Bài viết nghiên cứu văn hóa nói chung, giáo dục nói riêng ở các tỉnh miền núi, vùng dân tộc thiểu số trong sự nghiệp xây dựng và bảo vệ tổ quốc. Tìm hiểu vùng dân tộc thiểu số ở phía Bắc Việt Nam đó là công tác giáo dục ở khu vực trị Việt Bắc trong những năm đầu xây dựng chủ nghĩa xã hội.
Trang 1v€ CONG rnc Gmo DUC a KHU TIT TRI VI€T one
• • • • TRONG NHU'NG NRM DRU XRV DUNG
CHU NGHIR XR HOI (1956-1965)
DUY THI H A I Hl/dNG*
Nghien cQu ve vfin hda ndi chung,
giao due noi r i e n g d cac t i n h
mien nui, v u n g dan tpc t h i e u so' trong
sii nghiep xay dQng vfi bao vp To qud'c,
eho den nay Id khdng nhieu Day la vfi'n
de ldn, khd vfi mdi, ddi hdi phai cd mpt
qua trinh nghien cQu vd ddng gdp ciia
nhieu ngUdi Trong pham vi bfii viet nfiy,
chung tdi ehi tim hieu ve mpt vung nui,
vung dfin tpc thieu so' d phfa Bfic Vipt
Nam, dd Ifi eong tac giao dye d Khu tU tri
Viet Bfic trong nhQng nfim dau xay diing
chu nghia xa hpi (1956-1965)
Khu tu tri Vipt Bfic dUde thfinh lap
theo Sfic lenh sd 268/SL, ngay 1-7-1956
cua Chu tieh nUdc Viet Nam Dan ehu
Cpng hoa Ban dfiu, Khu gdm nfim tinh Ifi
Cao Bfing, Bfic Can, Lang Sdn, Thai
Nguyen va Tuyen Quang Den nfim 1959,
Khu ed them t i n h Hfi Giang (1) Khu tU
tri Viet Bfic Ifi ndi sinh sd'ng eua hdn tam
mUdi van ngUdi thupc mUdi hai tpc ngUdi
thieu so' khae n h a u , ddng nhfi't Ifi dan tpc
Tdy, rdi den dan tpc NQng, dan tpc
Hmdng Mfic du tidng ndi, phong tyc, tfip qufin khfic n h a u , t r i n h dp p h a t trien xfi hpi chenh Ipeh n h a u , ngudn gdc lich sii ed eho khac n h a u nhUng bfi con cac dfin tpc trong Khu da chung sdng vdi n h a u tQ lau ddi nen cd tinh t h i n dofin ket, thQdng yeu n h a u
Dudi che dp cu, do chfnh sfich bdc Ipt vfi chfnh sach ngu dan eiia thiic dan Phfip nen t r i n h dp dfin trf cua bfi con rfit tha'p kdm Tfnh den nfim 1945, cd den 95% sd dan cac dan tpc bi mu chQ; d vung cao, heo l a n h eon sd dd cdn len tdi 100% Ca mien nui ehi cd mpt trUdng
t r u n g hpc ed sd d L a n g Sdn, dfio tao mpt vfii edng chQe nhd p h y c vy bp mfiy cai tri eiia thilc d a n
Chfnh vi vfiy, n g a y khi bfit d i u cong cupe xay diing chfnh quyen, mpt trong
ba n h i e m vy dfiu t i e n mfi Nhfi nUdc Viet N a m D a n chii Cpng hofi, dQng d I u Ifi Chu tieh Hd Chf M i n h de ra Ifi
"chd'ng gific ddt" NgUdi ndi: "Mpt dfin t$c ddt Ifi mpt dfin tpc yeu" (2), "Mudn giQ vQng nen dpc lfip, mud'n Ifim eho dan gifiu nUde ' Vien SQ hoc
Trang 2vi cOng t&c giao due 6 khu hi tri 51
manh, mpi ngudi Viet Nam phai hieu biet
quyen lpi cua minh, phai cd kien thQc mdi
de cd the tham gia vfio cdng cupe xfiy dUng
nUde nha vfi trUde het phdi biit dpc, biet
viet chQ qud'c ngQ " (3)
Vdi quan diem dd, trong sud't ehfn nfim
khang chien chd'ng thUe dfin Phap, Dang vfi
Nhfi nude ludn quan tam chfim lo xay dUng
nen giao due nUde nhfi, trong dd ed edng tac
gido dye d mien nui, vung ddng bdo ddn tpc
thieu sd Tuy nhien, do hodn canh chidn
tranh, chung ta phai tfip trung sQc ngUdi
sQe eua cho eupe khfing chien, hdn nQa, ndi
day Ifi cfin cQ dia, ed quan dfiu nao eua ta
nen dich thUdng tap trung danh pha, do
vdy cdng tac giao due d mien nui cung ehi
dat dupe nhQng ket qua nhfit dinh Trong
ehfn nfim khfing chien, ngfinh giao dye cac
tinh mien niii dfi xoa mu chQ cho 28 van
ngUdi tren tdng so' hdn 60 van ngUdi mu
chQ do de qude vfi phong kien de lai (4)
Ngfinh hoc phd thdng budc dfiu dupe xay
diing, chii yeu Ifi trUdng cap I
Budc sang nfim 1954, hofi binh dUdc lfip
lai d mien Bfic, edng tac giao due d mien nui
cd dieu kipn thufin ldi de xay diing, phat
trien Luc ndy, do yeu cau cua edng cupe
khoi phyc kinh te, hdn gfin vet thUdng
chien tranh nen cdng tac xofi mu chQ phai
dupe tien hfinh khfin trUdng Bdi vi day Id
nganh hpc dfiu tien d l ngUdi hpc bUde vdo
nganh hpc bd tue van hda hofic phd thdng
Neu mu chQ thi khong t h i hpc dUdc Do
vdy, ngay dfiu ndm 1955 vfi nhQng nfim
tiep theo Dang vfi Nhfi nUde da ban hfinh
rfit nhieu nghi quyet quan trpng nham
lanh dao cdng tac xoa mu chd (5), trong dd
cd kd hoach trong 3 ndm (1956-1958), mien
Bfic phai hodn thfinh xoa nan mu chQ ve
cfin ban (tUc Ifi xoa mu chQ cho nhQng
ngUdi tQ 12 den 40 tudi)
Ddi vdi cac tinh mien nui, de tao dieu kien cho eac dan tpc d Khu tu tri Viet Bfic tien bp mau ehdng ve mpi mfit, Dang vfi Nha nude chii trUdng dieu dpng giao vien mien xudi len giup Ban Giao due Khu lam cdng tac binh dan hpc vu vd lui thdi han hoan thanh ke hoach xoa mu chQ den cudi nfim 1961 (6)
Viec thfinh lfip Khu Tu tri eho ddng bfio mien nui, vung dan tpc thieu sd phat trien Ifi mpt chii trUdng dung dfin, phu hdp vdi chinh'sach dan tpc ciia Dang, hdp vdi long dan, dUdg nhan dan rat iing hp Dieu ndy phan nao giai thfeh vi sao ngay khi Ban Giao due Khu keu gpi, van dpng bd eon di hoc chQ de tham gia xay dung chinh quyen, thUe hipn ke hoach xoa mu chQ cua trung Udng thi phan ldn qufin chung da nhiet tinh hudng Qng TQ nhQng em nhd den cac
cu gia, khdng phan biet ngUdi dan toe Kinh hay dan tpc thieu so', ngUdi mien xudi hay ngUdi mien nui, tQ vung thfi'p den vung cao,
d cae cdng trUdng, xl nghiep, cd quan, ddu dau can bp, nhan dan cung no lUc di hpc vfi di day Nhieu ndi, nfim trUdc edng tac binh dan hpc vu cdn be t r i thi tQ khi Khu tu tri dupe thanh lap da dUdc xay diing vfi phat trien trd lai, nhU cae xa thupc huypn Na Hang (tinh Tuyen Quang), cae xa thupc huyen Thoat Lang, huyen Trang Dinh (tinh Lang Sdn), tham chf d vung cao, vung dan toe ft ngUdi nhUng ngUdi dan va can bp di hpc cung rat ddng, nhU xa Khudn Lung, mpt xa vung cao cua tinh Hfi Giang
cd tdi 87% can bp xa va 600 ngUdi dan di hpc; xa TU Do (tinh Bfic Can), mpt xfi cua ngUdi Dao nhUng ba con di hoe cung rat ddng va deu (7)
Cong tac binh dan hoc vu khdng chi phat trien tren dien rpng ma da di vao chieu sau, thu hut ngUdi dan tham gia mpt
Trang 352 Rghien curu Lich sit sd 4.2009
cfich tii giac, cd y thQc Nhieu khi trdi mUa,
gid rdt nhUng bfi con khdng quan ngai
dudng trdn, lanh gia vfin di hpc i td Cd gia
dinh, ehdng di hpc ban ngfiy, tdi ve day eho
vd, bfi mp thfi'y hai con hpc eung ddi hpc
theo Cd bfi cu sau khi nghe can bp giai
thfeh ve ke hoach binh dan hpc vy cua Nhfi
nUde da xung phong thfinh lap mpt td giQ
tre cho cfic ehi ed con mpn trong xdm di hpc
(8)
Vdi tinh thfin hpc tap nhU vay nen chi
sau nvta nam dUde thfinh lap, sd ngUdi biet
dpc, biet viet trong Khu tfing len nhanh
ehdng, tQ 21.257 ngUdi trong nfim 1955 len
47.027 ngudi vao cudi nfim 1956 (9), gfi'p
hdn 2,5 Ifin Trong bd'n nfim tiep theo, Khu
ed them 116.646 ngUdi bidt dpc, biet viet,
dUa ty le ngUdi mu chQ trong Khu sau nfim
1954 tQ 47% xud'ng cdn 30% vfio nfim 1960,
dfic biet nhieu tinh trong Khu dfi gan hodn
thanh ke hoach xoa nan mu chQ, nhU tinh
Cao Bfing da xoa xong nan mu chQ cho
nhan dan vung thfip toan tinh; tinh Thai
Nguyen da cd 89,1% tren tdng sd 100% sd
xfi hoan thfinh xoa nan mu chQ (10)
Cung vdi ngfinh hpc binh dan hpc vu,
nganh hpc bd tue vfin hda eung dUde tien
hfinh khfin trUdng de bd tue them nhQng
kien thQc eho can bp, thanh nien tiep tyc
hpc len, t r a n h mu chQ trd lai Trong nhQng
nfim dfiu, Ban Giao dye Khu da td chQc
dUdc cac trUdng bd tue vfin hda, chu yeu Id
bd tue van hda cfip I, ddn nam 1960, Khu cd
them TrUdng Bd tue van hda cap II, III
Rieng d vung cao eon ed TrUdng vfin hda
mien nui danh cho can bp xa vfi thanh nien
vung cao Moi nfim, he bd tue vfin hda bdi
dudng kien thQc cho hang van can bp,
thanh nien
Ngofii ra, Khu con md TrUdng Bo tue Vfin hda Cdng ndng vfi nhieu tnidng bd tiic vfin hda tfip trung cho tQng ddi tUpng:
- O ca'p tinh cd Tnidng bd tue vfin hda tinh chuyen dfio tao can bp va nhQng thanh nien tieh cUc ed trinh dp den ed'p II, III;
- O cfip huypn, xa cd Tnidng Bd tue Van hda Cfin bp (sau nfiy ddi ten Ifi TrUdng Phd thong Lao dpng) chuyen dfio tao cfin bp tQ cfi'p xa, hdp tfic xa dat trinh dp tQ cfi'p I den cfi'p II
Cung vdi viec chfim lo xay diing ngfinh hpc binh dan hpc vy, bd tue vfin hda Ifi ngfinh hpc giao dye phd thdng Sau hda binh lap lai, do dieu kipn lich sii nen d mien Bfic tdn tai hai he thd'ng gifio dye phd thdng khac nhau Ifi hp 9 nfim d vung tU do vfi he 12 nfim d vung giai phdng TrUde tinh trang dd, thang 5 nfim 1956, Chfnh phii dfi giao cho Bp Gifio dye thUe hipn cai each giao dye Ifin thQ 2 va den thang 8 nfim
1956, ban hfinh Chfnh sach Giao due Phd thdng dfiu tien eiia nUdc Vipt Nam Dan chii Cpng hofi Npi dung ed ban ciia hai vfin kipn tren Ifi:
- Thdng nhfi't hai hp thdng gifio dye d vung tu do vfi vung giai phdng thfinh hp thdng gifio dye 10 nfim, gdm 3 cfip hpc (cfi'p I: 4 nfim, tQ Idp 1 den Idp 4, cfi'p II: 3 nfim,
tQ Idp 5 den Idp 7, cfip III: 3 nfim, tQ Idp 8 den Idp 10) Rieng ddi vdi mien nui, vi tinh hinh cd khac nen thdi han hpc d cfi'p I miin nui Ifi 5 nfim TrUde khi vfio Idp 1, tre em
phai qua mpt Idp vd long
- Npi dung dfio tao cua trUdng phd thdng Ifi giao dye hpc sinh phfit trien can ddi tofin dipn eac mfit dQc dye, tri due, my dye vfi thi due
Trang 4Ve cOng tac giio due 6 khu hf hi 52
Bang 1: Bieu thong ke so lUdng cfin bo, thanh nien hoc bd tiic van hoa
trong nhufng nfim 1956-1960 (11)
Ddn vi tinh: NgUdi N&m
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
To'ng s o
T r U d n g vfin h o a m i e n n u i
1.247
887
588
394
811
3.927
B o t u e vfin hda ca'p I
23.883 2.519 5.854 18.453 56.133
106.842
B o t i i c v a n hda c a p II, III
1.343
1.343
Bfing 2: So cfin bo dxidc dfio t^o qua cfic trUdng bo tiic vfin hda ciia Khu
tu nam 1959 den nfim 1960 (12)
Ddn vi tinh: NgUdi
Nfim 1956
1959
1960
T o n g c o n g
Cac trUdng
B o t u e v a n h d a C o n g n o n g
385
759
1.114
B o t u c v a n h 6 a t i n h
58
755
813
Bd' tiic v a n h o a h u y e n
234
4.744 4.978
- PhQdng cham gifio due Ifi "hpc di doi
vdi hfinh", gifio dye ket hdp vdi lao dpng
san xufi't, ly lufin gfin lien vdi thUc tien
Cd t h i ndi, hai vfin kipn tren da md dfiu
cho thdi ky xfiy diing nhfi trUdng xfi hpi chii
nghia d nUde ta, diia tren tU tudng cua Chu
nghia Mac - Lenin vfi dUdng loi each mang
eua Dang, nhfim myc dfch ddo tao, bdi
dudng the h$ t h a n h nien vd thieu nhi trd
thanh nhQng ngUdi phat t r i l n tofin dipn vd
mpi mfit, nhQng cdng dfin tdt trung thfinh
vdi Td qudc, nhQng ngudi lao dpng tdt, can
bp tdt, ed tfii, dQc d l p h a t t r i l n chd dp dan
chii nhan dan vfi tien len xay dilng chii
nghia xfi hpi
6 mien nui, den nhQng nfim 1960,
ngfinh hpc giao due phd thdng mdi hofin
thien Rieng Khu tii tri Viet Bfic cd thufin
lpi Ifi trong nhQng nfim khfing chien, ndi
day Ifi cfin cQ dia nen edng tac giao dye da
phfin ndo dUde xay dUng vd phfit trien Hofi
binh lfip lai, cdng tac giao dye ed dieu kipn
phat t r i l n hdn Su gia tfing v l sd lUdng
trUdng hpc vfi hpc sinh phd thdng eiia Khu
tQ nfim 1956 den nfim 1960 dUdi day Ifi mpt minh chQng:
Ngofii ra, Khu cdn cd 2.648 Idp vd long vdi tren 5 van hpc sinh (13)
Giao due phd thdng d vung cao, vung sfiu cung dupe xay dUng Nfim 1958, Hpi nghi Gifio dye mien nui Ifin thQ nhfi't da quyet dinh thanh lfip md hinh TrUdng Thieu nhi vung cao dfinh eho con em ngUdi dfin tpc thieu sd vung cao di hpc ThUc hipn chu trUdng tren, nfim 1959, Bp Gifio due Khu dfi xfiy diing d hfiu het moi tinh trong Khu mpt TrUdng Thieu nhi vung cao cfi'p I Trong nfim hpc dfiu tien 1959-1960, cac trUdng da day dUde 199 em, trong dd chii yeu Ifi cae em ngUdi Dao, Ngai, NQng, Tfiy, Gifiy, Ldld, San Chay (14)
Nhu vay, chi trong 5 nam dfiu xfiy diing nhung ngfinh giao dye Khu TU tri Vipt Bfic
da dat dUde nhQng thfinh tfch to ldn Ve cd ban dfi thanh toan xong nan mu chQ d vung thfi'p Ngfinh hoc phd thdng vfi bd tue vfin
Trang 554 Rghien cihi Lich siSr s6 4.2009
Bang 3: Bang thong ke so trUdng hoc va hpc sinh pho thong
cua Khu t u trj Vift B i c tii 1956 d^n 1960 (15)
Nam hoc
1956-1957
1957-1958
1958-1959
1959-1960
Tong so tr\idng (cfii)
617
694
763
908
Trong do tnidng
ca'p I
583
658
725
851
c&'pn
31
33
35
52
Cft'pin
3
3
3
5
Tong so hoc sinh (ngudi) 59.309 62.864 68.718 95.310
Trong d6 hoc sinh
ca'p I
53.210 56.759 61.670 83.425
ca'pU
5.674 5.530 6.380 10.808
ca'p UI
425
565
668 1.077
hda dUdc xay diing vfi phat t r i l n vdi dfiy du
cac cap hpc, loai hinh cho tQng doi tUdng
hpc sinh ca d vung thfip Ifin vung cao Dfiy
se Ifi cd sd, nen tang vQng chfic de ngfinh
gifio due phat trien trong nhQng nfim tiep
theo
Budc sang nfim 1961, mien Bfic thUe
hipn ke hoach 5 nfim Ifin thQ nhfi't Cung
vdi cupe each mang ve kinh te vfi tU tudng,
vfin hda dUdc Dang xfic dinh Ifi mpt trong
ba cupe each mang xa hpi chu nghia can
dupe dfiy manh de dUa mien Bfic tien len
ehu nghia xa hpi Trong tinh hinh dd, de
thuc dfiy nen kinh te mien nui p h a t trien,
khong cdn con dUdng ndo khfic Ifi phai dfiu
tu cho giao due, phfit trien giao due, nfing
cao trinh dp dan trf eho ngUdi dfin Tai
Hpi nghi Giao due mien nui Ifin thQ 2
(3-1960), Hpi nghi Giao dye Ifin thQ 3
(5-1964), Hpi nghi lan thQ 8 Ban Chap h a n h
Trung Udng Dang (3-1963), Chi thi sd
84-CT/TW eua Ban Bf thU ve nhiem vu cdng
tac giao due mien nui (9-1964) vd nhfit Ifi
trong Bao cao Chfnh tri ciia Dai hpi dai
bieu tofin qude lan thQ III (9-1960), Dang
ta deu khfing dinh: "Nfing cao trinh dp
vfin hoa d mien niii Ifi mpt vfi'n de cap
bach, ed y nghia vd tfic dyng to ldn den
viec thuc day tofin bp sii nghiep phat trien
kinh te mien nui"
Cac vfin kien tren cung de ra nhiem vy eho ngfinh giao dye mien nui trong ke hoach 5 nam tiep theo la:
- Phai tien tdi cfin ban xoa nan mu chQ eho ddng bfio tQ 12 den 40 tudi;
- Tiep tyc phfit t r i l n giao dye phd thdng (nhfi't Ifi cfi'p I, cfi'p II), giao dye chuyen nghiep vfi bd tiic vfin hda cho cfin bp (dfic bipt Id can bp dan tpc dia phUdng v l cae ngfinh trdng trot, chfin nudi, lam nghipp, y
te, gifio dye, );
- Phai khdng ngijfng md rpng ciia nhfi
trUdng xa hpi ehu nghia eho cdng ndng vfi ddng bfio dfin tpc thieu sd nam cung nhU nQ
vd phai tao mpi dieu kipn thudn ldi cho hp hpc tap dupe tdt" (16)
Trien khai nhipm vu tren, ngay tQ nhQng thang dau nfim cua ke hoach nfim nfim lan thQ nhfi't, Uy ban Hfinh chfnh Khu
tQ tri Viet Bfic eung vdi Ban Gifio dye dfi lfip nhieu ke hoach cho tQng ngfinh hpc, dfic bipt Ifi ke hoach xay diing cfic trQdng trung cfi'p chuyen nghipp, dfio tao dpi ngu cfin bp, cdng n h a n cd trinh dp chuyen mdn cho eac ngfinh kinh te - ky thufit dfip Qng yeu c l u phfit t r i l n ciia Khu Nfim 1960, TrUdng Trung cfi'p Thiiy ldi mien nui dUpc thanh lap Den nfim hpc 1964-1965, Tnidng dfio tao dUdc 1.716 can bd eho ngfinh thiiy
Trang 6Vi eOng the giAo duc d khu hj hi
55 ldi Nfim hoc 1959-1960, Tnidng Y si Viet
Bfic khai giang khda hpc d i u tien Den
nfim 1965, dfi cd 2.404 hpc sinh tdt nghidp
v l cdng tfic tai trung tam y te, benh vipn
ciia cfic tinh m i i n nui Cung thdi gian nfiy,
TrQdng Trung cfip Giao thdng Viet Bfic,
Tnidng Trung cfip ThUdng nghiep mien
niii, Trudng Trung cfip Ndng lam Vipt Bfic
cung dUde thfinh lfip Hfing nfim, cfic
trudng dfio tao dUde hfing trfim gifio sinh
eho cfic ngfinh kinh te, xa hpi (17)
Tren cd sd nhQng thfinh tUu dfi dat dUde
trong giai doan d i u xfiy dUng, den giai
doan nfiy cfic ngfinh hpc binh dan hpc vy,
bd tiic vfin hda vfi phd thdng tiep tyc phfit
trien
Vdi ngfinh hpc binh dan hpc vy Ban
Giao dye Khu dfiy manh chien dich xoa mu
chQ cho vung cao, ddng thdi tiep tyc xoa mu
chQ d nhQng vung thfi'p cdn lai Tieu bilu
cho cdng tac xda mu chQ d vung cao luc dd
Ifi tinh Cao Bfing Ngay tQ nfim 1960, Ty
Giao dye Cao Bfing dfi phat dpng mpt
phong trfio dipt dot mang ten "Phong trfio
vQpt trQdc thdi gian, tofin ngfinh gifio dye
tidn quan dipt dot vung cao" Phong trfio
phat t r i l n manh, lan rpng ra tofin tinh, thu
hut ddng dao cfic ngfinh, cac cfip va cae
dofin the, nhfin dfin tham gia dUdi nhieu
hinh thQc vfi ddi tQdng khfic nhau, nhQ
"Phong trfio nhQng ngUdi xung phong tinh
nguyen dQng vfio hfing ngu dpi xung kich
di$t ddt vung cao" trong iQc lUdng thanh
nien, gifio vien, hpc sinh, 'Thong trfio
nhQng ngudi tinh nguypn lao dpng, san
xufi^t tiet kipm gdp p h i n vfio quy dipt ddt
vQng cao" trong cfin bp vfi cdng n h a n Ket
thuc chidn dich, tinh Cao Bfing da dUa
1.180 t h a n h nien len cdng tfic d vung cao,
d^y dupe hfing nghin ngUdi biet chQ vfi gdp
dupc 20 ngfin ddng eho quy dipt dd't (18)
Ngofii ra, d l tao dilu ki§n thufin lpi cho bfi
con vQa hpc tfip vQa san xufit, tinh cdn thiic hipn nhieu bipn phfip Uu dai, nhU quy dinh gid hpc hdp ly eho tQng ddi tUdng, phfin eong ai di hpc trUde, ai di hpc sau, bd tri tnidng Idp, den dfiu, sdch vd, cii gifio vien den day, thfim chi cdn cd che dp dfii ngd cho gifio vien, nhu d xfi Tam Kim, huypn Nguyen Binh, mdi tiet day hpc, giao vien dupe hdp tfic xfi cfi'p 3 lang thdc vfi sfich vd Hpc tfip kinh nghiem eiia tinh Cao Bfing, tinh Bfic Can eung dpng vien dupe
169 giao vien, 15 nghin ddng vd hfing trfim thanh nien Uu tu, biet dpc, biet viet len vung cao day chQ cho bfi con; tinh Lang Sdn cung cii gifio vien v l cfic xa heo lanh dl day bfi eon hpc (19)
Sau gfin mUdi nfim chien dfiu ehdng giac ddt, den nfim 1965, cdng tfic xda mu chQ d Khu da dat nhQng thfinh tfch quan trpng
Ca sau tinh trong Khu ve cd ban dfi hofin thfinh ke hoach xda mu chQ, trong dd Thai Nguyen Ifi tinh dfiu tien eiia Khu hofin thfinh vfio nfim 1961 va cung la dia phUdng hofin thfinh kd hoach dung thdi ban Tidp den Ifi cae tinh Lang Sdn (nfim 1962), Bftc Can, Tuyen Quang (nfim 1963) Rieng tinh Cao Bfing, mfic du nfim 1960, tinh dfi xda xong mu chQ d vung thfi'p nhUng mfii ddn nfim 1964 mdi hofin thfinh xda xong mu chQ d vung cao Hfi Giang Ifi tinh cuoi cung hoan thanh kd hoach xda mu chQ vao nfim
1965
Cdng tac bd tiic vfin hda tiep tyc dupe dfiy manh vfi dUdc xfic dinh la nhipm vy hfing dfiu nhfim nang cao them trinh dp vfin hda cua cdng nhfin, cdn bp Chi trong bdn nam dfiu thUe hipn ke hoach 5 nfim Ifin thQ nhfi't (1961-1964), hp bd tuc vfin hda cua Khu dfi dfio tao dUde 104.820 can bp dat trinh dp tQ cfi'p I den cfi'p III (20) Ngofii
ra, TrUdng Bd tuc Vfin hda Cdng ndng, Bd tue Vfin hda tinh Bo tue Vfin hda huypn,
Trang 756 Rghito cijru Lich sit s6 4.2009
Trudng Thanh nien Dan tpc, moi nfim cung
dfio tao dupc hfing nghin can bp cho cac
ngfinh kinh te Dilu dfic bipt Ifi cac Tnidng
dfi dfio tao dupc rfi't nhieu can bp Ifi ngudi
dan tpc t h i l u so cho dia phUdng Ufy
TrUdng Bd tuc Vfin hda Cdng nong cua Khu
Ifim VI dy Trong nfim hpc 1962-1963,
TrUdng da dfio tao dUde 795 cfin bp, trong
dd cd tdi 332 can bd Ifi ngUdi Tfiy, chiem
42% so hpc vien ciia khda, 161 can bp Ifi
ngudi NQng, chiem hdn 20%, 120 can bp la
ngUdi Kinh, cdn lai Ifi ngUdi dan tpc Dao,
Hmdng, Hoa (hay cdn gpi Ifi ngUdi Hfin),
San Chay (21)
Ngfinh hpc bd tuc vfin hda cua Khu phfit
t r i l n vfi dat dUde ket qua tdt Ifi nhd sang
tao ra nhieu md hinh trUdng phu hdp vdi
tQng ddi tUdng hpc sinh, vdi dieu kipn san
xufi't, trong dd ndi bfit Ifi md hinh Tnidng
Thanh nien dfin tpc (cd dia phUdng gpi Ifi
TrUdng Thanh nien Lao dpng Xfi hpi Chii
nghia) TrUdng dUde xfiy dUng tQ nfim 1958
theo sang kien ciia ngfinh gifio dye tinh
Hofi Binh Hpc sinh Ifi nhQng thanh nien,
chii yeu Ifi thanh nien dfin tpc ft ngUdi,
dupe hpc tQ cfi'p I den cfi'p II Dfiy Ifi sU kdt
hdp u y i n chuyin giQa viec hpc vfin hoa,
gifio due chfnh tri vdi hpc nghe vfi lao dpng
thuc hfinh Hinh thQc nhfi trUdng nfiy het
sQc phQ hdp vdi dieu kipn khd khfin eiia eon
em ddng bfio mien nui vfi dap Qng kip thdi
nhu c l u bQc xuc ve can bp ciia dia phUdng
Vi the mfi ngay tQ khi mdi thfinh lfip, nhieu
dia phUdng da ap dyng md hinh tnidng
nfiy Tuy nhien, den nfim 1961, TrUdng mdi
dUdc Hpi nghi Thudng vy eiia Hpi ddng
Chfnh phu chfnh thQc thdng qua de an xay
diing vfi nhan rpng ra cfic tinh mien nui O
Khu tu tri Vipt Bfic, Thai Nguyen Ifi tinh
d i u tien xfiy diing TrQdng Thanh nien dfin
tpc ciia tinh vfio nfim 1962 Chi hai nfim
sau, den nfim 1964, Khu dfi cd tdi 13
Tnidng, trong dd c6 tinh nhU tinh Tuyen Quang da md moi huyen mdt tnidng, Ifi 5 trudng, dao tao dUdc 3.657 hpc sinh, trong
dd cd 3.457 ngUdi dang theo hpc, 200 hpc sinh da tdt nghipp, trd v l dia phUdng cong tfic (22)
Phat t r i l n n h a n h hdn ca la ngfinh hpc giao dye phd thdng So hpc sinh ca ba cfip hpc d i u tfing theo tQng nfim So vdi nfim hpc 1960-1961 trong nfim hpc 1963-1964 sd hpc sinh cfi'p I tfing 21%, cfip II tfing 100%, cfip III tfing 160% Dfic bidt, den giai doan nfiy ty le hpc sinh ngQdi dan tdc thieu so vfi hpc sinh nQ chiem ty le ngfiy efing cao So vdi nfim hpc 1960-1961, nfim hpc 1963-1964
ty lp hpc sinh Ifi ngUdi dan tpc t h i l u sd d cfip I tfing 75%, cfip II tfing 62% vfi cfi'p III tfing 30%; tUdng tU, ty lp hpc sinh nQ d cac cfi'p tfing Ifi: cfi'p I tfing 43%, d p II tfing 38% vfi cfip III tfing 24% (23) Giao dye phd thdng d vung cao tiep tyc phfit trien Nfim
1962, Khu md TrUdng Thieu nhi vung cao cfi'p II de cho eac em hpc sinh tdt nghipp Tnidng Thieu nhi vung cao cfi'p I di hoc Den cudi nfim, Tnidng dfi day dUpe 175 em, ehu yeu Ifi cfic em ngUdi dfin tpc Dao, Tfiy, NQng (24)
Ve cdng tac dfio tao gifio vien Vdi chii trUdng "Dan tpc nfio co gifio vien cua dan tpc fiy", "Dia phUdng nfio cd giao vien ciia dia phUdng fi'y", tQ nfim hoc 1959-1960, Ban Gifio dye Khu tU tri Vipt Bfic chuyen cae trUdng sQ pham cfip I ve cho Ty Giao due eac tinh quan Iy Nhipm vy ciia cac trUdng
sQ pham cfip I Ifi dfio tao giao vien dan tpc thieu so cho vung cao vfi vung vfin hda chfim p h a t t r i l n TrUdng c6 hai h§ dfio tao Ifi: hp thong 4•^2 (25) dfinh cho ddi tQ<?ng hpc sinh Ifi ngUdi dan tdc t h i l u sd d vung cao, vung vfin hda chfim phat t r i l n vfi hp 7-1-1 dfinh cho ddi tupng hpc sinh Ifi ngUdi
t h i l u so d vung thfi'p Nfim hoc 1962-1963,
Trang 8vi c6ng ^6c gi6o due 6 khu hr hi 57
cfic trudng sU pham cfi'p I trong Khu dfio
tao dupe 1.806 gifio sinh, chii yeu Ifi ngUdi
dfin tpc thieu sd Neu tfnh sd giao sinh
trong nfim hpc 1962-1963 Ifi 100% thi ngUdi
dan tpc Tfiy chiem 48%, NQng chiem 14%,
Kinh chiem 28%, cfic dan tpc t h i l u sd khfic
chiem 10% (26)
Cung trdng nfim hpc 1959-1960, TrUdng
Trung hpc Su pham Viet Bfic dUde thfinh
lfip tren cd sd ciia TrUdng Sd cfi'p Su pham,
de dfio tao gifio vien cfi'p II Den nfim hpc
1962-1963, Khu md them hai trUdng trung
hpc sU pham cfi'p II d Lang Sdn vfi Cao
Bfing TQ khi thfinh lfip nfim 1959 den nfim
1964, cfic trUdng dfi dfio tao dupe 2.331 giao
sinh thupc 15 dan tpc khac nhau, trong dd
cd 2.004 gifio sinh da tdt nghiep (27) Vdi hp
thdng trUdng ddo tao ed ban nhU vdy nen
nhilu tinh trong Khu da tu lo dupe gifio
vien d p I, cfi'p II, nhU tinh Thai Nguyen,
Cao Bfing, Lang Sdn
Nhin chung ed t h i thfi'y, trong gfin mUdi
nfim dfiu xay dilng vfi phat trien
(1956-1965), dudi sii lanh dao eiia Dang, Nhfi
nUde mfi trUe tiep Ifi Dang uy, Uy Ban
Hfinh chfnh vfi Ban Giao dye Khu tU Tri
Vipt Bfic, edng tfic giao dye ciia Khu dfi cd
budc phfit t r i l n n h a n h ehdng vfi tofin dipn,
ve ngfinh hpc, sd" lUdng hpc sinh cung nhU
v l dpi ngu giao vien Bp mfit vfin hda cda
Khu da thay ddi rd rpt ca ve chfit lUdng va
sd lupng "Ddng bao Kinh, Tay, Nung deu
bidt dpc, biet viet ChQ Cu Hd da tdi nhQng
ban Idng heo lanh vung Mfiu Sdn (tinh
Lang Sdn) eung nhU vung cao bien gidi
Ddng Vfin (tinh Hfi Giang), dem lai finh
sang khoa hpc eho nhfin dfin cac dan tpc
Rfi't nhilu ndi, nhd dpc dUde sach bfio dfi
thUe hi$n vf sinh phdng benh, giam bdt
nhQng tdp tue lac hfiu, san xufit theo ky
thufit Thanh nien khdng cdn ngUdi mu chQ
vi ngudi it tudi thi hpc phd thdng md ngUdi ldn tudi deu dUde hpc bd tuc vfin hda" (28) Qua nhQng nfim thdng dQde hoc tap vfi rdn luydn dQdi mfii trUdng xfi hpi chii nghia, bude dfiu nhfi trUdng da bdi duSng vfi dfio tao dupe mpt dpi ngu can bp, mpt lUc lUdng lao dpng cd giac ngd xa hpi ehu nghia, cd vfin hda, cd sQc khoe, mot dpi ngu cfin bp "vQa hdng vQa chuyen" cho cfic dia phUdng vfi eac ngfinh kinh te, nhfit Ifi ngfinh kinh te ndng nghiep
Mfic du dat dupc nhQng thfinh tfch to ldn nhu vfiy nhUng cdng tdc giao dye eiia Khu vfin cdn nhQng han che nhfit dinh Cdng tac gifio dye phat trien khdng ddng deu, mdi chi tfip trung d cdc tinh vung thfip, tinh ed truyen thdng gifio dye, nhQ tinh Cao Bfing, Lang Sdn vfi Thfii Nguyen, cdn cfic tinh vung cao nhU tinh Hfi Giang, Tuyen Quang edng tfic giao dye cdn chfim phfit trien Chfi't lUdng gifio dye chUa cao, hipn tupng ngUdi dfin bo hpc, tfii mQ chQ vfin cdn nhieu NhQng han che tren cd t h i
do nhieu nguyen nhfin, song theo nghien cQu ciia chung tdi, ed ba nguyen nhan ed ban sau:
TrQdc hit, do dfic dilm cU dfin sdng
trong Khu Ifi ngUdi dfin tpc thilu sd chiem dai da sd, nen kinh td cdn chfim phat trien Phfin ddng cU dan chii yeu sdng dUa vfio nen kinh te nUdng rfiy, tU eung tU cfip, thfim chf cd nhieu ban vung cao, heo lanh eon theo 161 sd'ng du canh du eU hofic dinh
cU nhUng du canh Do vay, ddi sdng eiia hp cdn rat thap, phfin tfch luy rfit ft di chQ ehUa ndi den chuyen eho eon di hpc Hdn nQa, phfin ldn tre em tQ khi mdi ldn len da phai tham gia lao dpng nUdng rfiy de bao dam cho gia dinh cd lUdng thUe, thiic phfim Neu de tre em di hpc chQ thi khdng nhQng gia dinh cfin phai cd mpt khoan kinh phf ndo dd de eung cap eho viec hpc tfip mfi eon
Trang 958 Rghi&n curu Ljch aJr s6 4.2009
mfit di mpt lao dpng cd kha nfing san xufit
ra cua cai vfit chfi't
ThQ hai, Ifi do sU p h a n bd cU dan rfit
thua thdt Theo Ude tinh, mfit dp dan sd
trung binh cua Khu khoang hdn 10
ngudi/km^, ed ndi nhfi^t Ifi vung cao, heo Ifinh,
nhu xa Khanh Xuan (huypn Bao Lac, Cao
Bfing), mfit dp trung binh chi ed 6,5
ngUdi/km^, trong khi dd mfit dp trung binh
ciia ca nUdc Ifi 94 ngUdi/km^ Cd nhQng ban
chi ed ven ven khoang chuc hp gia dinh Dia
hinh lai Ifi ddi niii, tQ ban nfiy sang ban
khfic trong mpt xfi cd khi phai di bp vfii ba
efiy so, mfi't ca ngfiy dudng; ha t i n g ed sd
nhu dudng sfi, c l u cdng, phUOng tien di lai
cdn rfi't tho sd, phfin ldn cfic em den trUdng
bfing cfich di bp hofic xe ngUa kdo, xe bd kdo,
vi the tre em rfi't khd khfin de den trUdng
ThQ ba, Ifi do thdi tiet khi hfiu qufi khfic
nghipt Vfio mua ddng, nhipt dp trong Khu
xudiig rfi't tha'p, cd liic nhipt dp xudng den
fim dp, cpng vdi dd la hipn tUpng sUdng mu
bao phii khfip ndi, thudng phai den tam,
chin gid sfing sUdng mdi tan, trdi mdi hiing nfing Mua khd, h a n h a n k6o dfii, thilu nUdc sinh hoat, nhieu khi cac em phai nghi hpc d l di ganh nUdc d nhQng ndi each chS d rfi't xa Den mua mUa, do dia hinh ddc,
n h i l u niii, nUdc mUa chay xidt thUdng gfiy
ra lu ong, lu qudt rfit nguy h i l m Ngay nay, d i t nQdc ta dang tren dudng ddi mdi, dfiy manh cdng nghipp hda, hi§n dai hda vfi hpi nhfip vdi thd gidi Trong bdi canh dd, chiing ta c6 rfi't nhieu dilu ki$n thufin Ipi de d i u tU cho giao due nUdc nhfi ndi chung vfi gifio due d cfic tinh miin niii ndi rieng, tiep tyc dfiy manh cdng tfic gifio dye, phfit huy nhQng thfinh tich mfi ngfinh dfi dat dupe trong nhQng nfim d i u xfiy dUng chii nghia xfi hpi Hy vpng r^ng trong mpt tUdng lai khdng xa, dudi sU Ifinh dao ciia Dang, ciia cfic d p chinh quyen vfi si^
no lUc ciia tofin dfin, cong tac gifio due d cfic tinh m i i n niii se phfit t r i l n vQng chfic, tofin dipn, gdp p h i n tieh ci^c trong cong cupe ddi mdi dfit nQdc
CHU THtCH
(1) Xem Cdng bdo nUdc Viet Nam Ddn chd
Cdng hod, so 23, nfim 1956 vfi so 12-1959 M^c dii,
den nfim 1959, tinh Hfi Giang mdi dU(pc sfip nhfip
vfio Khu ti^ tr} Vi?t Bfic nhUng trong tfii li^u lUu
tril c6 tu li^u ve tinh Hfi Giang ngay tii diu nfim
1956 nen chiing toi sijl dijing luon
(2) Dang Cpng san Vi$t Nam: Vdn kiin Ddng
Todn tdp, tap 8 (1945-1947) Nxb Chinh trj Quoc
gia, Hfi Noi, 2000, tr 2
(3) Ho Chi Minh Todn tdp, tfip 4 (1945-1946)
Nxb Chinh trj Quoc gia, Hfi Npi, 1995, tr 36
(4) Ho sd 86 13074 Phong UBHC Khu ti? tr}
Vi^t Bftc Trung tfim LUu trii Quoc gia III (Nhiing
tfii li$u sau cung thupc Phong nfiy nen chiing toi
kh6ng ghi)
(5) Ngay diu nfim 1955, t^i H$i ngh) Ban Chfi'p hfinh Trung Udng Dang l i n thii 7 (md r$ng), Dang ta da khAng dinh: "Ti^p tyc phfit triln binh dfin hpc vy dl din din x6a bo n^n mil chii" Djic bi^t d^n giai do^n thi^c hi^n k^ ho^ch 3 nfim thanh
tofin n^n mt chQ d miin Bic (1956-1958), Dang vfi
Nhfi nUdc da ban hfinh nhilu ngh) quylt vfi vfin ban quan trpng dl lanh d^o cdng tfic x6a nfin mfi
cha D6 Ifi Chi thj 86 72-CT/TW (3-1958), Chi thj
86 107-CT/TW (10-1958) ciia Ban Bf thU vfi Chi
thj s^ 300-TTg (6-1958) ciia Thii tudng Chfnh phii
(6) Nghj quylt etf 93-NQ/TW cua Ban Bf thU, ngfiy 2-12-1959 Nguon: Dang C$ng san Vift Nam:
Vdn ki^n Ddng Todn tdp, tdp 20 (1959) Nxb Chinh
Trang 10vi cang the giao due 6 khu hi hi 59
trj Quoc gia, Hfi Npi, 2002, tr 941
(7) Ho Sd so 13024
(8) Ho sd so 13024
(9) Ho sd so 13254
(10) Ho sd so 13110
(11) Ho Sd so 13254
(12) Ho Sd so 13254
(13) Nghj quyd't ciia Ban ThUcIng vy Khu uy
Khu Ty trj Vi§t Bfic, so 39-NQArB, ngfiy 9-9-1959
vl nhi^m vy phfit triln giao dye trong cfic nien
kh6a 1959 vfi 1960 Dang Cpng san Vi^t Nam: Vdn
ki^n Ddng Todn tdp, tdp 20 (1959) Nxb Chinh trj
Quoc gia, Hfi NOi, 2002, tr 1035
(14) Ho sd 13298
(15) Ho sd so 13118
(16) Xem: Bp Giao dye vfi dfio tao: Ndm mUdi
ndm phdt trien sU nghiip gido due (1945-1995)
Nxb Giao dye, Hfi Npi, 1995, tr 100 Dang Cpng
san Vi$t Nam: Vdn kiin Ddng Todn tdp, tdp 21
(1960) Nxb Chfnh trj Quoc gia, Hfi Npi, 2002, tr
552, 553; tftp 24 (1963), Nxb Chfnh trj Qu6c gia, Hfi Npi, 2003, tr 421 vfi tfip 25 (1964), Nxb Chfnh trj Qu6c gia, Hfi Npi, 2003, tr 220, 221
(17) Ho sd B6 13298
(18) Ho sd so 13332
(19) Ho sd so 13254
(20) Ho sd so 13332
(21) Ho sd so 13254
(22) Ho sd so 13332 (23) Ho sd so 13364
(24) Ho sd s^ 13592
(25) H$ 4-^2 Ifi hpc sinh 16p 4 hpc thSm hai nfim sU pham H§ 7-H Ifi hpc sinh hpc Idp 7 hpc thgm mpt nfim sU ph^im Sau khi tot nghiep, hp trd thfinh nhiing gifio vien cfi'p I
(26) Ho sd so 13254 (27) Ho sd so 13298
(28) Ho sd so 13254
M O T S O T A C D O N G TiCH CUC CUA CHiNH SACH THUC D A N
CHU THICH
(1), (11) Alvin M Joseph, Jr, The Indian
Heritage of America, Houghton Mifflin Company,
1991, tr 278, 284
(2), (6) Robert A Divine, J.H Breen, George
M Fredrickson, R Hal Williams and Randy
Roberts, Amerca, past and present (A division of
Scott, Foresman and Company Glenview, Illinois,
London, England), 1990, tr 8, 4
(3), (7), (14), (16) Charles Gibson, Spain in
America, The University Library Harper & Row,
Publishers, New York, Evanston and London,
1966, tr 117, 125,88, 125
(Tiep theo trang 67)
(4) Simon ColUer, Thomas E Skidmore, The
Cambridge Encyclopedia of America and the Caribbean, Cambridge University Press, 1992, tr
203
(5), (8), (9), (10), (12), (13) Hubert Herring, A
history of Latin America from the beginnings to the present, Alfred A Knopf PubUsher, New York,
1967, tr 411, 199, 199, 204, 210, 210
(15) Michael C Meyer, William L Sherman,
The course of Mexican history, Oxford University
Press, 1987, tr 199