Bài viết trình bày một số tác động tích cực của chính sách thực dân Tây Ban Nha ở Trung và Nam Mỹ: tạo ra những pha trộn chủng tộc; một số yếu tố mới trong nền kinh tế thuộc địa; sự giao lưu văn hóa.
Trang 1MOT SO TAG DdNG TICH Cl/C CUA CHINH SACH
THUC D A N TAY B A N NHA QT TRUNG VA NAM MY
LUONG THI THOA PHAM THI THANH HUY£'N*
Trong Tap ehi Nghien cQu Lich sQ, sd
6 (331) thfing XI-XII nfim 2003,
chiing tdi da cd mpt bai viet vdi tieu dl:
"Chinh sdch thQc ddn cua Tdy Ban Nha ddi
vdi cQ ddn da do trin luc dia chdu My vd
hdu qud cda no (thi'ky XV - XVI)" Trong bfii
viet dd, do gidi han ciia tU lipu nen chung tdi
mdi ehi de cfip den nhQng tac dpng tieu eUc
eiia chinh sach thUe dfin do Tay Ban Nha
gay ra cho cdc thupc dia chfiu My
Cd the ndi, chinh sfich thUe dan cua Tay
Ban Nha dd'i vdi cdc qud'c gia d Trung va
Nam My da de lai nhieu hdu qua tieu cUc
cho eac dan tpc ndy: dd Id sU buy dipt ve
dan so' eua chau My, sU khai thfie bdc lot
triet de cae ngudn tfii nguyen thien nhien
cung nhu thanh qua lao dpng cua ngUdi
dan cac nUde bi xam chiem, dd Id sii huy
diet eac nen vfin hda truyen thdng ban dia
vfi chinh sfich phan biet chung tpc da man
ddi vdi ngUdi da mfiu, cupe sd'ng eua ngudi
dan d cac qud'c gia hi thiic dan Tay Ban
Nha chiem ddng hfiu nhU khdng ed sU cai
thien ndo dang ke Alvin M.Joseph da nhan
xdt: "SQ khai hod cua ngiidi chdu Au ddi
vcH My Latinh dQdc coi Id giai doan den tdi
nhd't trong lich sQ lodi ngQdi, bdi vi nhQng
ngQdi khai hda dd dp dat quyin liic cda
minh lin cudc sd'ng, len lanh thd, tdn gido
phQdng thQc sinh hoat vd phQcfng thQc ton tai ciia tdt cd nhQng nhdm ngQdi bdn dia, khdng mdt ai biit dQdc dd cd bao nhiiu bp tdc bi nd dich, bi hdnh ha, bi sa ngd vd bi giit chit" (1) Tuy nhien, cung cfin phai
nhan thfi'y rfing: cdng cupe khai thfie thupc dia eiia thUe dfin Tay Ban Nha d Trung vfi Nam My da tao nen mpt so tac dpng khach quan mang y nghia tfch cilc ddi vdi thupc dia nhU: tao ra sU pha trdn chung tpc, tao
ra mpt sd yeu to' mdi trong nen kinh te thupc dia cung nhU sU tiep xuc, giao lUu vfin hoa giQa cac nUde phUdng Tay vdi Tan The gidi d mpt khia canh nfio dd, nhQng tfic dpng nfiy eung mang lai nhQng thay ddi ldn, cfin ban cho khu vUc Trung vfi Nam
My, gdp phfin tao nen mpt My Latinh vdi nhQng dfic trUng kinh td - vfin hoa dpc dao, rieng ed ciia nd
Tao ra sii pha tron c h u n g toe
Dfiy la tac dpng dfiu tien mfi sU nhfip eU eiia thuc dan chau Au vfio chau My dfi mang lai Hp qua nfiy Ifi tfit nhien, khong the tranh khdi khi nhQng ngUdi da trfing trfin sang xam lUpc thupc dia d mpt vung dfi't vdn la lanh thd cua ngUdi da dd
Theo thdng ke cd khoang 750.000 ngUdi Tay Ban Nha dfi nhfip cU den The gidi Mdi
• PGS.TS Khoa Lich sit - Trudng Dai hpc Sii pham Hfi Npi
" Th.S Khoa Lich sd • TrUdng Dai hpc Su pham Ha Npi
Trang 2mot s6j6cdOng Hch eye 61
Ngirtri da trfing
trong thdi ky thupe dia
(2) Hp h l u het deu den tQ
nhQng vung nong nghipp
lac hfiu d phia Nam Tfiy
Ban Nha TQ cho Ifi Ifinh
thd rieng ciia ngUdi
Indian (ngUdi da dd), chfiu
My da trd thfinh chdu luc
cda nhQng ngQdi nhap cQ
Chinh sU nhfip eU ciia
ngUdi Tfiy Ban Nha ndi
rieng, ng^di chfiu Au ndi
chung, cung vdi vipe dUa
ngUdi no le da den tQ chfiu Phi sang dfi tao
ra sU pha trdn chiing toe d cae thupc dia
chau My Trai qua qufi trinh sinh sdng, ba
thfinh p h i n dfin eU ehinh d thupc dia Ifi
ngUdi da trfing, ngUdi Indian vfi ngUdi da
den dfi hofi trdn vdi nhau, tao ra nhQng
nhdm ngUdi lai, chii yeu la ngUdi mestizo,
zambo vk mulatto Cd the minh hoa sU pha
trdn chiing tpc dd bfing sd dd dudi dfiy (xem
sd dd 1)
Trong so' eac nhdm ngUdi lai, ngUdi
mestizo trd thfinh thfinh p h i n dfin cU chii
yeu d nhieu ndi nhU Mexico, Trung My vfi
khu viic cao nguyen Andes
Mfic du sii xam lUdc eiia thUe dfin Tfiy
Ban Nha dfi tfin sat vfi huy dipt ngUdi da
do, nhung vfio cudl thdi ky thupc dia, dfin
sd Indian da cd dfi'u hipu tfing trd lai Theo
Ude tinh d i u the ky XIX, tdng dfin sd d cae
thupc dia chfiu My cua Tay Ban Nha Ifi 17
tripu ngUdi, trong so' dd khoang 7,5 tripu Ifi
ngudi Indian (chidm 44,1%); 3,2 tripu Ifi
ngudi da trfing (18,8%), ngUdi da den chiem
khoang 0,75 tripu ngUdi (4,7%), vfi 5,5 tripu
cdn lai Ifi sd ngUdi lai vdi nhilu loai khfic
nhau (mestizo, zambo, mulatto) chidm
32,4% (3)
Trong sd 3,2 tripu ngUdi da trfing ed
khoang 150.000 ngUdi thupc nhdm
SofdSl Supha trdn chiing tpc dkhu vuc Trung vd Nam My
NguM Indian Nguilida
den
Ngiidi mestizo zambo Ngiriri
NguM Mulatto
peninsular (nhQng ngUdi Tfiy Ban Nha
sinh ra d Tfiy Ban Nha) (chiem 4,69%), cdn
lai 3,05 tripu ngUdi Ifi thupc nhdm criollo
(nhQng ngUdi Tfiy Ban Nha sinh ra d chfiu
My (chidm hdn 95%) (4) Sii phfin bipt giQa
ngUdi peninsular vfi ngUdi criollo khdng
phai bdi ddng mau ma bdi ndi sinh NhUng trong xa hpi d thupc dia, sU phan bipt dfing cfi'p giQa hai nhdm ngUdi nfiy tUdng ddi rd rpt NhQng chQc vu cao qu^ nhQ tdng trfi'n, tdng gifim muc, chii tich Hpi ddng cd vfi'n
dfinh cho ngUdi peninsular Trong khi dd, ngUdi criollo thi lai giQ vai trd quan trpng
trong boat dpng kinh te: chii md, chii
xUdng, thUdng nhfin, chu cfic hacienda (dien trang) Do vfiy, ngUdi criollo ludn
ludn dfi'u tranh d l nfim chinh quyen Cupe
dfi'u tranh giQa ngUdi criollo vfi ngUdi
peninsular Ifi mpt trong nhQng nguyen
nhfin dfin den cudc dfi'u tranh giai phdng dfin tpc d My Latinh the ky XIX - XX
Nhu vfiy, cupe xfim lUdc thiie dfin cua Tfiy Ban Nha dfi tao ra d chfiu My mpt cpng ddng dan eU da ehiing tpc Su hofi trdn chiing tpc nfiy Ifi cd sd tao ra sU giao lUu kinh td, vfin hofi giQa ngQdi ban dia, ngQdi
da trfing vfi ngUdi da den Dd cung chfnh Ifi dilu kipn hinh thfinh nen vfin hofi da sfic tpc d chfiu My nhU hipn nay
Trang 362 Rghien cuu Ljch sJr sg 4.2009
Tao ra m o t so y e u to mdi trong n e n
k i n h te t h u o c dia
Ben canh tac dpng mang tinh chfi't tU
nhien Ifi sU hda trpn chung tpc, chinh sfich
thiie dan eua Tfiy Ban Nha cdn tao ra d
chau My mpt so yeu to mdi trong nen kinh
te thupc dia TrUdc khi bi ngUdi Tfiy Ban
Nha xam chiem, nen kinh td cua ngUdi da
dd mang tfnh chfi't tu nhien tu cfi'p tU tuc
NhUng tfnh chfi't dd da thay ddi bdi nhiing
hoat dpng kinh te phuc vu cho muc dfch
thiic dan ciia ngudi Tfiy Ban Nha Cung vdi
qufi trinh xfim lUde vfi khai thae thupc dia,
ngudi Tay Ban Nha da mang den chfiu My
nhQng gidng efiy trdng, vfit nudi mdi la mfi
d dd chUa he biet den
Ngay trong chuyen thfim hiem Ifin thQ
hai ciia minh (1493), Critxtdp Cdldmbd dfi
mang sang thupc dia mpt sd gidng rau vfi
con vfit nudi Trong qufi trinh khai thfie vfi
nhfip cU, ngUdi Tfiy Ban Nha mang theo
nhQng dpng vfit cung cfi'p thiie phfim nhU
gfi, ldn, cQu, de, bd sQa ; nhQng gidng efiy
trdng mdi: lua mi, lua mach, mach den vfi
yen mach, nho (de san xufi't rUdu vang), cfi
phe Theo thdng ke, ed khoang 170 loai
gidng rau vfi efiy trdng dUde ngUdi Tay Ban
Nha dUa sang chfiu My (5), trong sd dd cd
nhieu loai hipn nay trd thfinh ngudn thu
chfnh cua san xufi't ndng nghipp d chau My
Mpt sd dpng vfit cd sQc kdo nhQ la, ngiia,
bd eung dQde ngUdi Tay Ban Nha dem
den chfiu My TrUdc khi cd sU xufi't hien eua
nhQng lofii dpng vfit nfiy, ngQdi ban dia d
chau My thudng dung lUng ngudi d l mang
vfie nhQng hfing hda nfing (gpi Ifi cac
tameme), vfi chi cd lac dfi khdng bQdu Ifi
dpng vfit cd sQc kdo duy nhfi't dUde sQ dung
d vung Andes
NgUdi Tay Ban Nha ciing da mang den
chfiu My tfi't ca nhQng kinh nghipm eua hp
ve trdng trpt, trong dd ed n h i l u dieu hp hpc
tQ nhQng ngUdi Hdi giao Hp cdn gidi thieu cho ngUdi Indian biet den banh xe, thQ mfi ngUdi Indian thfim chf chUa he dUde nhin thfi'y Bfinh xe dfi cho phdp ngUdi Indian che tao ra xe bd, xe ngiia thay the cho sQc kdo ciia con ngUdi trUde day
"NgQdi Indian rdt thich thu nhQng sdn phdm cua nin cdng nghi chdu Au NhQng mdi ten dQdc gdn kim loai to ra Qu viit hdn hdn so vdi nhQng mui tin gdn dd Viic sdn ban trd nin hieu qud hdn vdi sQ xudt hien cua sung " (6)
Ben canh dd, ngUdi Tfiy Ban Nha trong qufi trinh khai thae kinh te da tao ra nhQng yeu to mdi trong nen kinh te thupc dia Mfic du thiic dan Tfiy Ban Nha ludn thi hfinh chfnh sfich kim ham ddi vdi nen kinh
td cua ngUdi ban xQ, nhUng dfiu sao n i n kinh td dd vfin phfit trien theo mpt cd cfi'u
da dang hdn trUde, bao gdm nhieu ngfinh nhu khai thfie md, chfin nudi, edng nghipp, buon bfin vdi chfiu A vfi Tay Ban Nha Trong cac nganh kinh te mdi xufi't hipn thdi ky thupc Tay Ban Nha, khai md dfi ddng mpt vai trd chii yeu trong sii phfit trien cua nen kinh te thupc dia O ndi dfiu
cd khai md, ndi dd thfinh phd mpe len vfi phat trien thinh vUpng Vf du nhU thfinh phd Pdtdsi (Peru) - ndi ed md bae Pdtdsi - ed dfin so len den 160.000 ngUdi vfio giQa the
ky XVII (7), trd thfinh thfinh phd" ldn nhfit d chau My, bd xa ca thu dd Mexico NhUng den dfiu the ky XIX, khi Mexico trd thfinh ngudn cung cfi'p khofing san chinh thi Pdtdsi dfin thu nhd lai thfinh mpt lang vdi dan sd chi khoang 8000 ngUdi (nfim 1800) (8)
Thu nhfip tQ hoat dpng khai md Ifi ngudn tfii chfnh chii yeu nudi dUdng tofin
bp bp mfiy hfinh chfnh thupc dia Den nfim
1800, eac thupc dia cua Tay Ban Nha vfi Bd
Trang 4TB<ft 56 t6c d^ngHch cvc 63
Dfio Nha d chfiu Mf dfi cung cfip hdn 90%
ngudn kim loai quy ciia the gidi (9)
N i n kinh te eiia The gidi Mdi nhanh
ehdng bfit kip vfi canh t r a n h vdi n i n kinh
t l d chfnh qudc Trong sudt t h i ky XVI, Tay
Ban Nha vfin tiep tuc yeu c l u ngudn eung
cfip iQdng thUe, da thupc, thude nhupm vfi
nhQng kim loai qu^ hidm tQ thupc dia
NhUng eho den cudi thd ky XVI, ngoai trQ
bac vfi mpt sd^ mfit hfing khfic, hfing hofi ciia
thupc dia vfi ciia Tfiy Ban Nha deu da bfio
hofi Cong nghipp ciia Tfiy Ban Nha dang
giam Slit Vipe budn bfin len, lua vfi nhQng
san phfim ndng nghipp deu kdm hdn thdi
k^ trQdc nfim 1550 Vai dpt, ngu cdc luc dfiu
dQ(?e chd den thude dia tQ Seville (Tfiy Ban
Nha), v l sau dUdc san xufit tai chfnh thupc
dja vdi sdlUdngldn
Cdng nghiep thupc dia dUdc xfiy diing
di^a tr§n nhiing Ifing n g h i ciia ngUdi Indian
- hp vdn Ifi nhQng ngUdi the? Ifinh nghe trong
vi$c d§t vai cotton vfi len, Ifim do gdm, cham
khfic dfi, chd tac kim loai Cdng nghipp dpt
phat triln sdm nhfi't vfi nhanh ehdng thfinh
cong nhfi't trong tfi't ca cfic ngfinh cdng
nghi§p NhQng nhfi mfiy len vfi cotton mpe
len ngfiy efing n h i l u d Peru vfi Mexico Cdng
nghiep san xufit td lya sdm bfit d i u d Mexico
vfi thinh vUdng cho den nfim 1580, khi sU
canh tranh ciia lua Trung Qudc re hdn dfi
gfiy ra sU suy giam ciia nd O Mexico, Peru
vfi Chile, thiie dfin Tfiy Ban Nha dfi xfiy
dijtng nhQng nhfi mfiy s i n xufi't edng ey sfit,
gily, fio giap, yen cUdng ngUa vfi thuy tinh
Ngofii ra, n g h i Ifim ngdi cdn rfi't phat trien d
Mexico, san xufi't phfio vfi chudng nhfi thd d
Pgru Ecuador san xufit nhQng san phfim tQ
da Cdng nghiep ddng tfiu sdm trd thfinh
ngfinh cong nghipp quan trpng, d i u tien Ifi d
Havana vfi Panama, sau d Guayaquil vfi cho
ddn cudi thdi k^ thupc dia Ifi d Buenos
Ayres
Cho den nfim 1800, nen cdng nghiep d cfic thupc dia chfiu My eiia Tfiy Ban Nha dfi dupe thiet lfip khfi tdt, chiem vi tri quan trpng thQ ba sau nong nghiep vfi khai md Theo bfio cfio eiia Baron von Humboldt, d Mexico nhQng nfim d i u the ky XIX, san xufit ndng nghiep dat 30.000.000 peso, khai md: 25.000.000 peso vfi cdng nghipp: 7.000.000 den 8.000.000 peso (10)
Nhu vfiy, ro rfing du tfip trung vfio muc dfch khai thae tfii nguyen d thupc dia Ifi chii ydu, nhUng thiic dfin Tfiy Ban Nha da tao ra nhQng yeu td mdi Ifim da dang hoa nen kinh te ban dia eiia ngUdi Indian trUdc dfiy vdn Id n i n kinh te t h u i n nong NhQng
ed sd kinh te ban d i u mfi ngUdi Tfiy Ban Nha xfiy diing nen dfi tao ta n i n mdng eho
sU phfit triln sau nfiy ciia khu viic Trung vfi Nam My
T a o r a sii g i a o liiu vfin h o a Nhu tren dfi ndi, sU nh^p eU Ifi ed sd cho sii giao lUu, tidp xiic vfin hofi giQa cfic chau lye Trong qua trinh xam chidm vfi thdng tri d Trung vfi Nam My, thiic dfin Tfiy Ban Nha da tfin phfi nen vfin minh eua ngUdi da
dd, nhung ddng thdi cung tao ra nhQng dipn mao mdi trong nen vfin hofi ciia khu viie nfiy De qudc thupc dia Tfiy Ban Nha d chfiu My tdn tai khoang ba thd ky (XVI -XVIII), gfin bfing khoang thdi gian cai tri eiia de che Rome ddi vdi Tfiy Au Trong sudt thdi gian nfiy, ngdn ngQ, tdn gifio, vfin hofi vfi t h i che chfnh tri ciia Castile dfi trfin sang vung dfi't ldn gfi'p 20 Ifin chfnh qudic
"Mac dii cd nhQng phdn khdng vd xung dot, nhQng d hdu hit mpi ndi, cudc sdng cda ngQdi da do diu thay ddi bdi sii cd mat cua ngQdi da trang Sung phun iQa, thep vd hdng hod cdng nghiep dd ldm cho cudc sd'ng cda nhiiu bp'tdc trd nin ddn gian hdn, giau
cd hdn vd ngiia la mpt yiu td mdi quan
Trang 564 Rghien curu Lich sit s6 4.2009
trpng ddi vdi sii ton tai cda ddn du muc d
bdt ky ncfi ddu cd thQdng nhdn da trdng,
ngQdi da do rdt sdn long trao ddi hdng hod
vdi ngQdi da trang NhQng nhd truyin
gido cd vai tro ldn trong viec thuyit phuc
ngQdi da do mac qudn do cua ngQdi da
trdng, hpc cdc ky thudt trong trpt vd ky
thuat cd khi, hpc dpc, viit chQ vd cdc con sd,
cdt tdc, tQ bo chi dp da thi, thich nghi vdi
phong tuc vd phQcMg thQc sinh hoat cua
ngQdi da trdng " (11)
Cfin phai thfi'y rfing, sii chuyin giao
nhQng yeu td van hofi chau Au den The gidi
Mdi la mpt cdng viec vi dai eua thdi ky
thupc dia, la phan sU dUde nhfi thd dam
nhipm Ngay tQ dfiu, vipe cai dao ngUdi ban
dia dupe coi Ifi mpt trong nhQng dpng cd
thdng tri ciia thiic dfin Tfiy Ban Nha To
chQe nhfi thd Id mpt bp may rfit hoan thipn,
la diem tUa trong chi'nh sach cai tri ciia
nha vua Tay Ban Nha d thupc dia
- TrQdc hit, cd nhd vua vd nhd thd diu
rdt quan tdm din viic gido due d thupc dia
NhQng thfiy tu eiia ddng Franciscan d
Mexico vdi sU ung hp cua phd vUdng
Mendoza da xay diing nhQng trUdng hoc
ben canh moi nha thd NhQng cfiu bd
Indian dUde day de trd thfinh thd may, thp
mpe, thd rdn, thd Ifim gifiy vfi thp sdn
NhQng nha truyen dao Tfiy Ban Nha tin
rfing giao due se giup ngUdi Indian nhdn
thQc td't hdn ve vfin hofi Tay Ban Nha
TrUdng hpc dfiu tien cho ngUdi Indian dUdc
thanh lfip d Texcoco vfio nam 1523 bdi
Pedro de Gante, mot thfiy tu ddng
Franciscan Ong triie tiep lanh dao nhd
trUdng hdn 40 nam, mdi nam chieu nap tQ
500 den 1000 hpc sinh Indian (chu yeu Id
nam) TrUdng hoc eua dng day eho ngUdi
Indian v l nghp thudt Tay Ban Nha va dao
tao hp thanh nhQng ngUdi thd thu edng
lanh nghe de trang trf nhd thd Mpt sd
trUdng hoc khae dUdc thfinh lfip dfinh cho con trai eua eac t u trUdng ngUdi Indian Nfim 1547, phd vUdng Mendoza thfinh lfip trUdng hoc San J u a n de Letran, ndi nhQng dQa tre Ifi eon lai dUde giao cho cfic linh muc Franciscan day do
Su ddng gdp de nhfin thfi'y nhfi't cua Tay Ban Nha doi vdi nen gifio due thupc dja dd chfnh Ifi he thdng trUdng dai hpc Su thfinh lfip nhQng trUdng dai hpc d cfic thupc dja chau My eua Tfiy Ban Nha dUde bfit d i u vfio nfim 1551 khi Charles I thfinh lfip hai trUdng dai hpc eua "Nhfi vua vfi Giao
hofing" (Royal and Pontifical Universities)
b Mexico va Lima Hai trUdng dai hpc nfiy
Ifi cd sd de cfic trudng dai hpc khfic dupc thfinh lap d khfip thupc dia Trong sud't thdi
ky thupc dia, Tfiy Ban Nha dfi thfinh Ifip 10 trUdng dai hpc ldn vfi 15 trUdng nhd hdn (12) Tfi't ca nhQng trUdng nfiy deu do eac giao si cai quan NhQng trUdng dai hpc d thupc dia deu dUpe xay diing mo phdng theo mfiu hinh eua trUdng dai hpc Salamanca cd lich sii lau ddi d Tfiy Ban Nha The ky XIII, Salamanca dupe xdp ngang hfing vdi Paris, Bologna, vfi Oxford, Ifi mpt trong bd'n trung tam giao due d chfiu
Au thdi trung ed Den giQa thd ky XVI,
Salamanca dat den dinh cao eiia nd vdi
7000 sinh vien den tQ khfip mpi ndi d chfiu
Au (13) Trudng dai hpc thQ hai d Tfiy Ban Nha sau Salamanca cd anh hudng ddi vdi nen giao due chau My Ifi dai hpc Alealfi de Henares, thfinh lfip nfim 1498 bdi Cardinal Jimdnez de Cisneros
Dau the ky XVIII, Dai hoc Lima dUpe thfinh lap, gdm gfin 2000 sinh vien vfi khoang 180 giao sU thfin hpc, lufit dfin sQ, dupe hpc vfi nghp thufit Sii cd mfit eiia ddng Ten ddng gdp rfi't n h i l u vfio eong vi^c gifio due thUe sU d chfiu My Cae gifio si da
Trang 6QT^f s6 the d$ng Hch ci/c 65
thfinh lfip nhQng trUdng cao dfing, ndi tidng
Ifi cao dfing Juli, g i n khu vUe hd Titieaea
ChinTi nhQng tnidng dai hpc vfi cao dfing
nfiy da dfio tao ra rfi't nhieu hpc gia ngUdi
ban dia ndi tidng trong nhieu linh vUe khoa
hpc, CU t h i n h u dUpc hpc, giai phfiu hpc,
ngdn ngQ hpc, lich sii vfi n h a n chung hpc
Trong sd dd phai ke den nhQng nhfi sii hpc
ngQdi Mexico nhU Toribio de Motolinia vdi
'Historia de los Indios de Nueva Espdnd ";
Duran vdi 'Historia de las Indias de Nueva
Espdnd" NhQng hpc gia ndi tieng nhfi't
ngUdi Peru la Acosta, nha s^ hpc, tac gia
ciia "Natural and Civil History of the
Indies"; Garcillasso de la Vega, ngUdi viet
ve dd che Inca vfi eupe tham hiem cua De
Soto; Sandoval, tfic gia cua nhQng cudn
sach d i u tien ve chau Phi d chau My;
Antonio Leon Pinelo Ifi ngUdi chfiu My d i u
tien sUu t i m thU muc vfi hp thdng hda
nhQng lufit tue eua ngUdi Indian
- ThQ hai, bin canh nhQng ddng gdp ldn
lao vi mat gido due, Gido hdi cdn nghien
cQu ngdn ngQ cdc tpc ngQdi bdn xQ, chQ
viit, phong tuc, nghi li vd viic td chQc hdnh
li cda ngQdi bdn xQ Nhd dd, ngfiy nay
chung ta ed tfii lieu de tim h i l u ve nen vfin
minh eua ngUdi Indian
Bernandino de Sahagiin sinh nfim 1499,
den Mexico nfim 1529 vfi dfinh gfin 60 nfim
cho cdng vipe truyen giao ciia mpt tinh
thupc dia phfin ddng Franciscan (Trung
Mexico) 6 n g trd thfinh mpt trong nhQng
linh mue ndi tidng Nahuatl gidi nhfi't vfi d
Tlateloleo, dng tiep tuc phat trien kd hoach
viet sfich gifio khoa v l vfin minh Aztec bfing
ngdn ngQ ban dia Kdt qua Ifi cud'n
"Historical general" ra ddi, dUpc coi la mpt
si^ trUng bfiy vi dai v l tdn gifio, xa hpi,
phong tuc tfip qufin, ngdn ngQ eua ngUdi
Aztec Landa eung Ifi mpt linh mue ddng
Franciscan Tac phfim "Relacidn de las
cosas de Yucatdn " dUdc dng viet vfio nhQng
nfim 1560, tuy khdng ehi tiet bfing tfic phfim cua Sahagun nhUng dfiy Ifi tfic pham nghien cQu nen vfin minh Maya tren cd sd nghien cQu tpc ngUdi Cobo, sinh ra d Tfiy Ban Nha, den Lima vfio 1599 vfio tudi 70, dng da di nhieu ndi vung cao nguyen Andes
vfi viet tfic phfim "Historical del Nuevo
Mundo" trong khoang thdi gian tQ 1612
den 1613 Ong chfnh Ifi ngQdi nghien cQu dfiu tien ve xfi hpi ngUdi Inca Tfic phfim cua dng la mpt luan an ve dia ly, lich sQ tU nhien vd nhQng ngUdi thd dfin d Peru Nhu cfiu hieu bidt nhQng cfich thQc vfi tfip tue hfinh l i cua ngUdi ban xQ d l ehdng lai nd, coi dd nhU di giao do! vdi Cd ddc giao cung da budc cfic nhfi truyen giao phai hoc ngdn ngQ vfi phong tuc tien Tfiy Ban Nha
Vi vfiy, edng cupe ehinh phuc tinh thfin gfin liln vdi sii ra ddi eiia nhQng edng trinh nghien cQu dan tpc hpc d Tfin The gidi Trong nhQng nfim dfiu ciia the ky XVI, nhQng nhfi truyen gifio Tfiy Ban Nha da triln khai nhieu boat dpng manh me trong vipe nghien cQu ngdn ngQ cae tpc ngUdi ban
xQ Nhieu tpc ngUdi khdng cd chQ NgUdi ta nghien cQu cfiu true ciia nhQng ngdn ngQ chii yeu, hp thdng cac tQ viing quan trpng vdi vipe giai nghia ehinh xfic tQng ngdn tQ Ngofii ra hp cdn dich nhieu tac phfim tdn giao sang tieng ban dia, mpt sd tfic phfim dich da dupe in Nhd in da trd thfinh mpt cdng cu rfi't hQu I'eh trong vipe truyen giao cho ngUdi ban dia
Cfic linh mue Tfiy Ban Nha eung nghien cQu rfi't ehi tiet ve phong tue, nghi le vfi vipe
td chQc hfinh le eiia ngUdi ban xQ Trong nhQng nghien cQu nfiy, cdng trinh quan trpng nhfi't Ifi eua linh mue Bernardino de Sahagun, dng dfi kien tri thu thfip trong mUdi nfim nhQng dQ hpu thdng tin ve ngUdi
ban xxi Sau dd dng da tfip hpp thfinh mpt
Trang 766 Rghi&i curu Lich siSr s g 4.2009 nghien cQu hofin chinh ve ddi sdng va tdn
giao ciia ngUdi Mexico, nd cho phdp nhiJng
nghien cQu sau nay tai hien dUde mpi mat
cua ddi sdng ngudi ban xQ
- ThQ ba, bin canh viic nghien cQu ngdn
ngQ, vdn hod, tdn gido cua ngQdi Indian,
cdc thdy tu dQdc sQ dong y cda nhd vua vd
sii ho trd cua pho vQdng dd cho xdy diing
rdt nhiiu cdng trinh kiin true, ehu yeu Ifi
nhfi thd Chfnh sU cfin thidt phai quy dao
eho mpt sd ddng ngUdi da khien nhQng nhfi
truyen dao dUa vao trong thiet ke cfic cdng
trinh tdn giao mpt yeu td kien tnic hofin
tofin dpc dao: nhfi nguyen md Vdi kieu kien
true nfiy, ngudi ta ed the td chQe ngfiy l i
thanh tren nhQng khoang sfin rpng md, d
san trong eua tofi t h a n h ndi cd t h i tap hdp
mpt sd tin dd ddng hdn nhieu so vdi sd tin
dd thudng hpi hpp d ben trong nhfi thd
Hfiu het nhQng cong trinh xay diing thdi
thupc dia deu mang phong each tdn giao,
tieu bieu nhU nhfi thd Aeolman (ddng
Thanh Augustinian) d Trung Mexico, nhd
thd Quito (Ddng Franciscian) d Ecuado va
hang trfim nha thd cdn tdn tai tren khfip
chfiu My thupc Tay Ban Nha
Nhfi thd Chfnh tofi ldn nhfi't d Mexico
City dupe xay diing trong vdng mpt the ky,
tQ nhQng ndm 1560 den nhQng nam 1660
Mpt vai nhfi thd xay diing mupn hdn nhU
Oeotlan gfin Tlaxcala d Mexico, hay Zapita
d phia Bfic hd Titieaea d Peru, d nhQng ndi
nfiy, "truyin thd'ng cua ngQdi Indian hdu
nhQ dd bi lang quin, tham chi d nhQng ncfi
vd'n thupc nhQng nin vdn minh phdt triin
nhdt cua ngQdi Indian, kiin true tdn gido
cda nhd thd con nhieu hdn cdc cdng trinh
kiin trdc cua ngQcfi bdn dia " (14)
Cd khoang 12000 nhfi thd dupe xay diing
trong sud't ba the ky Tfiy Ban Nha thd'ng tri
d thupc dia (15) Tren moi vung Ifinh thd,
mdi ddng Thfinh de lai mdt dfiu fin khfic nhau NhQng kien true kieu phao dfii ddn gian eua ddng Thfinh Francisco vdi cac mang tudng t r a n g tri mfiu xfim bac kieu niia dfiu the ky XVI vfi nhQng kien tnic clu
ky eiia ddng Thanh Dominican da dUdc xfiy diing tai nhQng ndi tfip trung dan cU Sau
dd, do qufi trinh suy giam n h a n h ehdng dfin so' ngUdi ban xQ, nhieu diem dan cU dfi khdng cdn ngUdi d, vi the nhiing nhfi thd trd nen each bipt hdn trUde
Cung vdi viec xay diing nhfi thd, thiie dan Tay Ban Nha trong qua trinh cai tri
eiia minh cung da xdy dilng rdt nhiiu
thdnh phd', dfic bipt ehu trpng xay diing cfic
thfinh phd ven bien vi day vQa la cac trung tfim thUdng mai hfing hai vQa Ifi hfing rfio qufin sii chd'ng lai sii tfi'n cdng ciia nUdc ngoai Vf du Santo Domingo Id mpt trong nhQng thanh phd d i u tien eua Tay Ban Nha d thupc dia chau My dUpe xay diing mang tinh chfit quan sU Ve sau, khi sU lien ket giQa nhQng vung dfit thupc dia dQde xac lap, va khi Caribe trd thanh sU tranh gianh qudc te va nhQng cupe tfin cdng eua bpn cUdp bien, Havana dfi thay the Santo Domingo vfi trd thfinh trung tfim thUdng mai ldn nhfit cua vung Caribbe, ddng thdi Ifi mpt thfinh phd quan sU dUpc eung ed vQng chfic nhfi't thupe dia Cang Havana la mpt trong nhQng hai cang tdt nha't tren the gidi lue bfiy gid
Mpt sd t h a n h phd" ven b i l n khfic Ifi St.Augustine d Florida, Veracruz d bd biln Ddng Mexico, Portobello d Panama, vfi Cartagena d bd bien Nam My NhQng thfinh phd nfiy deu cd qufin dpi ddng vfi Ifi ndi tfip trung hfing hoa trong the ky XVII -XVIII St Augustine, mpt thfinh p h d t u hfio Ifi kho eiia cai eiia Tay Ban Nha, Veracruz -cang xufi't nhfip khfiu chinh eua xQ Mexico, Portobello, nhd hdn Veracruz nhUng dupe
Trang 8QTgt sg the dgng Hch ci/c 67
bao v$ bdi hai phao dfii Chi cd Cartagena,
trong 80 tfit ca cfic thfinh phd ven biln ciia
vung Caribe vfi vinh Mexico Ifi cd the so
sfinh vdi Havana v l tfnh chfi't qufin sQ Khu
vi^c thfinh phd ciia nd dupe bao hoc bdi
nhQng tudng rfio dUde ciing co vQng chfic,
cd thap cao, hfio sau vfi liic lUdng phao binh
yim trp Mfic du dUde trang hi qufin sU ky
efing nhUng tfit ca nhQng thfinh phd ven
biln nfiy dIu dfi tQng ft nhfi't mpt l i n bi sU
tfi'n cong ciia ngUdi Anh, Phap hay ngUdi
Hfi Lan
Khac vdi nhQng thfinh phd ven biln,
Tenoehtitlan (Mexico) Ifi mpt thfinh phd d
sfiu trong dfi't liln, dfin sd ddng vfi nhieu
ngUdi Indian cdn song sdt dfi tao ra cho
thfinh phd nhQng dilm dfic bipt Thfim chf
ngay ca Puebla, ndi thiic dfin Tfiy Ban Nha
thfinh lfip chi dfinh rieng cho nhQng ngUdi
da trfing dinh cU vfin mang dang dfip ciia
"cd tinh bdn dia" (16)
Trong cfic thfinh phd d Peru, Lima ndi
bfit len vdi vai trd vQa Ifi thu do chfnh tri
(thupc tdng trfin) vQa Ifi trung tfim thUdng
mai Dfiy Ifi ndi phfin phdi hfing hoa ciia cfic
flota (cfic ham dpi) ddn cang cudi cung ciia
Tfiy Ban Nha, vfi thdng qua nhQng con
dudng eiia ngUdi Inca trong giai doan "tiin
Tdy Ban Nha" (trUde khi Tfiy Ban Nha
xam chidm), nhQng flota nfiy chd hfing hofi
tdi Chile, Ecuador, Argentina vfi vung phfa
tren Peru Thfinh phd' thQ hai ciia Peru,
Pdtdsi, thfinh phd* md ndi tieng, dfi tQng Ifi
thfinh phd' ldn nhfi't trong sd tfi't ca cac
thfinh phd'ciia thupc dia chau My
Mdt trong nhQng dfic dilm ciia cfic
thfinh phd d thupc dia chfiu My Ifi cfic
quang trUdng dUpc bao xung quanh bdi
nhQng cabildo (tofi nhfi cua Hpi ddng thfinh
phd), nhfi thd vfi trung tfim thUdng mai chfnh
tfit ca deu dfinh cho tfing Idp quy tdc da trfing Moi thfinh phd deu cd nhQng dUdng phd chuyen Ifim bfinh, chuyen lam mpe, chuyen thupc da Thfinh phd chau Au thdi trung cd thUdng ed nhQng dQdng phd hpp, ehfing chit, nhQng eon phd bi gidi ban bdi hfing rao bao quanh, nhUng d nhQng thanh phd chau My mdi dUde dinh eU, ngUdi Tdy Ban Nha dfi xfiy diing nhQng dudng phd dfii, thfing ndi vdi nhau thdnh nhiing hinh chQ nhfit Kien true quy hoach thfinh phd d chfiu My ve sau nay ngay efing dupe hofin thipn hdn
Tren dfiy Ifi mpt sd nhQng tac dpng khfich quan dupe tao ra tQ cdng cupe khai thfie thupc dia eua thiie dfin Tfiy Ban Nha d Trung vfi Nam My NhQng tac dpng nfiy khdng nfim trong y dd chii quan ciia ke di xfim lUde NhUng trong khi xay dUng cac cd
sd ciia nen kinh te thupc dia, thiic dfin Tfiy Ban Nha dfi tao ra dipn mao mdi cho nen kinh te chfiu My, tfnh chfi't thufin nong dfin
d i n bi thay ddi bdi nen kinh te hfing hoa vdi cd cfi'u da dang (cdng nghipp, thUdng nghipp, ndng nghipp ) Ddng thdi, Tay Ban Nha cung xfiy diing mpt sd cdng trinh kien tnic, ehu yeu Ifi nhfi thd, trUdng hpc, tao ed
sd cho sU phfit triln cua nen vfin hda My Latinh sau nfiy Ngfiy nay, chung ta dUdc tidp can vdi nhQng thanh tiiu cfic nen vfin minh ed xUa ciia ngUdi da dd qua rfi't nhieu cong trinh nghien cQu eua cae giao si vfi thiie dfin Tfiy Au, trong dd ed phfin ddng gdp khdng nhd cua Tfiy Ban Nha NhQng tfic dpng tfch ciic ciia chfnh sach thiic dan Tay Ban Nha doi vdi khu viic Trung vd Nam My tuy khdng phai luc nao cung dUpe danh gifi edng bfing, khfich quan, nhUng ro rfing dd Ifi
"nhQng diiu khdng the phd nhdn "
(Xem tii'p trang 59)
Trang 9vi cang the giao due 6 khu hi hi 59
trj Quoc gia, Hfi Npi, 2002, tr 941
(7) Ho Sd so 13024
(8) Ho sd so 13024
(9) Ho sd so 13254
(10) Ho sd so 13110
(11) Ho Sd so 13254
(12) Ho Sd so 13254
(13) Nghj quyd't ciia Ban ThUcIng vy Khu uy
Khu Ty trj Vi§t Bfic, so 39-NQArB, ngfiy 9-9-1959
vl nhi^m vy phfit triln giao dye trong cfic nien
kh6a 1959 vfi 1960 Dang Cpng san Vi^t Nam: Vdn
ki^n Ddng Todn tdp, tdp 20 (1959) Nxb Chinh trj
Quoc gia, Hfi NOi, 2002, tr 1035
(14) Ho sd 13298
(15) Ho sd so 13118
(16) Xem: Bp Giao dye vfi dfio tao: Ndm mUdi
ndm phdt trien sU nghiip gido due (1945-1995)
Nxb Giao dye, Hfi Npi, 1995, tr 100 Dang Cpng
san Vi$t Nam: Vdn kiin Ddng Todn tdp, tdp 21
(1960) Nxb Chfnh trj Quoc gia, Hfi Npi, 2002, tr
552, 553; tftp 24 (1963), Nxb Chfnh trj Qu6c gia, Hfi Npi, 2003, tr 421 vfi tfip 25 (1964), Nxb Chfnh trj Qu6c gia, Hfi Npi, 2003, tr 220, 221
(17) Ho sd B6 13298
(18) Ho sd so 13332
(19) Ho sd so 13254
(20) Ho sd so 13332
(21) Ho sd so 13254
(22) Ho sd so 13332 (23) Ho sd so 13364
(24) Ho sd s^ 13592
(25) H$ 4-^2 Ifi hpc sinh 16p 4 hpc thSm hai nfim sU pham H§ 7-H Ifi hpc sinh hpc Idp 7 hpc thgm mpt nfim sU ph^im Sau khi tot nghiep, hp trd thfinh nhiing gifio vien cfi'p I
(26) Ho sd so 13254 (27) Ho sd so 13298
(28) Ho sd so 13254
CHU THICH
(1), (11) Alvin M Joseph, Jr, The Indian
Heritage of America, Houghton Mifflin Company,
1991, tr 278, 284
(2), (6) Robert A Divine, J.H Breen, George
M Fredrickson, R Hal Williams and Randy
Roberts, Amerca, past and present (A division of
Scott, Foresman and Company Glenview, Illinois,
London, England), 1990, tr 8, 4
(3), (7), (14), (16) Charles Gibson, Spain in
America, The University Library Harper & Row,
Publishers, New York, Evanston and London,
1966, tr 117, 125,88, 125
(Tiep theo trang 67)
(4) Simon ColUer, Thomas E Skidmore, The
Cambridge Encyclopedia of America and the Caribbean, Cambridge University Press, 1992, tr
203
(5), (8), (9), (10), (12), (13) Hubert Herring, A
history of Latin America from the beginnings to the present, Alfred A Knopf PubUsher, New York,
1967, tr 411, 199, 199, 204, 210, 210
(15) Michael C Meyer, William L Sherman,
The course of Mexican history, Oxford University
Press, 1987, tr 199