX d i u t h l ky XX da thdng qua nhifi'u con dfldng khfic nhau de phflt trien vfi phfln hda ngfly efing sflu sfle Bang thong ke sau dfiy ciia Yvd Hfingry lfim rd thdm cho chung ta tinh hlnh phfin hda rupng dfi't tfl hflu d Tiln Hai vflo diu t h l ky

XX (xem bang 4)

3 N h ^ n xdt

Nhu vdy, qua tim hiiu ehe dp ad hflu

rupng dfl't d Tiln Hai (Thfli Binh) culi the

ky XIX dfiu t h l ky XX, chflng ta thiy noi Ifin mpt d$e diem Ifl ai? da d^ng trong lo^i hlnh ad hflu Ben eanh sd hflu cdng eon tin tai tu hflu nhd eua ndng dfin vfl dfle bi^t la

[lung 4: ning (Inh hlnh phin h6Bru4ng dit tir hOudTll^n Hii d i u t h ^ k y XX

sit

1

2

3

4

5

6

Stfdljnchdchll^m

4573

1456

286

108

9

9

Di(n tich ruOng iSt chl^m

horu CUB m6l dl6ii chu

0 - 1 miu

1 - 5 mftu

5 - 10 mllu 10- 50mau

5 0 - 1 0 0

>100niiiu

Ty 14 % §o vdt niOng Ait canh

lAc toAii huy^n Tf^n H&I

71 22,6 4.4 1.7 0.1 0.1

Ty it % » »ffl citinh 70.5 23.2 4.3 1.8 0,08 0,04

(NguAn' Vvo Hlngiy: Kinh lfn6ng nghifp fMng Duang (6rani

81? xufi't hi^n vfi ngfiy efing p h i biln ciia c h i

dd tfl hflu Idn eiia diln chii

Trfldc sp t i n cdng tfl mpi phfa: do si?

bfinh trfldng ciia c h i d | tfl hflu, do si? lung

do^n ciia d)a chu, k^ hfio d efic Iflng xfl, rli

do thi?c tr^ng mua bfln, ehuyin nhflpng,

elm ctf rudng d i t ngfiy efing p h i biln dfldi

tae dpng cua sfl thflm nh^ip ylu t l tfl ban

chii nghia trong ndng nghidp nifi e h l dp

rudng edng ngfly mpt auy thofli Nlu nhfl

nflm Minh M0nh thfl 13, ting stf rudng dfi't

khai k h i n dflpc Ifl 18.900 mfiu, stf dinh Ifi

2.300 ngfldi, moi ngfldi dflpc d p binh qufin

2 mfiu tfl diln t h l nghidp, stf ru$ng edng

ehilm 75% ting di^n tieh, thi din diu t h l

ky XX, theo thong kd ciia P.Gourou, ty I§

cdng diln d Tiln Hai Ifl 59% Qiia th^t dfly

Ifl mpt budc Iflj dfii eiia c h i dd rudng cdng

trfin manh dfl't Tiln Hai (Thfii Binh)

Them vfio dd, si? elm ctf k h i u p h i n

rudng cdng, si? fln I^u ho$c mua bfin r u | n g

d i t cdng Ifim eho hi^n tflpng '*tu diln gian"

nie Agricole de Ilndochme), HI N<>i, 1932)

ngfiy cfing p h i biln Hdn nfla, si? phfln chia binh d4ng r u i n g d i t khai hoang Ifim tfl diln t h l nghidp cho dfln dinh cung khdng cdn mfi thay vfio dd Ifl ai? phfin chia mang d$m tfnh bfi't binh dfing R l rfing, e h l d$ edng diln khdng cdn nhilu tfic dpng trong

v i ^ giai quylt t^m thdi ylu eiu ru|ng dit ciia ndng dfln cung nhfl xoa diu, hda hofin xung d | t giai cfi'p dang diln ra gay gfit d ndi dfly Thi?c tiln nfly minh chflng hflng bin cho chung ta thiy: dudi c h i dp thfle dfln niia phong kiln (tfl sau Hi^p flde nfim 1884), cho dfl ndng dfin cd tfch ci?c khai hoang, giflnh dflpc m | t k h i u p h i n ru^ng

d i t cdng hay m$t manh dfl't tfl hflu nhd thi

k i t qua dd cung ehi Ifl t^m thdi vfi vfi cflng bfi'p bfinh mfl thdi Dilu nfly 1^ giai eho chung ta t ^ sao cudc dfl'u tranh chia I ^ cdng diln, chtfng tinh trang "tfl diln gian" I^i trd thfinh m$t mpe tidu quan trpng cd afle ldi cutfn m^nh md trong phong trflc ndng dfln d Tiln Hai vfio nhflng nfim diu

t h i k y XX

CHU THtCH

(1) Paaqmer "Tinh Thai Binh", trong "Nhtfng

tinh Bdc Ky" Trich T^p chf Ddng Di/ang 1904 (6

thfing d i u nflm) M.6123 (TVQG) (ChQ Phip),

npldi djch: Nguyfin IMnh Khang DCV 30 - 32

(TVTB)

(2) Yves Henry: Economic agricole de L' Indochina, Hanoi, 1932, tr 99-249

(3) S l hUdng Udc do Vi#n Thflng tin thu§c Vi$n Khoa h9c xfi h^i Vi^t Nam thu th^p vfi luu trQ Ban phdt6 luu trfl t^i Thu vi^n Khoa hpc t i n g h ^

Thai Binh

(4) Xem b i i "Nguyin Cdng Trtf, nhd khin

hoang iSi ipc ciia thiky XDC T^p chf Nghiin ctfu

Kinh ti, ai 4^^1969

(5) Duong Kinh Qu6c: M^t siquy chivi ru0ng

dat d Viit Nam thdi c^n d^ (qud trinh Ihiii ldp)

trong Vi^n Sfl hpc: Ndng ddn ud ndng thdn Vift

Nam thdi cdn d^i, T$p I, Nxb Khoa h9c Xi hOi,

H i N^i, 1990, tr 42 • 62

(6) Xem bii "Chidd cdng diin cdng thi Bdc Ky

dU^ thdi Phdp thing tri" T9p chf Nghiin ctfu Ljch

S ^ B I 87-1966

(7) S I li^u dfla vio cuin Diin h^ b^, hi^n dang

lUu trfl tfi phdng truyin thing x i Dflng Lfim, huy^n Tiln Hai, tfnh Thii Binh, 21 trang

(8) Ph^m Thj Nit Tiin Hdi ttf sau khi thdnh ldp (1828) din cuil thiky XIX, Lu^n i n Tiln al •

Chuyin nginh Lich sfl Vi^t Nam, t i i li^u luu trfl t9i Thu vi^n Quflc gia, k^ hi^u 7901, tr 89 • 90

(9) (10) Cic b i n dja bg niy diu l i ban ch(nh,

luu t^i tfp T i n Xuin v i Trfii Thifln KiSu, huy^n Tiln Hii, Thii Binh,

(11) Yves Henry, add, tr 99-249 (12) Phflim Thi Nit tldd, tr 90 - 95

T6 CHCTC BANG GIAO CUA TRI£U NGVY^

CHUTHtCR

(1) Quflc sfl q u i n trilu Nguyfin, fJpi Nam nhit

thong chi Nxb T h u ^ Hoi, Hul, 1992, tr 368

(2) "H5i k^ cua Macartney", d i n theo V6 Vin

Dit, Lich si Dd Nang 1306 -1950, 1974, tr 98

(3) C Borri Xtf Ddng Trong ndm 1621, Ban

djch cua Hfing Hu?, Nguyfin Kh4c Xuyfin v i

Nguyfin Nghi, Nxb Tp HS Chf Minh, 1999, tr 65

(4), (6), (7) Quflc Sfl q u i n trilu Nguyfin D<^i

Nam th^ lyx:, t^p m H i NOi, 1963 tr 193, 380,

309

(6), (10), (13), (14) Quflc sfl q u i n trilu Nguyfin

(1998), Qudc triiu chinh biin todtyiu, Nxb Thu^n

Hoi, Hul, 1998, tr 198, 270.135, 276,139

(8) Luu Trang, "H§ t h i n g phdng thii D i NSng

dufli trilu Nguyfin", T^p chf Nghiin ctfu Lfch si, s l

12-2004, tr 39-46

(Jiip theo trang 24)

(9), (12) Taboulet, CSeorgea • La Geste francaise en Indochine, din theo Vo Vfin D$t, sdd, tr 161,136 (11), (16) Mifc luc chdu bdn triiu Nguyin

-n i m Mi-nh M^-ng thfl 19, 6 ba-n chip tay, lUu t^i Thu vi§n D^i hgc Khoa hpc H u l

(16), (19) Qu5c Sfl quin trilu Nguyfin fJgi

Nam thtfc luc, t^p III, H i N^i, 1963, tr 277, 289

(17), (20) Qu6c sfl q u i n trilu Nguyfin (1998),

Qudc triiu chinh biin todt yiu Nxb Thu$n Hoi,

Hul, 1998, tr 169, 169

(18) Mffc lifc ch&u bdn triiu Nguyin - n i m

Minh M^ng thfl 19, 6 ban chip tay, lUu t^i ThU vifn Dfi hpc Khoa hoc H u l

(21), (22), (23), (24) Taboulet, Georges - La Qeste francaise en Indochine, dSn theo V6 Vin

Dftt, sdd, tr 195, 151, 153,159