Bài viết giới thiệu kết quả nghiên cứu về sự hình thành và những nội dung chính của bản hương ước cải lương huyện Hàn Long được biên soạn trong bốn thập kỷ đầu thế kỷ XX. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo bài viết để nắm chi tiết nội dung nghiên cứu.
Trang 1M O T VAI NET VE HI/ffNG UlOfC CAI LUVNG CUA
NGUYfiN LAN DUNG*
Hoin Long hien dien trong vai tro l i
mgt ddn vi h i n h chinh cap huyen
cua tinh H i Deng trong mgt khoang thdi
gian tfldng ddi ngin (tfl n i m 1915 den nam
1942) (1) Trong q u i trinh do, cflng vdi tinh
H i Ddng, huyen Hoan Long da trai qua ba
ddt cai Ifldng hfldng chinh do chinh quyen
bao hg de ra va mgt trong nhflng ngi dung
quan trgng cua nd l i cai Ifldng hfldng fldc,
Cho den nay, so' Ifldng hfldng fldc cai Ifldng
cdn dfldc lflu gifl cua huyen Hoin Long
khong nhieu (chiem 61% so vdi tdng so'xa),
Trong bii viet niy, chflng toi xin gidi thieu
ket qua nghien cflu cua minh ve sfl hinh
t h i n h va nhflng ngi dung chinh cua nhflng
ban hfldng fldc cai Ifldng huy^n Hoin Long
dfldc bien sdan trdng bon t h i p ky dau the
kyXX
I VAI NET NGUON TAI LIEU H U O N G
Udc CAI LUdNG HUYEN HOAN LONG
Hien nay, kho hfldng fldc tai Vien Thdng
tin Khda hgc x i hgi dang lflu gifl 38 ban
hfldng fldc cai Ifldng (dfldc lip trong tfl nam
1915 den n i m 1938) ciia 37/62 xa thugc
huyen Hoin Long Nhfl viy, viec bien soan
nhflng ban hfldng fldc n i y tfldng dfldng vdi
giai ddan tien cai Ifldng (trfldc n i m 1921)
vi hai ddt cai Ifldng hfldng chinh vao cac
nim 1921, 1927
Trong so' 38 hfldng fldc niy, cd 5 hfldng
fldc viet bing chfl Nom dfldc lip tfl n i m
1915 den nam 1919 (2) Tuy vin mang nhflng net die trflng ciia hfldng fldc cu nhflng nhflng ban hfldng fldc cai Ifldng n i y
d i it nhieu hi nha nfldc chi phdi, dieu n i y
the hien ngay tfl ten ggi ciia chflng Ddng
Tdc cdi luang hUcfng Udc (nim 1915), Thd Quan tu bd cdi lU&ng hUcfng bg (1919), Ddng Mai tii tri tdn Udc (1918) va HUcfng Udc cdi lUOng KhUdng Trung xd (nam
1919) Hfldng fldc gdm hai phin: Phdn
Chinh tri (hoac Viec cai tri) va Phdn Phong tuc (hoac Viec L l nghia) Qua khao sit, cd
the thi'y, trfldc n i m 1920, chinh quyen dfldng nhfl chi yeu ciu cic ling dfla them
hai muc Tba hgi ddng, Sd chi thu vio
hfldng fldc mdi, cdn ngi dung cu the ciia tflng muc dd nhfl the nio, ling dfldc phep tfl ke khai theo tinh hinh thflc te Do dd, nhflng thong tin thu dfldc ve sinh heat ling
xa d huyen Hdin Ldng qua nhflng ban hfldng fldc n i y k h i da dang, phdng phfl, die biet la P h i n Phong tuc
Bg p h i n hfldng fldc dfldc bien sean tfl
n i m 1920 cd 33 ban, gdm 10 ban chfl Ndm
v i 23 ban chfl Quo'c ngfl, dfldc viet tay hoic
d i n h miy Hfldng fldc Phflc Xi (nim 1935)
l i cud'n hfldng fldc duy nhi't dfldc in t h i n h
sach (day 32 trang), gdm hai p h i n Tuc le
ldng Phuc Xd, tdng Phuc Ldm, huyen Hodn Long, tinh Hd Ddng lap thdnh ngdy 15 Mai
1923 v i Huang Udc tdng bd ngdy 13
Th.S Vien Sfl hoc
Trang 246 Rghien ciru Lich sir, sd 10,2010
Novembre 1934 H a u h e t nhflng b a n hfldng
fldc n i y dfldc sao lai vad n i m 1942, T r o n g
so' do, hfldng fldc l i n g N a m Ddng va l a n g
Ngi C h a u cd n i e n dai bien soan sdm nha't
-n a m 1920 Dieu dd d i -n de-n mgt -n h i -n d i -n h
la ngay tfl n a m 1920, t i n h H i Ddng da t i e n
h i n h cai Ifldng l a n g x i (tflc l i mgt n a m
trfldc k h i cd Nghi dinh chinh ddn lgi hUcfng
hdi cdc xd Bdc Ky cua Tho'ng sfl B i c Ky vao
ngay 12-8-1921)
Vao thdi ky cai Ifldng hfldng chinh,
chinh q u y e n thflc d a n da de r a mgt m l u
hfldng fldc c h u n g ddi vdi ti't ca cac lang
Hfldng fldc thfldng dfldc md d i u b i n g doan
"Khodn le cua mgt ldng lUu truyin td xUa
chi cd khdu truyen md khdng cd minh vdn
vd khdng hop vdi thdi the vgy nen cdn cdi
lUcfng Suy xet hien tinh thdi nay so sdnh
khodn le khi trUdc diiu ndo hgi thi ddi,
diiu ndo Icfi thi theo, muc dich ldm cho gia
tgc dugc thinh gidu, ddn ldng cd trgt tii,
sau ndy se theo trinh do tien hod md cdi
cdch them" Hfldng fldc cai Ifldng dfldc bd'
cue t h i n h h a i p h i n ro ret: Phdn Chinh tri
va Phdn Tuc le Cudi mdi b a n hfldng fldc la
2 dieu quy dinh ve viec thflc hien hfldng
fldc "Ke ta ngdy thi hdnh khodn Udc ndy,
dieu gi cu trdi vdi hUc/ng Udc thdi bo di
Trong ldng cd ai trdi vdi nhdng khodn Udc
tren ndy thi Hgi ddng tuy trinh Ly trUdng
ndng nhe md phgt De nien ddn ngdy vdo
ddm te thdn, ThU ky phdi dem huang Udc
ndy dgc cho ddn cung nghe" Phia dfldi ciia
hfldng fldc la chfl ky ciia t h a n h vien Hgi
ddng Tgc bieu, q u a n sd tai, Tdng do'c va
C h a n h cdng sfl p h e duyet Nhflng b a n sao
cdn cd t h e m chfl ky v i di'u t r i e n cua Tien
chi, C h a n h tdng v i Tdng dd'c H i Dong
H o a n g T r g n g P h u Sfl xui't h i e n cua C h a n h
tdng, Tdng do'c v i Cong sfl t r o n g nhflng b a n
hfldng fldc cai Ifldng l i da'u hieu t h e hien sfl
can t h i e p cua n h a nfldc vao b a n l u i t tuc
cua l i n g - dieu n a y k h d n g he tha'y trong nhflng hfldng fldc l i p trfldc n i m 1920,
T r u n g b i n h mdi b a n hfldng fldc cai Ifldng
cd 25 t r a n g va 116 dieu ( g i n b i n g vdi g i i tri t r u n g b i n h ciia hfldng fldc cai Ifldng t m h
H i Ddng la 24 t r a n g , 117 dieu (3) va n h i e u hdn hfldng fldc m l u 38 dieu), Hfldng fldc
l i n g My Dflc k h d n g chi cd s6' t r a n g k h i e m td'n n h i ' t (9 t r a n g ) m i cdn cd so' dieu quy
d i n h it n h a t (45 dieu) Gifla b a n hfldng fldc
m a u va hfldng fldc do c i c l a n g lap r a it
n h i e u cd sfl gio'ng n h a u ve bd' cue cung nhfl
ngi d u n g Ve Phdn Chinh tri, hfldng fldc c i c
l i n g deu g a n nhfl ghi lai ngi d u n g c i c muc
Ly phd trUdng, Sd chi thu, Bd sUu thue, Su kien cdo, Sii cap cdu t h e o hfldng fldc m i u
Ddi vdi Phdn tuc le, t u y b a n hfldng fldc m i u
chi dfla r a nhflng ngi d u n g c i n cd, nhflng
t r e n thflc te, gifla cac hfldng fldc v i n cd mgt sfl dinh d a n g tfldng tfl n h a u ve muc nay Hien tfldng t r e n d i e biet d u n g vdi bg p h i n hfldng fldc dfldc lap trfldc cuoc cai Ifldng hfldng chinh n i m 1921 Vi vay, ngi d u n g
p h a n a n h t r o n g do thfldng cflng n h i c ,
k h d n g s i n g tad, l a m cho ddi sd'ng s i n h h o a t
l a n g xa k h o n g cd dieu kien bgc 16,
Sfl gid'ng n h a u gifla cac hfldng fldc cai Ifldng da khie'n Tho'ng sfl Monguillot p h a i
p h i n n a n "Trong nhiiu ldng cdi luang dd
lap quyen tuc le, nhUng thUdng Id theo mgt cdch nhdt dinh Id theo quyen tuc le mdu dd
in sdn, cdc ldng cd phdi chep trong quyen mdu dy nhUng sdo qud U Id bdt dich" (4)
Day la h i e n tfldng dien r a p h d bien khdng chi d h u y e n H d i n Long v i ma t r e n n h i e u dia phfldng k h i c ,
IL M O T SO NOI DUNG CHINH TRONG HUONG U6C CAI LUONG HUYEN HOAN LONG
Ve cd b a n , c i c b a n hfldng fldc cai Ifldng deu cd 21 muc gid'ng n h a u , Sau day, b i i
Trang 3^ 6 t vai n^t ve huong ucfc c£i luang 47
vie't se gidi thieu mgt s6' ngi dung chinh
trong nhflng ban hfldng fldc cai Ifldng ciia
huyen Hein Long: Bg may quan ly ling xa,
Ngin sich ling xa, Va'n de an ninh - trat
tfl, Rugng da't cong lang xa va Sinh hoat
van hoi, xa hgi, phong tuc, tin ngfldng
1 Bo m a y q u a n ly l a n g x a
Ngi dung quan trgng nhi't cua cuoc cai
Ifldng hfldng chinh l i l i p ra Hgi ddng Tgc
bieu thay the cho Hgi ddng Ky muc l i m
chflc n i n g dieu h i n h cong viec ling xi
Theo chinh phu bao hg "Cdc hg hc/p lgi md
thdnh mgt ldng, bdi the viec ldng do cdc hg
ca ngUdi thay mat demd trdng coi ggi la tgc
bieu" (5) Trich nhiem chinh cua Hgi ddng
Toe bieu l i trong coi mgi viec trong xa, thi
h i n h lenh cua chinh quyen ci'p tren; l i p
cic khoin le, sd dfl toin chi thu, bd sflu
cung cic thue khic; quan ly tai san c5ng,
thi hanh cic khoin le ve viec t u I n phdng,
ngin ci'm viec buon b i n liu, viec d i n h bac,
tu t i p t r i i phep Tgc bieu dfldc b i u theo
hg "hg to hai hay la ba ngUdi, hg nhd cd
mgt ngUdi, hg nhd qud chi vdi ba xuat thdi
hgp hai hay ba, bdn hg ca chung ldy mgt
ngudi" (6) Ngfldi gifl chflc tgc bieu phai
dam bao yeu ciu l i cong dan ling xa tfl 25
tuoi trd len, cd gia san, hieu biet v i khong
pham tgi Nhiem ky ciia tgc bieu l i 3 nam
(tfl nam 1927 la 6 nam) Trong sdcac thanh
vien cua Hgi ddng Tgc bieu se chgn ra hai
ngfldi gifl chflc Chinh hfldng hgi va Phd
hfldng hgi Ngoai ra, Hgi ddng Tgc bieu con
cd nhiem vu Ifla chgn bg p h i n chflc dich thi
h i n h cong viec ling xi, nhfl Thfl ky, Thii
ky
Nhfl viy, Hgi ddng Tgc bieu dfldc lap ra
da hoin toan thay the nhiem vu va chflc
nang ciia Hgi ddng Ky muc Hgi ddng Tgc
bieu trd thanh cd quan vfla dai dien cho hg
vfla dai dien cho ling, vdi chflc n i n g va
quyen han rong ldn: quan tri moi m i t cua
ling xa Nhflng chi 7 n i m sau khi bi loai bd khdi ddi sd'ng l i n g xa - ve mat danh nghia, Hgi ddng Ky muc da dfldc t i i lap Theo hfldng fldc lang Nghi Tim, t h i n h p h i n nhflng ngfldi dfldc phep tham gia dfl Hgi ddng Ky muc k h i da dang, bao gdm thu quy, thfl ky, hg lai, chfldng ba, hoic tgc bieu het han 6 n i m da nop khao lang 10 ddng; tuan tring, phu dich khi len lao 50 nop vgng 6 ddng Nhfl viy, thflc te d ling
xa, cd mgt xu hfldng md rdng ddi tfldng gia
n h i p Hgi ddng Ky muc V i quy m6 cua Hgi ddng Ky muc n i y cd xu hfldng xich lai gin hdn va tien tdi trflng khdp vdi t h i n h phan cua Hgi ddng Ky muc truyen th6'ng
Chflc n i n g chinh cua Hgi ddng n i y l i co' vi'n, nhflng thflc te hoat dgng cua Hgi ddng cdn vfldt q u i chflc n i n g tren, can thiep vio ddi sd'ng ling x i manh me va sau sic hdn Dieu 15 hfldng fldc Khfldng Thfldng quy dinh: Hgi ddng Ky muc l i de kiem soit viec
t i i chinh, khoan fldc, tuc le trong ling Mgi viec deu phai dfldc sfl ddng y cua Hgi ddng
Ky muc mdi dfldc thi h i n h Dieu dd cho thi'y, Hgi ddng Ky muc v i n l i mgt td chflc
cd quyen Iflc ri't ldn d ndng thdn Vdi nhflng thong tin k h i it di, chflng ta khd cd the hinh dung mgt cich ro r i n g ve Hgi ddng Ky muc trong mgt giai doan mdi
Trong bg p h i n l i m nhiem vu thflc hien cac quyet dinh cua Hgi ddng, ly trfldng l i
ngfldi dflng diu, ddng thdi "Id ngUdi mdi
gidi cho Chinh phu vdi hdng xd" (7) Ly
trfldng phai gifl trien, ceng vin, dia ba, sd thue cua ling Ly trfldng cung ddng thdi la ngfldi chiu trich nhiem viec thu - nop thue, theo doi viec thi h i n h l u i t le, nghi dinh cua nha nfldc, viec t u I n phdng, ve sinh chung Sau khi man nhiem, Ly trfldng dfldc ling flu tien chd mgt s6' quyen ldi, nhfl dfldc thfldng ngoi hfldng luan Oang Nghi Tam, ling Quang Bi), ng6i ly dich (ling
Trang 44S Rghien cuu Lich sit s6' 10.2010
Phuc Xi), hoic dfldc cap mgt khoan tien
Oang Ngi Chau) Nhflng bien p h i p nhfl viy
thflc chi't la cich thflc de khuyen khich Ly
trfldng lam viec cd t r i c h nhiem hdn vdi viec
ling giao phd
2 Ngan sach lang xa
So chi thu la mgt trong hai ngi dung
chinh ciia viec cai Ifldng hfldng chinh
"Mud'n cho trong ldng chi tieu cd chang miic
de khdi tdn ddn thi phdi ldm sd chi thu" (8)
Vio ngay 1-11 h i n g nam, Hgi ddng Tgc
bieu cic lang se hgp de b i n dinh cac khoan
chi thu ciia n i m sau vdi mflc tieu han dinh
la 2,000 ddng, v i nop "sd dfl trfl chi thu"
len chinh quyen ci'p tren Chi sau khi dfldc
Cong sfl phe duyet, tfl ngay 1-1 n i m sau,
ling xa mdi dfldc thflc hien chi thu thee s6
de trinh d ci'p ling, ngfldi cd quyen quyet
dinh vdi viec chi, thu l i Chanh hfldng hgi
Mgi hoat dgng lien quan den ngin sich
cua ling deu phai n i m trong khudn khd
nhflng muc da dfldc ghi trong sd Cic
khoan chi thu p h i t sinh chi dfldc thflc hien
sau khi Hgi ddng Tgc bieu hgp va lam ddn
giii Tdng ddc phe duyet Ngoai ra, ngin quy
ling xa luon phai duy tri mgt khoan tien
nhi't dinh, ggi la tien lflu trfl, de dflng vao
nhflng viec dot xui't hoic de "sinh ldi",
Hinh thflc sinh ldi ma h i u het cic ling i p
dung l i dem tien cdng quy cho vay li'y lai
vdi thdi han 1 nam, Tgc bieu v i gia dinh tgc
bieu khong dfldc phep tham gia vie viec
vaj' tien cdng quy
So chi thu la mgt cich thflc de chinh
quyen ci'p tren cd the can thiep vio ddi
sd'ng ling xa, thong qua viec kiem soit hoat
dgng ngan sich cua ling, Ndi cich khac,
bi't ky mgt khoan chi thu n i o mud'n thflc
hien deu phai dat dfldc sfl thoa thuan gifla
ling x i v i chinh quyen ci'p huyen, tinh,
Viec l i p sd chi thu chi han dinh d nhflng x i
cd tfl 500 dinh trd len v i cd ngudn thu h i n g
n i m ldn hdn 2.000 ddng (theo nghi dinh
n i m 1921), nhflng thflc te t o i n bg cic hfldng fldc l i p trfldc va trong ddt cai Ifldng
n i m 1921 deu de cap den sd chi thu, trong khi chi CO l i n g Giang Vo thda m i n dieu kien lap sd (chi xet rieng tieu chuin ve so
d i n dinh) (9)
Trong so' cac ngudn thu ciia ling xa, ngudn thu tfl thue chiem ty trgng ldn nhi't
H i n g n i m , c i n cfl vao mflc thue chinh quyen ca'p tren thong bio, Hgi ddng Tgc bieu se p h i n bd thue cho tflng hg So p h i n
bd thue phai ghi r5 so' ngfldi cua tflng hg, dien tich di't dai, sd' sflu dinh v i s6' tien thue tfldng flng phai ngp
Theo quy dinh, ngfldi dan phai chiu hai
Idai thue, l i thue thUdng v i thue bdt
thudng Thue thudng cd hai loai la thue b i t
huge phai thu (gdm sflu dinh, thue cong dien, thue' thd trach, thue tfl dien, thue tfl th6') v i thue cd the tuy y thu - ngoai phu Th5ng thfldng, ngudn thu ngoai phu gdm thue triu, bd; thue phu thu theo thue chinh ngach (dfldc phep d i n h tfl 10% trd len) v i ling dfldc tfl quyet dinh khoan thu niy, Hfldng fldc l i n g Khfldng Thfldng cd ke them mgt danh muc nhflng khoan thu
ngoai phu de "ldm viec cdng cua ldng" va
"giao cho hai gidp phdn thu, hogc giao Ly trUdng phdn thu", nhfl thue n h i gach, n h i
li, tien sfldng tuc (bi't ke la rugng c6ng hay tfl), tien dinh nam treng l i n g khdng phai chflc dich, khong mua nhieu (10) Cdn ddi
vdi thue bdt thUdng, lang chi dfldc ph6p thu
khi cd trfldng hdp c i n thiet
Ben canh de, l i n g xa cung cd chinh sich miin thue cho mgt sd doi tfldng, nhfl phfldng b i t i m , phien tuIn, Ddi tiidng n i y chi chiem mgt bg p h i n ri't nhd trong sd nhflng ngfldi phai ddng thue cua ling
Trang 5S6t vai n6t ve huang udc c ^ iuung 49
3 An n i n h t r a t tii, ve sinh
Ve viec canh phdng ling xa, ti't ca d i n
dinh tfl 18 den 50 tudi (ngoai trfl nhflng
ngfldi dd dat, p h i m him, chflc sic, tdng ly,
phd hfldng hio, nhflng ngfldi dang di linh,
di hgc, ngfldi tan tit) deu phai lam nhiem
vu canh phdng Tuy theo dia vflc, dien tich
cung nhfl sd Ifldng tuan t r i n g ma dgi canh
phdng ciia cic ling chia t h i n h so' Ifldng cic
ban khic nhau Mdi ban tfl 7-8 ngfldi trd
len, trong do mgt ngfldi dfldc cvl l i m trfldng
tuIn, hoic Ly trfldng kiem luon trfldng
tuln Nhflng ban t u I n n i y se thay nhau
lam nhiem vu canh phdng lang xa, mdi
n i m mgt ban Dgi 'canh ling Nggc H i chia
lim 12 ban, moi ban canh 1 thing Con tai
ling Nghi Tim, mdi nam lang lap mgt dgi
gdm ta't ca n h i n dinh den tuoi di canh
phdng T u l n dinh xdm nao canh phdng
xdm do
Tinh die trflng ve dia vflc ciia ling xdm
Viet Nam la sfl p h i n chia rd r i n g gifla khu
vflc cfl tru v i khu vflc san xui't Vi viy, viec
canh phdng thfldng dfldc chia l i m hai loai,
ngi t u l n (dam bao cho viec t u l n phdng bao
ve tinh mang va t i i san trong ling) va
ngoai t u l n (bao ve viec ddng ing)
Mdi nim, cic ling deu ca'p cho tuan
phien mgt khoan tien Ifldng hdac rugng de
thu hoa ldi Hfldng fldc cung ghi ro quy
dinh thfldng phat ddi vdi viec canh phdng,
nhfl thfldng chd tuan phien tfl 1 den 10
dong neu b i t dfldc trdm cfldp, ngdii ra
trong q u i trinh l i m viec, neu t u l n thflc
hien to't cdng viec cua minh, ling cdn
thfldng cho mgt ngdi ky muc Nhflng neu
trong ling xay ra trgm cfldp m i t u l n phien
khdng b i t dfldc, tuan phien se phai chiu
phat v i bdi thfldng cho n h i mi't trgm
Trong trfldng hdp t u l n phdng vi viec b i t
trgm cfldp ma bi thfldng, "ling cho tien
chfla thuoc va cho ngdi trfldng tuan Neu
chet, ling ci'p cho vd con 20$ v i cho con mgt sui't nhieu, m i ca hfldng hgi ly dich di dfla d i m ma" (11)
Hfldng fldc cung cd nhflng quy dinh
n h i m bao ve, duy tri quan he trong gia dinh, ling xdm Nhflng ngfldi pham tgi bi't hieu vdi cha me, ling ma anh em se hi lang nghiem khic trich mIng Neu ngfldi pham tgi l i phu nfl, ngfldi chdng cung phai chiu tgi lien ddi vi khdng bie't day vd (ling Xa Din) hdic bi phat 4 h i o Gang Lang Yen) Viec gifl gin an ninh t r i t tfl v i danh gii
h i n g ngu chflc sic cung l i dieu die biet dfldc coi trgng, bdi diy dfldc coi l i bg m i t ciia ling xa Ngfldi nio vi pham se hi phat
5 h i o v i phai xin ldi cdng khai Vdi "ddn
em dgi hg", neu cung mic vao nhflng ldi
nhfl viy, Hgi ddng se "bdt phgt chdp tay
ddng dudi thim md xin ldi" (12), bo' me
phai dflng ra bao lanh; trfldng hdp t i i pham lan thfl 5 se bi phe ngdi trong hfldng
im Neu ngfldi nio trong ling bi ket an se
bi phat tien, trui't quyen b i u cii v i dfl
hfldng am (13)
Nhflng ngfldi vi pham dieu nghiem ci'm nhfl ni'u rfldu lau, thuoc liu, md sdng bac deu phai chiu hinh phat thich ding Ly dich, t u l n phien co' tinh bao che cung hi trflng phat nhfl ngfldi pham tgi
4 R u o n g d a t c o n g l a n g xa
a Cdng diin cdng thd qudn phdn
Vio dau the ky XX, dien tich cong dien cdng thd ciia huyen Hoan Long chiem khoang hdn 60% (14) tdng dien tich di't dai ciia huyen Tuy nhien, dien tich cong dien cong th6 gifla cic lang xa khdng deu, t h i m chi cd sfl chenh lech nhau k h i ldn Nhflng ling cdn hdn t r i m mau cong dien khong nhieu Dien tich cong dien cdng thd cua lang Nam Ddng trfldc l i 138 mlu, nhflng den thdi diem l i p hfldng fldc (nim 1920)
Trang 650 Rghien cuu Lich siir s6" 10.2010
chi cdn 51 m i u 3 sao (15), tflc l i chi cdn
khoang 36% Thdi han chia rugng da't
thfldng la 3 nam mgt lin, rieng ling Ngi
Chiu thdi gian l i 6 n i m
Ve cd ban, cd 3 each thflc p h i n chia
rugng di't, phd bien nha't la cich chia deu
cho d i n dinh trong ling Lang Phuc Xa, ddi
tfldng dfldc ci'p rugng di't cdn md rdng den
t i n nhflng c6 nhi, qua phu, nhflng ngfldi
t i n tat khong lam dfldc gi, m6i ngfldi dfldc
n h i n 2 sad (mflc chia binh quin chd dinh
nam l i 5 sid) Viec phan chia rugng di't
cung cd sfl phan biet kha ldn gifla cic do!
tfldng trong l i n g xa, gifla dinh nam, gifla
chflc dich, gifla cic Ifla tudi Trong tong so'
dien tich rugng di't thflc canh la 51 m l u 3
sao, l i n g Nam Ddng da d i n h rieng cho
chflc dich 2 miu, 9 sao, 5 thfldc (16) Vdi
nhflng l i n g cd tinh trgng xi nhfl Thinh
Quang, viec p h i n ci'p rugng da't lai d i n h
flu tien cho nhflng ngfldi cao tudi "Rugng
cdng mdi 3 ndm mgt ldn hodn cdp cho nhdn
dinh detrg sUu thue, nhUng chieu sd ngUdi
h&n tudi nhdn phdn tren, kem tudi nhdn
phdn dudi" (17) Cich thfl hai la cho gip
t h i m , trong dd viec gIp tham lai tien hanh
theo cic hinh thflc cu the Vi du tai ling
Ngi Chau, viec gIp t h i m n h i n di't dfldc
tien hanh gifla cac hg "Hg ndo gdp dugc
phdn ddt xd ndo he nhiiu ngUdi dUgc nhieu
phdn, it ngUdi dugc it phdn" (18) Nhflng d
ling N h i t Tan, viec gIp t h i m lai tien h i n h
theo giap "nguyen tuc le ldng ta chia ldm
36 phdn trong ddn, chia ldm 7 gidp, tuy
gidp nhdn nho nhdn nhiiu phdn hay it
phdn, cd gidp nhdn 7 phdn, cd gidp nhdn 5
phdn, cd gidp nhgn 3 phdn, cd gidp nhgn 2
phdn" (19)
Vdi nhflng l i n g ven sdng, ngoii cdng
dien cdng thd quan phan thi cdn cd mgt loai
di't k h i c - cdng chiu thd Tuy nhien, dien
tich cdng chau thd chi chiem mgt so' Ifldng
han che, vi v i y hinh thflc khai t h i c chinh
v i n l i bd t h I u de li'y tien trd vid quy cua lang
Mua ban rugng di't cong l i n g xa d i trd
t h i n h mgt viec phd bien d huyen Phan ldn cic ling x i deu co' ging han che tdi da viec rugng di't l i n g minh rdi vio tay ngfldi ngoii ling, Viec mua b i n rugng di't neu cd chi dfldc phep gidi han gifla nhflng ngfldi cflng hg, cflng l i n g vdi nhau
b Cdng diin cdng thd bdn xd
Ban xa cdng dien cdng thd gdm nhieu loai hinh khic nhau, nhfl rugng than tfl, rugng p h i t tfl, rugng tfl vin, rugng hfldng lad, rugng kinh lio, rugng nhac cdng, rugng dang cai, rugng tfl sfl Cd 7 ling d huyen Hoin Long cdn rugng di't tin ngfldng Hfldng fldc l i n g Khfldng Thfldng da ghi chep lai mgt cich k h i cu the nhflng loai rugng di't cdng cua xa tdn tai cho den thdi diem 1933: rugng t h i n tfl 4 m i u 5 sid, rugng p h i t tfl 5 sio, rugng tfl v i n 4 sao, rugng hfldng lao 7 sio, rugng kinh lio 2 mlu, rugng kinh thg 1 sao/ngfldi, rugng nhac c6ng 1 m l u , rugng cho chflc dich 1
m i u 4 sio, rugng ca'y de nien (cho 2 giip lo
3 ky gid h i u ) 1 m l u 2 sio, rugng tfl sfl 24
m l u (20) Tai l i n g khic, dien tich ban xa thd con lai cung khong nhieu, chi khoang
5-6 m i u Nhflng loai rugng nay l i cua chung ling
xi, nhflng lai dfldc giao cho nhflng ci nhan hay td chflc nhi't dinh quan ly v i san xui't Hoa ldi tfl nhflng dien tfch dd l i de phuc vu cho nhu ciu sinh hoat ddi so'ng tinh t h i n
ciia d i n cfl ban xa, nhfl l i viec te ll, dinh
dim
5 Sinh hoat van hoa, xa hoi, phong tuc, tin ngiiofng
a Hdn li, tang ma
Trang 7ffl6t vai net ve huang ucfc c£i luong 51
So vdi sd Ifldng cic dieu khoan quy dinh
ve cac tuc le trong hfldng fldc, viec cfldi hdi
cd so'dieu quy dinh it nha't (2 dieu) Do tudi
thich hdp chd viec dflng vd ga chdng la 18
tuoi vdi nam gidi va 15 tudi vdi nfl gidi,
Nhin chung cic hfldng fldc deu khuyen
khich td chflc mgt le cfldi ggn nhe, Le nop
cheo cho ling - mgt yeu t6' die trflng ciia
hdn le truyen th6'ng, gin nhfl dfldc de cap
trong toin bg cic ban hfldng fldc Thong
thfldng, cd sfl khic nhau gifla nop cheo ngi
vi cheo ngoai va mflc cheo ngoai bao gid
cung gap doi cheo ngi Ngoii ra, viec nop
cheo cdn cd tinh b i t huge trong giip, xdm,
ngd mi ngfldi con gii dd sinh sd'ng
Trfldc khi xui't gii, ngfldi cdn gii cflng
vdi ngfldi chdng se phai ra dinh trinh dien
vdi Hgi ddng, Ly trfldng, v i cd mgt mim ll
gdm "mgt cdi thu Ign, mgt mdm xdi, mgt
trdm vdng dgi, mgt phong phdo, 120 khdu
gidu, hai chai rUcfu" Khi ll xong, sau ban
thugc giap cd ngfldi con gii li'y chdng "cung
Chdnh hgi, Hg lgi, Ly phd trUdng thu phuc"
(21), Khong chi khuyen khich, cho phep
duy tri viec chang day ddi tien, thich ll v i t
ldn, ling Khfldng Thfldng cdn cho phep nha
cd dim cfldi dfldc phdp md tiec linh dinh,
Trong viec hieu, cac hfldng fldc deu cd
quy dinh r5 ring, cu the, Khi gia dinh cd
tang, tang chii phai dem ll ding v i nhd ly
trfldng vi hgi ddng de bio tin cho din ling,
Viec tang ma chi dfldc tien hanh trong 3
ngiy
Viec phuc vu trong tang ll l i nhiem vu
ciia xdm, hoic ciia giip Vdi nhflng ling m i
td chflc giip dfldc duy tri, giip lam nhiem
vu hg tang, tflc la khieng quan t i i v i mang
cic dd tang nghi nhfl di'y la sfl tra dn l i n
nhau Theo quy dinh ciia giip ling Khfldng
Thfldng, ne'u trong giip cd ngfldi qua ddi,
mgi thanh vien cua giip deu phai cd nghia
vu di dfla ma Dgi do tuy chia theo ban sinh hoat trong giap Thfldng, ba ban dau cua giip l i m nhiem vu cha'p hieu Cdn viec hg tang l i trach nhiem tfl ban thfl tfl trd xuong va quay vdng, Giap hg tang vong, tang chu phai cd mgt chut tien cam On doi vdi hang giap, ggi la tien giat ao, ngfldi chi'p hieu va ngfldi khieng, moi ngfldi dfldc
7 xu, ngfldi cam cd trang nghi dfldc 4 xu Neu ngfldi mi't l i ngfldi d hai giip thfldng ban, ngfldi chi'p hieu va nhflng ngfldi trong giip di hg t i n g phai l l ta 4 ll de the hien sfl kmh lao (22)
Cdn vdi nhflng lang td chflc sinh hoat theo hinh thflc xdm, viec hg tang do Hgi ddng quye't dinh v i ci t cii Ling Phuc Xa
quy dinh, "le cdt dd tuy thi cd chieu sd'ta 18
cho din 49 tudi phdi vdo vai khieng, con cdc
bd Ido, chdc sdc, khoa trUdng, vdn bdng, tgc biiu duang thd thi viic dUa ddm vd trdng nom viec ma chay cho cd trgt tii" (23) Neu
ngfldi nio khdng di dfldc phai cid 16i v i nhd ngfldi di thay, hoac ddng tien phat cho lang Cung nhfl viec hg tang theo hang giip, tang chu cflng phai nop mgt khoan le mang tinh ta din, mflc do ciia khoan nay tuy thugc vio s6' d6 tuy ma tang chii xin Hgi ddng Ne'u lay 100 do tuy trd len tlii nop 15 ddng, 200 trIu, 2 chai rfldu, 50 dd tuy l i 10 ddng, 100 t r I u v i 2 chai rfldu, tfl
20 ngfldi l i 5 ddng, 40 mieng trIu, 1 chai rfldu Vdi nhflng ngfldi qua ngheo khe, hau het cic ling deu cho miin va cflng cii 10 ngfldi den giflp (24) Diy ggi l i trd tang Viec dinh ra mflc trd tang mdx chi xua't hien d mgt so' lang xa vio cudi the ky XIX, nhflng de'n nhflng n i m 20 the ky XX thi nd
da trd thanh mgt hien tfldng phd bien Tang chu cd the ddng vio quy cong lang
mgt s6' tien ggi l i "de danh dii cho ngUdi
thdc" Hfldng fldc lang Nhat T i n viet
"nguyen trUdc li ldng ta, ai md chi't thdi
Trang 852 Rghien curu Lich siir s610.2010
kinh ddn d ngodi dinh mdt bdn xdi, 1 cdi
thu lan, 2 chai rUOu, vd ddu cau nda, lgi a
gidp minh, xdm minh cdng thi', phi tdn Udc
do 10 dong, nay ddn chi dinh ldy 2 ddng,
thay vdo tiin dy, md ggi la tiin ky niem"
(25) Dd la nhflng dieu chung nhi't ve viec
to chflc mgt le tang tai ling
b Tha vi
Vi thfl tren dinh la mgt sfl phan i n h
c h i n thflc v i sinh dgng ve t r i t tfl, ding ci'p
trong xa hgi thon que Vi thfl dinh trung
gifla cic l i n g cd sfl k h i c nhau, phu thugc
vio ddi tfldng dfldc de cao, chu yeu l i sfl
khic nhau gifla xu hfldng trgng thien tfldc
va xu hfldng trgng vfldng tfldc
Tai lang Nam Ddng, viec p h i n chia chd
ngdi tai dinh dfldc tien h i n h theo nguyen
t i c trgng tfldc: chieu thfl nhi't: hoang giip,
tien si, phd bang, cii n h i n , tfl tai, chflc sic
pham, cao ding, v i n b i n g t h i n h chung;
chieu thfl hai: lao 70, 80, chanh pho tdng,
vien chflc, thdng ky; chieu 3: sic binh, sd
hgc, trfldng t u l n , lid 50, tgc bieu; chieu 4:
dinh tring, ngfldi 18 tudi da vio hfldng am
(26) Ling N h i t Tan, Nggc Xuyen cung cd
cich s i p xep tfldng tfl: cii nhin, tien si,
chieu thfl nhi't Cdn lai: gidng 1: chflc sic,
giong 2, ky muc, ly dich; gidng 3, cic cu
h i n g giip, ngfldi cd chin hfldng im; giong
4, ngfldi linh man khdi (27) Ngoai Chiu l i
mgt trong so' it nhflng ling d huyen cdn td
chflc chd ngdi trong sinh hoat ling xa theo
hinh thflc truyen thd'ng, la ngdi theo thfl tfl
tfl gia de^n tre
Lang Phuc Xi cd the coi l i trfldng hdp
dae biet treng sd' cic ling thugc huyen
Hoan Long khi p h i n chia vi thfl ndi dinh
trung thed each thflc: ben ta la chd ngdi cua
nhflng bic chflc sic, khoa trfldng; cdn ben
hflu l i cho ngdi ciia cic vi bo lao Mgt chieu
duy nhi't d gifla dinh ggi l i "Danh dfl tich"
danh cho nhflng ngfldi cd cong lao ldn vdi dan, d i dflgc ghi ten vio "Danh dfl sach" v i nhflng ngfldi dd dai khoa trfldng Ngoai ra,
"cdc bd tii't phu cd thu hodng dn tinh bieu, cung cdc bd cd cdng ddc ldn lao vdi ddn vd cdc bd va cdc dng dd cd ngdi thd trong ddn"
cung dfldc quyen tham dfl nhflng dip sinh hoat chung tai dinh v i ngdi tai chieu thfl 5 ben ta (28), Khi h i n h l l tai dinh, hg dfldc tham dfl d chieu thfl nhi't, trong khi trai dinh ngdi chieu thfl 5,
T r i t tfl ndi dinh trung cflng se quy dinh mflc Cd bieu cua mdi ngfldi, theo dd chflc sic ludn dfldc flu tien p h i n ngon trfldc, sau
dd mdi de'n Ifldt bach dinh, nhieu nam Nhfl
d ling T i y Hd, trong nhflng ngiy te t h i n cd giet ldn hoic bd, nhflng ngfldi dd dai khoa hoac dang quan tfl pham dfldc bieu mgt cii thu ldn; nhflng ngfldi cd khoa sic, cd khao vgng dfldc bieu mdi ngfldi 1 cii chin ldn hoic 1 cii b i p bd; ly dich, thu tfl mdi ngfldi mgt cin Nhflng ngfldi trong hgi ddng, thfldng lio, ha lio mdi ngfldi mgt khau gilu
(29) Cdn tai l i n g Nggc Xuyen "Khi dgi tii't,
ai cd khoa muc phdm hdm, hogc 1, 2, 3, 4 ngUdi, ldng cung chi bii'u mdt cdi canh lan; bdn vien bdn di nhdt bdn cdi chdn lOn; tiin tha chi, ky muc, ly dich duang tha thdi bieu mdi ngUdi mgt miing thit, mgt dia xdi, mgt qud cau, cbn chu te diin vdn, thii ta vd quan viin viin cha te thdi biiu cd theo nhU
cd qudn phdn" (30)
Trong s6' nhflng hfldng fldc ciia huyen Hdin Ldng, khdng cd ban hfldng fldc nad de cap den viec flu tien kinh bieu p h i n cd nhieu nha't, ngon nhi't cho ngfldi cao tudi nhi't ling Dieu n i y cflng vdi t r i t tfl ndi dinh trung n h i m phan ldn tdn vinh ngfldi khoa bang va chflc dich d i cho thi'y sfl trgng lio khdng cdn dfldc de cao nhfl trfldc nfla
Trang 9g a t vai n^t ve huang u6c cii luang 53
c Sinh hogt tin ngUdng
Hgi lang l i mgt net sinh hoat khdng the
thie'u dfldc trong ddi sd'ng sinh hoat tinh
t h i n cua lang xi Viec chuan hi l l trong
nhflng ngiy dai tiec do Hfldng trfldng dam
nhin L l cflng thfldng cd ldn, m i m xdi gi,
b i n h oan, rfldu, ving ma, trau cau Ngiy
hgi ling bao gid cung chiem mflc chi phi ldn
nhi't Ling Phflc Xi chi 200 ddng bac cho
ngiy vao d i m (tfldng dfldng vdi khdlng 6
con t r i u luc bi'y gid)
Tai ling Lfldng Yen, Phuc Xi, trong
nhflng ngiy dien ra dai ll, nam dinh trong
ling tfl 18 de'n 25 tudi theo Hfldng trfldng
lim ll va s i p xep cd ban Ba ban 12 ngfldi
tfl 49 tudi trd xuo'ng cd nhiem vu giup
Hfldng trfldng siia le Vi tien chi cua lang
dfldc chi dinh vad vi tri chu te', chflc sic
hoac phu lao l i m bdi te cdn cic t h i n h vien
ciia Hgi tfl v i n lo chi'p sfl, dgc chflc vin
Nhflng ngfldi tham gia te tfl phai an mac
chinh te, khdng dfldc mac quan io tham
vio dinh Sau p h i n te ll, cic ling deu md
tiec Chi nhflng ngiy dai ll, d i n ling mdi
dfldc tham dfl va dfldc chia p h i n
Hing nam, ling xa deu td chflc chuan hi
hfldng hoa, ll qua l i m gio hau cho nhflng
ngfldi khi cdn song d i c6'ng hien mgt p h i n
gia san cho ling, hoic cd cong tu sufa dinh
chua, xiy dflng dfldng xi, hoic la nhflng
ngfldi khdng cd gia dinh xin dfldc mua hau
d chfla Ben canh dd, hgi tfl v i n hang nam
cdn td chflc le tien hien
Ngoii hgi ling, trong mgt n i m n h i n
din cdn td chflc nhieu dip te le khic, md
diu bing Te't nguyen din Vio dip tet n i y
d ling Nghi Tam, hfldng trfldng cii mgt
ngfldi cd p h i m tfldc hoic cd chd ngdi d chie'u
thfl nhi't hoic thfl hai, c6 vd chdng hanh
phflc, con c h i u de hue l i m chu te^, bieu thi
fldc mong mgt n i m mdi cd nhieu 16c cho
dan lang Tai l i n g Khfldng Thfldng, mdi
n i m , d i n ling to chflc 24 ky te le, trai deu trong ti't ca cic t h i n g cua n i m Td chflc dflng ra d i n g cai chu tri nhflng ngiy nay chu yeu la cic giip, mgt so' do hgi tfl v i n dfla tren ngudn di't cdng ling x i da ci'p cho cac td chflc niy Trong ngiy n h i p tich (12-15/2), ling lOifldng Thfldng td chflc le tai dinh v i mieu Tai dinh, viec s^a cd thd d trung dinh l i do tfl vin, h i n g giip, hfldng lao, n h i n dinh dam nhan Tai mieu, lang
b i y CO h i t thd, mdi c6 1 con ga, 1 dia xdi, trau, rfldu De'n ngay te ta, hai giip chuan
hi ll, moi le 20 ddng; cd do hgi tfl v i n s i p dat khoang 15 ddng Sang ngay nhap tich, hgi ddng ly dich trich tfl c6ng quy mua 200 qua cau, 200 p h i m oan te t h i n Cdn trong dip t h i n g 3 xuan te, mdi giip mua mgt con trau hoic mgt con bd Ngay te tien hien, ngfldi dang chiu cd phai siia soan 1 con ldn
30 cin, 1 cii thii ldn, 2 con g i thien 10 cin,
1 can xdi, 1 chai rfldu, 30 qua cau, ving, phio Nhfl viy, hang n i m mgt phan ri't ldn ngin quy ling x i d i dfldc dem chi phi cho nhflng ngiy l l tie^t nhfl the nay Diy chic chin chfla phai la nhflng thdng ke diy du, nhflng nhflng thong tin nhfl viy d i p h i n nao phan i n h ring, l l te't da trd t h i n h mgt
p h i n kh6ng the thie'u trong sinh hoat cua cong ddng
III NHAN XET
L i mgt bg p h i n ciia cai Ifldng hfldng chinh, cuoc cai Ifldng hfldng fldc tai huyen
H e i n Long d i dfldc tien hanh treng hdn 25
n i m , dfldi sfl giim s i t c h i t che cua ca chinh quyen ci'p cd sd l i n chinh quyen ci'p tren Tfl nhflng ngi dung da dfldc phan anh qua hfldng fldc cai Ifldng cua huyen Hoan Long, cd the rut ra mgt so n h i n xet nhfl sau:
Tha nhdt, thong qua nhflng ban hfldng
fldc cai Ifldng cdn lai cho de'n hign nay, bflc
Trang 1054 Rghien ciru Lich siir s610.2010 tranh sinh hoat l i n g xa Hoan Long tren
nhieu phfldng dien, tfl thie't che td chflc bg
may quan ly l i n g xa, cac t6 chflc x i hgi,
phfldng thflc san xua't den cic yeii t6' thugc
ve ddi sd'ng tinh than ciia cfl d i n da p h i n
nao dfldc t i i hien Dfldi t i c dgng ciia qua
trinh dd thi h o i tai Ha Ngi, Hoan Long vdi
tfl each la mgt v i n h dai quanh thanh phd'
da cd nhflng bien chuyen khong nhd ve
dien mao, it nhieu da mang ding dap ciia
mgt vung di't ven dd Tuy nhien, ti't ca
nhflng dieu do mdi chi hien dien d mflc do
han che, le te Tren het, huyen Hoin Long
van mang trong minh nhflng net die trflng
tieu bieu cua ling xa ddng bing Bic Bg
tren cic phfldng dien kinh te, xa hgi, van
hoa v i ca chinh tri,
Tha hai, tfl viec phan tich nhflng ngi
dung dfldc de cap trong hfldng fldc cai Ifldng
ciia huyen Hoan Long noi rieng cung nhfl
tfl thflc te ciia hoat dgng cai Ifldng hfldng
chfnh tai tinh H i Dong ndi chung, cd the
tha'y r i n g cuoc cai Ifldng hfldng chinh ciia
thflc d i n P h i p d i dat dfldc hieu qua tren
m.gt so'khia canh, Mic dfl chinh phu bao hg
luc d i u cdn td ra k h i de dat khi chi tien
hanh cai Ifldng hfldng chinh "thf diem" d
mgt so' huyen thugc tinh Ha Dong (trong dd
cd huyen Hoan Long), nhflng tinh hieu qua
cua cuoc cai Ifldng d cic dia phfldng nay da
lim cho nha d m quyen nhan thi'y kha
n i n g thflc thi ciia m6 hinh n i y tren mgt
dia ban rdng ldn hdn - tren tean bg xfl Bic
Ky Sfl thanh c6ng cua H i Dong tren mgt
phfldng dien nao do dfldc dam bao chinh l i
nhd sfl thflc ep va kiem soit c h i t che tfl phia chinh quyen cap tinh, dae biet la ciia tdng dd'c tinh Ha Dong bay gid la Hoang Trgng Phu, Nhfl viy, bing cuoc cai Ifldng nay, thflc d i n Phap da can thiep dfldc vid
td chflc cd ket ci'u c h i t che va ben vflng ciia
x i hgi Viet Nam - dd l i ling xi, thdng qua viec kiem soat dfldc bg miy l i n h dao cua
nd, ngin quy v i phap che hoi hfldng fldc thee y dd cua chinh quyen bao hg,
Tha ba, nghien cflu ve ling xa Ha Ngi
trong nhflng n i m dau the ky 20 ne'u chi thong qua hfldng fldc cai Ifldng se la mgt cich tiep can cd han che Bdi tfl cuoc cai Ifldng hfldng chinh, hfldng fldc khong cdn ddn t h u I n la san pham cua rieng ling xi
m i d i trd t h i n h mgt ban ngi quy ve sinh hoat lang xa do chinh quyen ci'p tren chi dao theo mgt mau chung thd'ng nhi't, tfl ngi dung de'n cich thflc bien soan Ngay trong qua trinh tien h i n h cai Ifldng hfldng chinh, Thd'ng sfl B I C Ky Robin da cho r i n g p h i n nhieu nhflng hfldng fldc cai Ifldng dfldc
soan thao l i "khdng phu hop vdi tap tuc
truyin thdng trong ldng" v i gii tri cu the
nhi't ciia nd chi l i de "ddi phd" mgt cich
hdp ly vdi nhflng chu trfldng cai Ifldng ciia chinh quyen thugc dia (31), Hfldng fldc cai Ifldng dfldc danh gii nhfl mgt loai v i n ban
cd p h i n xa rdi vdi cuoc sd'ng thflc te dang dien ra d ndi thon que Do dd, doi vdi viec nghien cflu l i n g x i Bic Ky ndi chung v i ling xa Ha Ngi ndi rieng, ben canh ngudn tai lieu hfldng fldc cai Ifldng cin cd sfl bd sung ciia nhieu ngudn t i i lieu khic
CHU THICH
(1), Hien nay, toan bo h u y e n Hoan Long thuoc
ve bd'n quan ndi t h a n h Ha Ndi \k: Hai Ba TrUng,
Dd'ng Da, Tay Ho va Ba Dinh,
(2), Lang Thd' Quan ed hai ban hUdng ude cai lUdng lap vao cac nfim 1916 va 1919