Bài viết nghiên cứu nền chuyên chính dân chủ cách mạng Jacobin thông qua nghiên cứu tính triệt để và tiến bộ của cách mạng Tư sản Pháp được thể hiện rõ nét ở việc giải quyết các nhiệm vụ dân tộc và dân chủ suốt tiến trình của cách mạng từ 1789 đến 1799.
Trang 1NEN CHUYEN CHINH DAN CHL) CACH MANG JACOBIN DINH CAO CUA CACH MANG PHAP
DO THANH BINH NGUVilN THI HUYEN SAM"
Cach m a n g tU s a n P h a p cuo'i the' ki
XVIII da de lai da'u an s a u sac
trong lich sil the' gidi t r o n g suo't t h e ki XIX,
dau t h e ki XX va da thiic t i n h liJc lUdng
dan chu, tien be diing len chong che do
phong kien c h u y e n che va che do thiic d a n
Day la cuoc each m a n g tU s a n co a n h hUdng
rong 16n, co y n g h i a quo'c te 16n lao A n h
huong n a y duoc t a o r a hai c h i n h t i n h t r i e t
de va tien bo cua no m a k h o n g mot cuoc
each m a n g t u s a n n a o dien ra trvr6c va s a u
do CO t h e d a t dUdc T i n h t r i e t de va tien bo
ciia Cach m;ing t u s a n P h a p dUdc t h e hien
ro net cl viec giai q u y e t cac n h i e m vu d a n
toe va d a n chii t r o n g suo't lien t r i n h ciia
each m a n g tii 1789 den 1799, dac biet la
giai doan ciim q u y e n ciia p h a i Jacobin (tii
ngay 2 - 6 - 1 7 9 3 d e n n g a y 27-7-1794)
Ke tii s a u khi each m a n g b u n g no n g a y
14-7-1789 don t r u 6 c n g a y 2 - 6 - 1 7 9 3 , Cach
m a n g P h a p da t r a i q u a h a i giai doan gan
lien v6i vai tro cua p h a i dai tU s a n lap hien
va phai G i r o n d e O t r o n g h a i giai doan nay,
nhOng n h i e m vu cO b a n cua mgt cu(5c each
m a n g t u s a n da dUdc giai quye't Do la viec
t h u tieu che do p h o n g kien chuyen che', dac quyen ciia giao hgi, n h a thd, thiet lap nen
q u a n chu lap hien (Hien ph,ap 1791) va nen cong hoa (Tuyen bo' ciia Hiep hgi Dan tgc -21-9-1792), xoa bo che do sci hUu ruong da't phong kien, t h i e t lap che do tU hUu ruong da't cho giai cap tU san Nguy cd xam lUdc ciia cac t h e liic p h o n g kien ben ngoai bu6c
d a u bi day liii (cuo'i n a m 1792) Tuy nhien, vice giai quyet nhUng n h i e m vu dan tgc va
d a n chti neu t r e n van chifa thoa man yeu cau ciia cac t a n g 16p qufin c h u n g nhtin dan
P h a p Van de r u o n g da't chUa dUdc giai quyet cho n o n g d a n , gia ca cac mat h a n g
n h u ye'u p h a m gia t a n g (1) a n h hUdng triic tiep den ddi song kho k h a n cua nong dan
va b i n h d a n t h a n h thi T h e m vao do, each
m a n g P h a p va chu quyen cua nUtfic P h a p bi lam nguy khi lien m i n h cho'ng P h a p dUdc
h i n h t h a n h (dau n a m 1793) (2)
T r o n g h o a n c a n h do, q u a n chiing d Paris
da noi day khoi n g h i a ngay 31-5-1793, doi
b a t nhUng ngUdi ciia p h a i Girondc va bao
• GS, TS, Khoa Lich sti - TrUdng Dai hoc Su pham Ha Ngi
'" TS Khoa Lich sii - TrUting Dai hgc Su pham Ha Ngi
Trang 232 Rghien ciJru Lich sii' so 12.2009
vay Hiep hgi Dan toe ngay 2-6-1793, bat
giam cac nghi si va bo trUdng thugc phai
Gironde Sau hai sU kien nay, chinh quyen
each mang chuyen vao tay phai Jacobin
Len nam chinh quyen trong tinh hinh kho
khan nhu vay, phai Jacobin da thiic hien
hang loat cac chinh sach de thie't lap va giU
vOng nen chuyen chinh ciia minh
Thd nhdt, phdi Jacobin dd gidi quyet
vdn de rudng ddt cho nong ddn, dn dinh ddi
sd'ng eua tdng Idp binh ddn d thdnh thi
Thiic te nam 1789, d Phap nong dan chiem
80% dan so', nhUng chi chiem khoang 30%
ruong da't (3) Tuy nhien, khi len nfim
quyen sau sU kien pha nguc Bastille, phai
dai tu san lap hien m6i chi thong qua cac
phap Ipnh xoa bo dac quyen phong kien,
budc ddu giai quyet van de ruong dat, song
khong CO Idi cho nong dan TiX ngay 5 de'n
11-8-1789, Quo'c hgi lap hien thong qua
phap lenh xoa bo tap thue, dia to phong
kien do'i vdi nong dan, nhung vdi dieu kien
nong dan phai bo tien ra chugc mdi dUdc
hudng nhQng quyen Idi do, ngUdc lai ne'u
nong dan khong cd tien chugc van tiep tuc
phai nop thue va chiu cac nghia vu phong
kien (4) Dong thdi, Quo'c hgi lap hien ciing
quyet dinh tich thu ruong da't ciia nha thd
chia thanh nhung manh Idn gan nd cho cac
nha tu ban tai chinh (5) Khi phai Gironde
cam quyen, nong dan van khong cd ruong
da't Thang 8-1792, Hiep hgi Dan tgc da
thong qua sac lenh chia da't dai ciia qui tgc
di cU ban cho nong dan, nhUng tat ca deu
khong dUdc thUc hien (6) Xuat phat til
nhan thiic vai trd quan trgng cua quan
chiing, nha't la nong dan do'i vdi each mang,
phai Jacobin da van dgng, tap hdp hg bang
viec ban hanh cac sac lenh lien quan den
van de ruong da't Chi hai ngay sau khi len
nam quyen, phai Jacobin c6 anh hUdng Idn
trong Hiep hgi Dan tgc da thdng qua sac
lenh ngay 3-6-1793, qui dinh chia da't tich thu cua qui tgc di cU, ciia hoang gia va cua giao hgi, t h a n h nhieu manh nhd va ban cho nong dan khong cd hoac cd ra't it ruong da't theo phUdng thiic tra dan trong 10 nam (7) Sac lenh cdn qui dinh chia cho moi ban ndng mgt acpen (gan niia ha) trong so' dat dai ciia qui tgc di cU ne'u ndi dd khong cd cong dien Sac lenh ngay 10-6-1793 qui dinh nhiing ruong da't cong da bi qui tgc cUdp doat trong vdng 20 nam trd lai deu dUdc la'y lai va chia cho ndng dan va dieu chinh de moi ngUdi cd mgt manh rudng bang nhau (8) Ben canh dd, phai Jacobin cdn ban hanh sSc lenh ngay 17-7-1793, xda
bd cac dac quyen phong kien, ndng dan dUdc giai phdng khdi mgi thii thue ddng gdp cho qui tgc ma khong phai boi thUdng Cac khe Udc cac van tU phong kien bi dd't, viec tang trii cac giay td dd bi coi la tgi nang, cd the bi tii khd' sai (9) Ngoai ra, phai Jacobin cdn thiic hien qui dinh gia to'i
da dd'i vdi cac mat hang thie't yeu, nham han che gian thudng dau cd va d'n dinh ddi sd'ng cho binh dan thanh thi Ta't ca nhiing chinh sach nay dUdc thdng qua trong hai thang va chi trong mgt thdi gian ngan Jacobin da lam dUdc mgt viec ma trong may nam cac phai dai tU san lap hien va Gironde khdng lam dUdc nen da dUa each mang Phap len den dinh cao Nhiing chinh sach nay da pha hoai tan gd'c che do phong kien, bien tang Idp ndng dan trUdc kia phu thudc vao phong kien thanh nhiing ngUdi tieu tu hiiu tU do va thie't lap che do kinh
te tieu ndng, nd tao nhiing dieu kien thuan lgi cho sU phat trien tU ban chu nghia d nudc Phap Chinh sach rugng da't ciia Jacobin la triet de nha't trong lich sii cac cuoc each mang tU san Tang Idp tieu ndng ddng dao do chinh sach dd tao ra da trcl thanh thanh tri viing chac cho nUdc Phap
Trang 3Ren chuyen chinh dan chii each mang Jacobin 33
each m a n g , t h a n h lUc lUdng s a n g t a o
n h i i n g chien cdng h u y h o a n g cho cudc chien
t r a n h bao ve To' qud'c n h i i n g n a m 1 7 9 3
-1794
ThU hai, phdi Jacobin dd xay dUng ditoc
cd sd phdp li de thUc hien nen ddn chu Dd
la viec p h a i J a c o b i n da soan t h a o va t h d n g
qua H i e n p h a p (24-6-1793) Mac dii chi
c h u a n bi t r o n g 2 t u a n le, nhUng Hien p h a p
1793 thiic sU la b a n H i e n p h a p d a n chii
nha't thdi can dai TrUdc Hien p h a p 1793 da
cd b a n T u y e n ngdn N h a n q u y e n va D a n
quyen do Sieyes (1748-1836) soan t h a o ,
chfnh thiic dUdc cdng bd' n g a y 2 6 - 8 - 1 7 8 9
Tuyen ngdn chi ro m u c dich ciia xa hdi la vi
h a n h phiic c h u n g va c h i n h p h u cd n g h i a vu
phai d a m bao n h i i n g q u y e n tii n h i e n va
khdng t h e x a m p h a m , dd la q u y e n tU do,
binh d a n g , a n n i n h va tU hufu Dong thdi,
cdng d a n dUdc q u y e n tU do tin ngUdng, lao
dgng, ngdn l u a n , kien n g h i (10) Rd r a n g ,
ngi d u n g cd b a n cua H i e n p h a p 1793 la sU
k h a n g d i n h n h i i n g ndi d u n g cua T u y e n
ngdn N h a n q u y e n va D a n quyen, chi rd
muc dich cua xa hdi la h a n h phiic c h u n g ,
n h a nUdc p h a i d a m bao cho con ngUdi
nhQng q u y e n t u i i h i e n , ba't k h a x a m p h a m ,
n h u quyen tii do, binh d a n g , an n i n h , lao
ddng, t u do tin n g u d n g , quyen t u hQu, t h a m
chi ca q u y e n khdi n g h i a c h d n g ap bQc, p h a n
ddi c h i n h q u y e n Day dUdc coi la q u y e n
thieng lieng ciia con ngUdi (11) Vdi Hien
p h a p mdi, Qudc hdi l a p p h a p - cd q u a n tdi
cao cua n e n cdng hda dUdc t h a n h lap Nd
dUdc b a u r a h a n g n a m t h e o che do phd
thdng d a u p h i e u triic tie'p, ta't ca cac cdng
dan tQ 21 tud'i trd len d e u dUdc di b a u
Qud'c hgi l a p p h a p b a u r a mdt Hgi dong
cha'p c h i n h gom 24 uy vien, h a n g n a m 1/2
s d i i y vien dUdc b a u lai (12) NhU vay, Hien
p h a p 1793, k h d n g chQa d u n g nhQng ndi
dung mdi m e m a chi la sii ke thQa T u y e n
ngdn N h a n q u y e n va D a n quyen 1789 Tuy
n h i e n , cac q u y e n cua con ngUdi se v i n mai
m a i la t r e n gia'y td ne'u khdng xay diing dUdc cd che p h a p li (quan trgng n h a t la
h i e n p h a p ) de thiic hien nd Dieu nay da dUdc m i n h chQng ra't rd bdi sU m a u thuSn giQa ndi d u n g cua T u y e n ngdn N h a n quyen
va D a n q u y e n 1789 vdi ndi d u n g cua Hien
p h a p 1791 Hien p h a p 1791 qui dinh che do bau cQ theo tai s a n , theo dd n a m gidi 25 tuoi trd len cd t a i s a n la "cdng dan tich ciic"
cd quyen b a u cii, nhQng cdng dan khdng cd tai san la "cdng d a n tieu ciic", khdng cd
q u y e n b a u cQ (13) Do dd, Hien p h a p 1791
da tudc doat quyen b a u cU, quyen hinh
d a n g cua nhQng ngUdi ngheo trong xa hgi
So vdi Hien p h a p 1791, Hien p h a p 1793
d a n h da'u budc p h a t t r i e n cao hdn, each
m a n g hdn t r o n g tien t r i n h each m a n g tU san P h a p vdi viec t u y e n bd' tritdc t h e gidi nhQng n g u y e n tac tii do va d a n chu ciia mgt n e n d a n chii tU san tien bg hdn han Mac du cd n h i e u diem tien bd, nhUng Hien
p h a p 1793 k h d n g dUdc thi h a n h Tuy
n h i e n , viec t h d n g qua Hien p h a p van la mgt quye't dinh h e t sQc s a n g sud't ciia chinh quyen J a c o b i n t r o n g h o a n canh dac bigt cua nudc P h a p : n e n cdng hda d a n g bi nguy kich trUdc sii ca'u ke't ciia t h u trong, giac ngoai, n h a m bop chet nUdc P h a p each
m a n g
Thit ba, phdi Jacobin dd xay dUng dUdc mgt he thd'ng chuyen chinh ddn chu cdch mang 6 t r u n g Udng, quyen liic cua Hiep
hdi D a n tdc b a t d a u dudc t a n g cUdng tQ
t h a n g 7-1793 vdi tU each vQa la cd q u a n lap
p h a p , vQa la cd q u a n h a n h chinh Cd q u a n dieu h a n h cd chQc n a n g nhU mdt chinh p h u gom 21 uy b a n , q u a n t r g n g nha't la Uy b a n
An n i n h , gom 12 ngUdi deu la t h a n h vien cua Hiep hgi D a n tgc (14) Day la cd q u a n ca'p dudi cua Hiep hdi D a n tdc - cd quyen
Trang 434 Rghien cmi Lich siir, so 12.2009
liic quan sii, ngoai giao, hanh chinh dong
thdi cd nhiem vu tran ap bgn phan ddng,
thanh lap lUc lUdng vu trang nhan dan,
tang cUdng nen chuyen chinh each mang O
dia phUdng, ngoai cac td chQc Cdng xa each
mang, iiy ban each mang, cdn cd Cau lac bg
Jacobin va Hiep hdi nhan dan d cac dia
phUdng (15) Day la cac to chQc cd sQ tham
gia ddng dao ciia quSn chung nhan dan
Qua dd cho tha'y td chQc bd may chinh
quyen Jacobin diia vQng chac vao cac td
chQc quan chung ma nhQng ngQdi Jacobin
cd vai trd dac biet quan trgng Cac chu
tritdng, dii luat, cac bien phap chinh tri deu
dUdc thao luan trong cac Cau lac bg
Jacobin, Cdng xa each mang, Hiep hgi
nhan dan dia phUdng trUdc khi dUa ra Hiep
hgi Dan tdc xem xet Cu the, quan chung cd
the dUa ra y kien vo dudng Id'i, chinh sach
thdng qua cac uy ban each mang gdm 12
ngudi do nhan dan bau ra d cac dia phUdng
NgUdc lai, cac dao luat, sac lenh cua Hiep
hdi Dan tgc cd the nhanh chdng dUdc trien
khai thiic hien d tQng ddn vi hanh chinh
nhd nha't Khi nghien cQu, danh gia nhQng
thanh qua ciia phai Jacobin, nha sii hgc Mi
Isser Woloch - chuyen gia nghien cQu ve
lich sii chau Au va Phap thdi can dai da
cho rang: "cdc cdu lac bg Jacobin dd trd
thdnh dia diem sinh hoat chinh tri thich
hdp cho sU tham gia cua nhitng ngUdi ddn
thudng "tieu cUc" nhU: thd thu cong, thiiy
thu, nghe si, ngUdi buon bdn nhd, vidn chitc
vd binh linh" (16)
Chinh mdi lien he giQa Hiep hgi Dan tgc
va chinh quyen Jacobin vdi nhan dan, dong
thdi viec nhan dan iing hg chinh phu each
mang la ngudn dgng lUc chu yeu, la cd sd
cho dieu kien tdn tai ciia non chuyen chinh
dan chii each mang Vao giQa nam 1793,
cac the liic phan each mang cua phai bao
hoang va Gironde dang ngay cang tang
cUdng hoat dong, cac cuoc am sat nhQng ngudi each mang xay ra lien tiep: ngay 13-7-1793, Marat, mgt trong nhQng nha hoat dgng xua't sac ciia cau lac bd Jacobin bi giet ngay tai nha minh, 3 ngay sau, Thi trudng Cdng xa Lydng cung bi sat hai (17)
Dap lai nhQng h a n h dgng dd, Hiep hgi Dan tgc dUdi sii lanh dao ciia Jacobin da thdng qua mdt loat sac lenh tang cUdng dan ap bgn phan each mang Dd la viec ngay 17-9, Hiep hdi Dan tgc ban hanh Dao luat "Ke tinh nghi" (18), ra sac lenh bat va kiem tra nhQng phan tii kha nghi Theo dd, Hoang hau Marie Antoinette, 21 lanh tu ciia phai Gironde cung nhieu ten phan ddng khac bi xQ tu, tai san bi tich thu (19) Bgn gian thUdng, dau cd, deu bi dUa ra tda Cac tda an each mang deu dUdc to chQc lai, qua trinh xii an dUdc rut ggn hdn nham giai quyet n h a n h chdng nhQng trUdng hdp pham tgi
Diia vao chinh quyen nhan dan, nen chuyen chinh dan chii Jacobin da dap tan
ve cd ban liic lUdng phan ddng trong nUdc, tao didu kien thuan Idi cho chien thang ngoai mat tran
De bao ve each mang, danh bai cac cudc can thigp ciia phong kie'n Ao - Phd' va ca tU san Anh, Uy ban CQu qud'c thanh lap trUdc khdi nghia dUdc cai td', do Robespierre triic tiep lanh dao va thi h a n h nhQng bien phap kien quye't Ngay 23-8-1793 theo de nghi cua Uy ban CQu qud'c, Hiep hgi Dan tgc thdng qua sac lenh to'ng ddng vien toan qudc Chi trong ddt ddng vien dau tien, 42 van ngUdi tinh nguyen tdng quan Dau nam 1794, cd tdi 60 van ngiidi vdi 14 dao quan dUdc trang hi td't, do nhQng tQdng tre trUdng thanh trong each mang chi huy Ngoai mat tran, cac chien sT hang hai chien
da'u (20) Cho den 12-1793, quan dich d
Trang 5Ren chuyen chinh dan chii each mang Jacobin 35
khap ndi deu bi danh bat ra khdi bien gidi
cila nUdc Phap Gang Tuldng dudc giai
phdng khdi quan Anh (19-12-1793) Quan
Ao cung tan ra Andat thoat khdi tay quan
ddi Phd - Ao Quan thu bi quet sach khdi
nUdc Phap Toan bg chau Au bi kinh ngac
ve ki tich ciia quan ddi Phap
Tuy nhien, de giQ vQng nen dan chu
chuyen chinh ciia minh, phai Jacobin, dudi
sU lanh dao ciia Robespierre da thiic hien
chinh sach chuyen chinh mang tinh cue
doan, ma thudng bi phe phan la khiing bd'
Dieu nay dUdc the hien d sd' lUdng ngUdi bi
xii tii trong vdng khoang 45 ngay trUdc khi
dien ra cudc chinh bien Thermidor
(27-7-1794) len den 1376 ngUdi, trung binh mdi
tuan la 196 ngUdi (21) Day la nguyen nhan
cd ban lam cho ngi bg Jacobin bi phan hda
va chinh quyen Jacobin du cd nhieu chinh
sach tien bd, song cung khdng the tdn tai
dUdc lau Han che nay la khd tranh khdi,
dung nhu nhan xet cua nha nghien cQu
ngUdi Phap R Levasseur: "Khdng ai lgi di
md tudng thdnh lap mgt nen thdng tri khung bd, md nd dUdc hinh thdnh mgt cdch
tu nhien do sdc mgnh cua hodn cdnh dUa ddy; khong cd y chi cua mgt cd nhdn ndo ddn dgc td chdc de hinh thdnh nd, nhUng y chi cua mdi mgt cd nhdn deu dd ddng gop sau khi nd dd xudt hien" (22) Mac du cd
nhQng han che, song van phai khang dinh rang, viec xay diing nen chuyen chinh dUa vao quan chung nhan dan cua Jacobin chinh la cd sd cho sQ ton tai va thiic hien cac chinh sach tien bg ciia hg
Nhu vay, trong dieu kien hoan canh dac biet ciia nUdc Phap each mang vao nam
1793, vdi sii cam quyen ciia phai Jacobin, nhQng nhiem vu dan tdc va dan chu cua mgt cudc each mang tU san da dUdc giai quyet triet de nha't khdng chi ddi vdi tien trinh ciia each mang Phap, danh da'u budc phat trien len den dinh cao cua each mang,
ma cdn the hien tinh tie'n bd, dien hinh ciia Cach mang Phap trong sii ddi sanh vdi cac cudc each mang tU san thdi ki can dai
CHU THICH
(1) Chinh quyen Gironde tien h a n h chien
tranh vdi phong kie'n Ao - Pho, lam cho nen tai
chi'nh P h a p kiet que De giai quye't kho k h a n ve tai
chinh, t h a y vi viec d a n h t h u e n a n g vao giai ca'p,
t i n g Idp giau CO trong xa hoi, chinh quyen Gironde
lai p h a t h a n h so Iildng qua Idn t r a i phieu lay tai
san cua giao hoi de gan nd H a u qua la dong tien
ma't gia (tinh de'n t h a n g 1-1793, tien ma't gia tdi
50%), lam cho gia lUdng thiic va h a n g tieu dung
thie't ye'u t a n g vot T h e m vao do la hoat dong dau
cd tich trtJ ctia bon gian thUdng cang lam cho cac
mat h a n g nay trd nen k h a n hiem
(2) 21793, Lien minh chong P h a p gom Ao
-Pho, Tay Ban Nha, Bo Dao Nha, Sardegna, Napoli
va Anh vdi muc dfch la lien minh ta't ca cac quoc gia chau Au de cung dan ap cuoc each mang Phap, phuc hoi nen q u a n chti, qua d6 lap lai t r a t tU phong kien d chau Au,
(3), (12), Gxvynne Lewis, The People and the
French Revolution,
http://www,Warwick.acuk/fac/arts/History/teachin g/french-rev/people,html#top
(4) National Assembly of France, The Decree
Abolishing the Feudal System, August 11, •''''S9
http://historv.hanover.edu/text£/aboIfeud,html
()(em tiep trang 47)
Trang 6Xung quanh chuyen di ciia Pierre Poivre 47
(42) Louis Malleret, Une tentative ignoree
d'etablissement francais en Indoehine au XVIIIe
siecle Les vues de I'Amiral d'Estaing Da d i n
Georges Taboulet, La geste Francaise en
Indoehine p 146
(43) "une preuve de plus de la perspicacite de
Poivre" C h a r l e s Maybon, Histoire moderne du
Pays d'Annam (1592-1820) p 170, ndte 2
(45) Madeleine Ly-Tio-Fane, Pierre Poivre et
I'expansion francaise dans ilndo-Pacifique
BEFEO, vol 53, N° 2, 1967, pp, 453-512, Georges
Taboulet, La geste Francaise en Indoehine pp
153-154
(46) Milton Osborne, Southeast Asia-An
Introductory History Ninth edition, Allen&Unwin,
Australia, 2004, pp, 41-43,
(47) Lduis Malleret, Une tentative ignoree
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NEN CHUYEN CHINH DAN CHU CACH MANG JACOBIN
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(6) The National Convention, Proclamation of
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(15), Uy ban cdch mgng dUdc thdnh lap a khdp
cdc dia phuang, do cong xd cdc dia phuang bau ra
nham tap hgp, tdchUc qudn chung nhdn ddn tham
gia vdo nhUng cuoc ddu tranh chinh tri; Cdu tgc bg
Jacobin vdi thdnh phdn chii ye'u ban dau gom
trung vd tieu tU sdn, ve sau thdnh phdn tham gia
vd tu tudng khd phUc tgp, cd chi nhanh d hau khdp
cd nUUc vdi hon 3.000 chi bg; Hiep hgi nhdn ddn Id
16 chUc gido due chinh tri do'i vdi qudn chung, Id ncti dien ra lat cd cdc cuoc thdo ludn nhUng vdn de chinh tri quan trong
(16), Ddn theo Theda Skocpol and Meyer
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