Bài viết nghiên cứu về Cửa Nam và cửa Tây của cấm thành Thăng Long thời Lý - Trần - Lê, vấn đề phân kỳ lịch sử hình thành Thăng Long... Để nắm chi tiết nội dung nghiên cứu mời các bạn cùng tham khảo bài viết.
Trang 1CQA NAM VA CQA TAY COA CXM THANH
THANG LONG THdl Lf - TR^N - LE
D 6 THI THUY LAN*
Ly Thai Td ddi dd t i Hoa Lu vd Dai
La, khai sinh r a Kinh dd Thang Long cua
qud'c gia Dai Viet Cung t i tridu Ly,
khoang thap nien 30 c i a thd ky XI, trd di
Kinh thanh Thang Long da dUdc hoan
thi$n vdi p h i c hdp ba vdng thanh, dd la
Dgi La, "thdnh Thdng Lon^' (tic Hodng
thdnh t i the ky XV vd sau), vk Cdm thdnh
Trong khi vi tri, pham vi c i a Ca^m thanh
ngay cang dUdc xac dinh rd hdn (1), cae c i a
c i a ca'm t h a n h v i n chUa dUdc khao c i u va
trinh bay mot each tdng the Ngoai cae c i a
Doan MPn, Viet Thdnh, c i a dUdng thuy
Ngdn Hd, chung ta da biet den mot c i a
Huyen Vu b phia b i c (2), mot Long Mdn b
phia ddng, thd cdn c i a Nam va c i a Tay? Do
vay, d nghien c i u nay, c h i n g tdi se trinh
bay nhflng tim hieu c i a minh vd hai c i a
Nam va Tay cua Ca'm thanh Thang Long;
ddng thdi dat chung trong bdi canh chung
cua lich s i chinh tri, van boa, xa hoi Dai
Vi$t vao hai giai doan: the'ky XI-XIV vk thi'
ky XV-XVI Dd cung cd the coi la no liic
khai quat mot p h i n quy hoach cua C i m
thanh ndi rieng, Hoang thanh Thang Long
ndi chung, dfldi cac thdi Ly - T r i n - Le
1 C i a Nam: D o a n Mon, Tam Mon,
Trieu N g u y e n v a Chu Tu-dfc
Doan Mon vd Tam Mon
Trong so' cac c i a C i m t h i n h , Doan MPn
(cdn goi la Doan Minh, Ngu Mdn, Ngu Lau Mdn hoac L l u Ngu Mdn) la c i a phia nam, dfldc k h i c boa rd ndt tren cae Ban dd Thang Long thdi Hau Le, dUqIc cd' dinh vi tri qua thdi Nguyen, va di tich cdn tdn tai cho den t a n ngay nay Dudi thdi Ly, van bia
thap Sung Thiin Diin Linh c h i a Long Doi
Sdn (Duy Tien, H i Nam), nien dai 1121, cho bidt san rdng (Long Tri) tnidc Doan Mdn da la ndi Ly Nhan Tdng td chic hoi ddn Quang Chieu (3) Den thdi Le Sd, Hoang de Le Thanh Tdng da cho tu s i a Doan Mdn c i n g hai c i a H o i n g thanh la Dai HUng va Ddng Hoa, vd'n dU(?c xay diing
t i thdi Ly, ma vao n i a sau the ky XV da trd nen dd n a t (4) Khao cd hoc Doan Mdn nam 1999 cho tha'y rd viec n h a Le Sd da bo
b i n toan b9 cac vet tich thdi Ly - T r i n da
hi hoang phe, ma xay diing mpt Doan Mon hoan toan mdi (5) Dac bipt hdn nfla, cac sach lich s i dia ly dfldi thdi Nguyen deu
n h i n manh r i n g , cho ddn d i u the ky XIX, Doan Mdn v i n cdn hipn hflu va dd la di tich
cd dinh tfl trieu Ly (6), ngay ca khi vua Gia Long cho pha bo mot so' c i a c i a Hoang thanh va ca'm thanh de xay diing lai (7)
Phia nam ngoai Doan Mdn la Tam Mdn
(cung goi la Tam PhUdng, l l u Tam PhUdng) Tam Mdn cd ba c i a , mot c i a
' Khoa Lich s i - Trfldng Dai hoc KHXH&NV - Dai hoc Qudc gia H i Noi
Trang 2e i a Ram va c i a Tay c i a Cam thanh., 35
chinh va hai c i a phu hai ben, tdn tai den thdi
Nguyin Gia Long thi hi pha de xay Ky dai
(Cpt Cd Ha Npi) Sach Long Biin bdch nhi
vinh ciia B i i Lien Khe (Bid Cd Tic), soan
nam Dmh M i i (1847), chdp: "b phia trUde l l u
Ngu Mdn (tic Doan Mdn) \k nen cu c i a c i a
Tam Mdn nha Ly Ddi Gia Long hoang trieu
pha c i a Ttim Mdn, nam t h i nam (1806) dflng
cpt cd c i a thanh" (8) Cd the ndi, neu Doan
Mon la Idp e i a trong, nghiem c i n hdn, thi
Tam Mon cd the coi la gidi ban phia nam c i a
e l m thanh Thflc chit, ndu mud'n tim c i a
chinh Nam c i a C i m thanh Thang Long, thi
dd phai la Tam Mdn
Trieu Nguyen vd Chu Tudc
Trong thfl tich cd Viet Nam va Trung
Qud'c, c i a Nam C i m thanh Thang Long,
ngoai Doan Mdn va Tam Mdn, cdn cd hai
ten khic la "Trieu Nguyen" va "Chu Tfldc"
Trong chinh s i Dai Vipt, ten c i a Triiu
Nguyin x u i t hien d i u tien nam 1355 vdi sfl
kien bi s6t danh vao c i a chinh c i n g e i a
nach hai ben ta hflu (9) Cae s i gia trieu
Nguyen c h i r i n g day chinh la "cdng choi
trfldc dien Thien An" (10), t i c cdng trfldc
dipn Kinh Thien thdi Le vd sau Nam 1631,
do chua Trinh Trang td chic tap tran, mpt
l i n n i a "cia Trieu Nguyen c i a trieu dinh d
trong thanh" lai hi hoa hoan, khien vua Le
T h i n Tdng phai lanh khoi cung dien ma'y
ngay (11) Khong ehi trong chinh s i Viet
Nam, sich s i Trung Qud'c (Nguyen sd),
trong p h i n ndi ve An Nam, cung chdp c i a
chinh Nam C i m thanh Thang Long thdi
T r i n dfldc treo bien de "Trieu Thien Cac"
(gac Tridu Thien, cd the la viet sai c i a
"Trieu Nguyen") (12)
Khdng x u i t hien sdm nhU ten Tridu
Nguyen, phai den nam 1485, chinh s i mdi
chdp den ten c i a Chu Tudc, g i n hen vdi hai
cdng trinh Doan Mdn va Dan Tri cua C i m
thanh Thang Long thdi Le (13) Sang the ky
XVI, c i a Chu Tudc mdt l i n nfla x u i t hien trong bien nien s i riam 1528, khi cac thdlUc
" p h i Le" dem quan d i n h t h i n g vao Clin thanh, ndi Mac D&ng Dung t i mpt nam tnidc dd da lam viec "thi nghich" va "tidm ngdi" (14) vay, cac c i a Nam C i m thanh thdi Ly - T r i n - Le la Trieu Nguyen va Chu Tudc la nhiing c i a nao? Dd la cac Idp c i a khac hay t r i n g vdi Doan Mdn va Tam Mdn?
Ly giai v i n de nay, gidi nghien c i u thanh Thang Long cho den nay v i n cd nhflng trinh bay khac nhau Tuy nhien, vd
cd ban cac nha khoa hpc deu thd'ng n h i t mpt nhan t h i c chung la, ngoai Ddng Trfldng An (DTA) va Tay Trfldng An (TTA),
C i m thanh Thang Long thdi Ly - T r i n - Le
cd hai Idp c i a chinh la Doan Mdn va Tam Mdn Cdn Tridu Nguyen hay Chu Tfldc la ten c i a Idp c i a n i o thi tuy theo y kidn c i a
t i n g hpc gia: T i nam 1975, Gilo sfl T r i n Qud'c Vfldng va nha nghien cflu Vu T u i n San da cho r i n g gac Trieu Nguyen c i a Ca'm thanh Thang Long thdi T r i n , qua ghi
chdp trong Nguyin sd, \k b tren 'Dfldng
Minh Mdn" (ma theo cac tac gia tflc la c i a Doan Mdn) (15); Nam 2004, nha nghien
c i u Bioi Thiet da ddng n h i t Doan Mdn vdi Chu Tfldc, hdn thd lai cho r i n g c i a Chu Tfldc c i a C i m t h a n h nhin r a hd Chu Tfldc bao quanh Qud'c T i Giam (tic hd Gilm) (16); Nam 2005, PGS.TS Nguyen T h i a Hy cho r i n g c i a Nam c i a thanh Long Phfldng
la e i a Doan Mdn, cung gpi \a Doan Minh,
Chu Tfldc, Trieu Nguyen, l l u Ngu Mdn (phia trong) hoac c i a Tam Mdn (phia ngoai) (17) Nhfl vay, theo t i e gia, d i do la hai Idp
c i a trong (Doan Mon) va ngoai (Tam Mdn), nhflng deu cd the gpi chung la Doan Mon hay "cia chinh phia nam" C i m thanh Dac biet, tac gia cho r i n g Tridu Nguyen va Chu
Tfldc, c i n g vdi Doan Minh va Ngu Mdn, la
cac ten khac cua Idp e i a trong
Trang 336 RghiSn curu Lich s i sg 7.2010^
Hinh 1: Trich Trung Do chi do, k^ hifiu A.3034
Ngfldc lai thdi gian, nam 1990, t i c gia
Pham Han cho r i n g Trieu Nguyen chinh la
c i a Tam Mdn, vi qua sfl kien nam 1855, cd
the suy doan Tridu Nguyen cd 3 c i a (mpt
c i a chinh va 2 c i a nach hai ben) (18) 6
day, c h i n g tdi n h i t tri vdi y kidn cua Pham
Han bdi hai ly do sau: Thd nhdt, sfl kipn
boa hoan nam 1631 cho t h i y d i m l i a chay
t i P h i chua Trjnh, cac phd' phfldng, rdi lan
ddn e i a Tridu Nguyen c i a "trieu dinh" vua
Le Do dd, Trieu Nguyen phai la Idp c i a
ngoai c i n g cua "thanh ndi"; Vii thd hai,
ban Trung dd chi do, ky hipu A.3034 (Hinh
1), ghi r i t ro cIc Idp c i a Nam C i m thanh:
ngoai c i n g I i Ddng Trfldng An va Tay
Trudng An; trong c i n g la Doan Mdn; va d
gifla Doan Mdn va Ddng - Tay Trfldng An,
b i c thanh C i m tach ra, tao t h a n h mpt cai
c i a (cd l l u gac) mang ten "Trieu Nguyen"
Va vi tri dd chinh la Tam Mdn, gidi b a n
phia nam cua C i m thanh
Trong nghien c i u nam 2008, hpc gia
Nhat Ban Yao Takao da tidn them mpt
bfldc, phan dinh rd hdn ve cac Idp e i a c i a
Nam ca'm thanh Theo dd, ngoai c i n g la
Ddng Trfldng An va Tay Trfldng An, ma tac
gia cho r i n g tidn t h a n cua chung l i khu
Vflc "Cd Lau Ddng Nhai" Va "Cd Lau Tay
Nhai" trong p h i t h a n h Giao Chi thdi Minh thupc ( t i c thanh Ddng Quan) (19) Qua thflc, tren cac Ban dd Trung
do thd ky XV-XVIII, Ddng - Tay Trfldng An khdng chi la mpt "khu vflc" ben ngoai phia nam ca'm t h a n h (A.2531, A.3034, VHt.41 (ehi cd DTA), ma cdn dfldc ve la
hai c i a ngach b gdc dong
nam va tay nam ngoai
C i m t h a n h (diy d i n h i t
la A.2499 vdi ca 2 cia; hoac chi cd c i a TTA nhfl A.3034) Qua hai
c i a ngach nay la ddn chan tfldng thanh
Ca'm va tien vao "cia Nam Cung thanh" b
chinh gifla, ma theo Yao Takao, chinh la
"Chu Tfldc Mdn" Phia trong c i a Chu Tfldc
la Doan Mdn, m l thdi Minh la "Cd Lau"
n i m gifla Co Lau Ddng - Tay Nhai Nhfl vay, t i e gia da gian tiep k h i n g dinh Chu Tfldc khdng phai la Doan Mdn, ma la Idp
c i a ben ngoai c i a Doan Mdn Nghien c i u cua Yao Takao, tuy khdng dd cap den Tam Mdn, nhflng thiet lap cho chung ta nhan
dinh: Tam MPn chinh Id cda Chu Tudc
Nhan dinh nay cang dfldc cung cd' khi cl
n i a d i u the ky XIX, Dfldng Ba Cung viet
r i n g : " L l u Ngu Mdn: b Vpng Cung, chinh
gifla cd de hai chfl "Doan Mdn" Ben ngoai la l l u Tam Mdn, the che cung tfldng tu Nha vua [vua Le] thUdng sach v i n thi Tien sy [thi Dinh] d day T i thdi Le Trung Hung trd di l l y cho nay lam dien thdi trdi d i t , thi tridu chuyen tdi edng Kinh Thien, nay la Vong Cung Cac vi vua
ddi trUde di t u i n t h u thudng d i n g ngiia b day Bin ngodi co ky ddi [Cpt cd Ha Npi],
tUdng truyin xUa Id cdng Chu Tudc (cdn ggi la ldu Tam PhUdng)" (20)
Trang 4e i a Ram va c i a Tay ciia Cam thanh 37
Nhu vay, Trieu Nguyen hay Chu Tudc
la nhiing ten gpi khac c i a Tam Mdn, cua
Idp c i a ngoai c i n g phia nam C i m t h i n h
Thang Long thdi Ly - T r i n - Le (21)
2 C i a Tay: "Tay Mon" thdi Le va
"Dai Trieu" thdi Ly - Tran?
Cda Tdy cda Cdm thdnh thdi Le
Ddi vdi c i a Tay c i a C i m thanh Thang
Long thdi Hau Le, viec nhan biet trd nen d i
dang hdn nhd cd cac thd he Ban dd Hdng
Die Tren ban dd, "Tay Mon" dUdc k h i c
hpa rd ndt d gdc tay b l e cua C i m thanh,
lien kd phia ddng "Khan Sdn tU" Phd Giao
sU Do Van Ninh nam 1983 da tflng gpi day
la "cia Hau" de phan biet vdi "cia Tien" l i
Doan Mdn (22) Tuy nhien, d i d vi tri
k h u l t sau, nhflng ta khdng the p h i nhan
vai trd quan trpng c i a c i a nay vi nd md r a
khu quan sfl phia tay C i m thanh Thang
Long thdi Le Sd
T i sau chidn t h i n g Ddng Quan nam
1428 den trfldc nhiing nam 1480-1490, d
ben ngoai phia tay C i m thanh thdi Le Sd
da tdn tai ddng thdi hai khu thao luyen
quan sfl (23) Thd nhdt, vk ed trfldc, la
'T)iin Vu x i " t i thdi Minh thupc dfldc chdp
trong An Nam chi ciia Cao Hung TrUng
cuoi tridu Minh (24), ma tidn than la khu
Xa Dinh - Giang Vd Dudng thdi Ly - T r i n
(25), dUdc md ta la d phia nam trong thanh
Dai La, tUdng dUdng khu vflc Giang Vo
-Bao/Ngpc Khanh ngay nay; Thd hai, va cd
sau, la khu Giang Vo dfldc lap ra vao tridu
Le Sd, thupc khu vflc K h i n Sdn - Ngpc Ha,
phia tay ble C i m thanh (26) T i m bia
Triing tu Huy Vdn diin Due Khdnh tU bi,
do Dfldng Ba Cung soan nam Tfl D i e t h i
17 (1864) dat d chua Huy Van (27), cho bidt
khu vUc Ngpc Ha hien nay la "cho luyen
tap vo nghe xUa", va chinh la khu quan sii
t h i hai thdi Le Sd
Khu Giang Vo - Khan Sdn n i y tdn tai
khong lau, ddn nam 1481, Le Thanh Tdng
chuyen dien Giang Vo ve x i Dien Vu, t i c quy gpn khu quan sii phia tay thanh Thang Long vd b i n Giang Vo - Ngpc Khanh (28) Cling vdi do, nam 1490, Le Thanh Tdng md rpng C i m t h a n h r a ben ngoai Tnidng d i u
vo (29) (tic ciiu Giang Vo - Khan Sdn), va
md rong Hoang thanh ra ben ngoai khu Diin Vu (Giang Vo - Ngpc Khanh) Cac Ban
dd Trung Dd the ky XVII-XVIII phan biet
ro hai khu vflc nay, vdi "Khan Sdn tfl" dfldc lap vao ddi Dfldng D i e (1672-1673) (30), va
"Giang Vo dien" vdi "Hoi thi trfldng" (dfldc dat trfldc san dien Giang Vd) (31) d tay nam trong Hoang t h a n h "Thflde thd" Hdn thd, hai khu vflc nay tfl sau nam 1490 cdn dfldc ngan each thanh trong va ngoai khdng gian C i m , b i n g b i c tudng md rdng Phung t h i n h c i a Le T h i n h Tdng Tren Hdng D i e ban dd, h i e tUdng thanh chia khu phia tay Hoang t h a n h ra lam hai
p h i n , p h i n phia b l e la ndi "lap vUdn ThUdng Lam, trong vUdn cd hUdu va cac
t h i khic" (32), va p h i n cdn lai phia nam, each biet vdi khu C i m t h a n h md rpng b i n g Idp thanh mdi d i p nam 1490 tren day (33)
Do dd, "Khan Sdn tu" t i cho n i m ben ngoai phia tay ble PhUdng thanh, gid da thupc vao pham vi khdng gian C i m
Nhu vay, t i n i a cudi the ky XV trd di, Kinh dd Thang Long c h i n g kidn sii "suy vi"
c i a ca hai c i a t h a n h phia Tay Neu c i a Quang Phuc cua Hoing thanh bien m i t
khdi ban dd vk thU tich thd ky XV-XVIII,
thi Tay Mdn c i a Ci'm t h a n h chi cdn dUdc
md r a khu thUdng uyen c i a h o i n g gia tridu
Le Khu vUe nay ed the thdng vdi p h i n Tay Nam cdn lai cua t h a n h 'ThUdc thd" b i n g mpt cdng phu (Ban dd A.1081, A.1601), hoac dupe dUa trd lai khdng gian Hoang thanh khi b i c tudng nam 1490 khdng con tdn tai (cac ban A.2006, VHt.30-A.2716, A.584, VHc.01282), nhflng chic c h i n trong mpt khoang thdi gian dai, nd hoan toan
Trang 53S Rghien curu Lich s i sg 7.2010
each biet vdi n i a cdn lai c i a Tay Hoing
thanh (VHt.41, A.3034, A.2499, A.73) (34)
Dieu dd cd nghia, tfl thdi diem nay trd di,
vai trd va c h i c nang c i a Tay Mdn da bi suy
giam, khdng cdn la c i a chinh c i a C i m
thanh nfla Hay ndi khac di, vdi sU x u i t
hien c i a b i c tudng nam 1490, Tay Mdn chi
cdn la mdt trong cac c i a thupc npi bp Ci'm
thanh, de cac the he Ban dd Hdng D i e t i
chd k h i c hpa mpt Tay Mdn heo lanh
(A.2531, VHt.41, A.3034, A.2499, A.1081),
ddn tham chi loai bo hang muc nay ra khdi
hpa hinh (A.73, A.2006, A.2716, A.584,
A.1601, VHc.01282)
Cdca Dai Trieu
Cae nghien c i u t i trUdc den nay deu
h l u nhu chUa de cap den c i a Tay c i a C i m
thanh Thang Long trfldc the ky XV Duy
nha't t i e gia Pham Han cho r i n g c i a
Quang Phuc (hay Hoing Phuc) khdng phai
la c i a Tay Hoing thanh, ma phai la c i a
Tay cua Ca'm t h a n h (35) Sd di c i a Tay
C i m thanh thdi Ly - T r i n chUa dUdc n h l e
ddn, hoac n h l e den chfla chinh xac, khdng
phai VI nd kdm quan trpng (nhfl Tay Mdn
sau nam 1490), ma la vi v i n de tfl lieu Tuy
nhien, vai mau thdng tin vun vat tfl trong
chinh s i dfldng nhfl cd the giup ta phan
doan dfldc mpt dieu gi dd
Theo bien nien s i , nam 1363, vua T r i n
Du Tdng cho s i a sang vUdn Hau uyen, sai
dao mot loat cac hd nhU Lac Thanh, Thanh
NgU de nudi tha nhieu loai hai ngU, ca
hiem t i Hai Ddng, Hoa Chau mang ve
C i n g vdi viec trang b o i n g vUdn ngii hau
cung mpt each xa xi, vua T r i n cho "lam day
khach lang d Tay dien t h i n g den c i a
Hodng Phuc", ddng thdi "diing day trUdng
lang t i gdc Nguyen Huydn t h i n g den c i a
Dgi Triiu phia t a y V i n d khu vUc phia
Tay nay, ngay nam sau (1364), nha T r i n
cho xay diing mpt day khach lang b Tay
dien t h i n g den c i a Quang/Hoing phuc Khdng chi la c i a Tay H o i n g thanh, nam
1368, T r i n Du Tdng lai tidp tuc "lam hanh lang dai sudt t i gic Nguyen Huyen den tan
c i a Dgi Triiu phia tay dd tipn cho cac quan
vio c h i u tranh n i n g mUa" (36)
T i nhflng thdng tin tren cd the thiy: thd
nhdt, nhiing l i n xay s i a tai T h i n g Long
thap nien 1360 deu n h i m vao khu vflc an chdi thfldng ngoan c i a cac trieu Ly - T r i n (va ca Le vd sau) d phia tay Kinh thanh, gin hen vdi cac c i a thanh phia nay, trong dd it
n h i t la cd c i a Quang Phuc; thd hai, trong
cung mdt ddt xay dflng (nam 1363), cd hai
c i a phia tay: mot I i c i a Quang P h i c l i c i a Tay c i a Hoing thanh; cdn hai la e i a Dai
Tridu, vay day Ik ciia gi?; vk thd ba, ciia Dai
Trieu phia tay nay la ndi quan lai vao chiu,
vi vay vua T r i n cho xay hanh lang (bin cd mai che) de cac quan tranh dfldc n i n g mfla Den day chung tdi dat gia thuyet ring,
cda Dgi Triiu chinh Id cita Tdy cda Cdm thdnh Thdng Long thdi Ly - Trdn (hoac chi
it vdo thdi Trdn), vd la ndi cdc quan vdo chdu mPi ldn vua thiet triiu C i a Tay Cim
thanh, hdn the, cung la mpt cda quan trgng
cua Thdng Long thi' ky XI-XIV, dUdc cdc vua Ly, Trdn (chi it la vua Trdn) sd dung
di ra vdo Cdm thdnh, de td dd ra vdo kinh thdnh (37) Thflc ra, day khdng phai la
phat hipn mdi, ma ngay t i nam 1990, Pham Han da n h l e den ten "Dai Tridu" vdi tfl each
la c i a Tay c i a Cl^m t h i n h thdi T r i n Tuy nhien, t i e gia lai cho r i n g ca "Dai Tridu" thdi T r i n hay " C i a Tay" (Tay Mdn) thdi Lg ddu la vet tfch c i a c i a Quang P h i c thdi Ly,
vk dfldc xay dflng tfl nam 1010 Hdn the, b
thdi diem nha ngoai giao Pham Kim H i n g viet sach, tac gia da chfla quan tam den mot cdng trinh k h i quan trpng, lien quan den
v i n dd c i a Tay C i m thanh thdi Ly T r i n
-Le: dd la Ddi Ldu vien
Trang 6e i a Ram va c i a Tay c i a Cam thanh 39
Dai Lau v i f n d b e n ngoai ciia T a y
cua H o i n g t h a n h h a y Cam thanh?
Vipn Dai Lau la ndi quan lai tap trung,
chd den l i e dfldc vao chiu d Trung Quoc,
Dai Lau vien da c6 t i thdi Dudng, "lau" cd
nghia \k nUde chay nho giot, de do gid (38),
cung phan anh thdi gian chd ddi tnidc khi
thiet tridu 6 Viet Nam, vipn Dai Lau dUdc
xay diing d i u tien d Kinh dd Thang Long
dudi thdi Le Sd, tridu Le Thai Td (1428-1433),
dfldc cae sach Dgi Viit sd ky todn thU, Khdm
dinh Viet sd thPng gidm cUdng muc chdp vao
sfl kiSn thang 5 nam 1497, ngay sau khi
Hoang ddLe Thanh Tdng qua ddi (39)
Tuy chinh s i chdp rd nhU vay, nhUng cd
mot thflc te la, cac nghien c i u t h i n h Thang
Long t i trfldc den nay h l u nhfl ehUa quan
tam nhieu den edng trinh n i y (40) Phai
den cud'n sach Thdng Long - Hd Ndi - Mpt
nghin sU kien lich sd, do PGS.TS Vu Van
Quan ciing tap the tac gia bien soan nam
2007, Dai Lau vipn mdi l i n d i u dUdc khao
c i u Theo cac tac gia, vipn Dai Lau dUdc
xay dung dUdi thdi Le Thai To (1428-1433),
va dUde cd' dinh vi tri qua eac trieu vua
Thai Tdng, Nhan Tong; Den thdi tri vi e i a
minh (1460-1497), Le Thanh Tdng cho xay
them hai day n h i d ngoai c i a Nam Hoang
thanh, va ngay sau khi Hoang dd bang ha,
vi vua mdi Le Hien Tdng cho diing Dai Lau
vien d ngoai c i a Dai HUng tren cd sd cac
day nha da ed t i tnidc dd Ddng thdi, Vu
v a n Quan va cac t i e gia cung dUa r a hai
v i n dd nghien c i u tie'p tuc l i : thd nhd't,
vipn Dai Lau tnidc nam 1497 n i m ngoai
c i a Tay Ik c i a Tay nao?; Va thd hai, phai
chang dudi trieu Le Thanh Tdng, ddng thdi
vdi Dai Lau vipn d mpt c i a Tay n i o dd,
phia ngoai c i a Dai Hung cdn cd hai day
nha, tuy mdi xay dflng nhflng cung mang
c h i c nang tfldng tii? (41)
Nghien c i u tiep theo (cung la g i n day nha't) de c i p den Dai Lau vien la tham luan c i a PGS.TS Yao Takao tai Hpi thao Vi$t Nam hpc l i n t h i III (nam 2008) Tidn them mpt budc, hoc gia Nhat Ban da dUa ra
hai nhan dinh cd hen quan: thd nhdt, vien
Dai Lau la ndi ma cac quan chd ddi md c i a Hoang thanh, do dd tnidc thdi Le Thanh Tdng, vipn nay dUdc dat phia ngoai c i a Tay
c i a Hoing thanh, t i c c i a Quang Phic; vk
thd hai, nkm 1490, Le Thanh Tdng cho md
rpng Hoang thanh (chi khdng phai C&n thinh) vd phia tay, do dd c i a Tay Hoang thanh bi pha bo, Dai Lau vien dUpe ddi sang tnidc Dai HUng Mdn, va dieu dd ly giai vi sao cae Ban dd Hdng D i e khdng ve c i a Quang
P h i c c i a Hoang t h i n h "ThUdc thd" (42) Tuy nhien, nhiing n h a n dinh nay c i a
tac gia lai vIp phai hai nghich Iy: nghich ly
thd nhdt, mk chfnh tac gia da t h i a n h i n ,
dd la, neu vidn Dai Lau n i m ngoai c i a Quang P h i c d g i n bd sdng Td Lich, thi l l m sao cac quan di bp vao Cung thanh dUde (tic di t i khoang C i u Gily vao g i n dfldng Hoang Dieu)? De thao gd vfldng mIc nay,
t i e gia dfla r a gia thuyet la thanh Ddng Quan thdi Minh thupc va Holng thanh Ddng Kinh trUde nam 1490 la hinh vudng, nhd dd, cac quan t h a m tridu chi phai di bp
t i e i a Quang P h i c (quang phd H i n g VUdng) de v i o den dipn Kinh Thien (phfa ddng dudng Hoang Dipu) Tuy nhien, theo chung tdi, chi can c i vao vipc Binh Dinh VUdng Le Ldi c i t c i 4 tUdng mai phi;ie 4
c i a Ddng, Tdy, Nam, Bdc ciia t h i n h Ddng
Quan (43) thi khdng the k h i n g dinh thanh nay, cung nhU Hoang t h a n h d i u thdi Le
Sd, la hinh vudng dUpe Cho den tnidc thdi diem xay thanh Ha Npi (1805), cac vdng thanh Thang Long the ky XI-XVIII, t i Dai
La ("mpt dudng cong tfl do") (44), den Hoang thanh (va tham chi ca C i m thanh)
Trang 740 Rghien curu Lich s i sg 7.2010
ddu chUa bao gid thflc sfl vudng ca Cae
nghien c i u cua Giao sU Phan Huy Le, Gilo
sU T r i n Qud'c VUdng ddu da nhidu l i n
n h i n manh den sfl thfch iing v l tan dung
tdi flu - tdi da nhiing dieu kien tfl nhien, sfl
boa dipu gifla nhflng kidn t r i e n h i n tao vdi
canh sic thien nhien cua dien mao Thang
Long thdi Trung dai Theo dd, cac vdng
thanh Thang Long khdng qua coi trpng
tinh ky ha, ddi x i n g vk vudng v i n (45) nhfl
nhflng m l u hinh t h a n h quach cua Trung
Qudc hay Nhat Ban Hdn the, nhan dinh
cua hpc gia Yao Takao lien quan den vipc
xem xdt gidi b a n phfa tay c i a Hoing thanh
thdi Ly - T r i n - Le, l i mpt c h i dd thao luan
ldn ma cho den nay v i n chfla di den thd'ng
nha't hoan toan trong gidi khoa hpc Tuy
vay, c h i n g tdi n h i t tri vdi quan diem m i
GS.TS Nguyen Quang Ngpc dd x u i t t i nam
1986 (46) va dang dflpc da so' cae nha
nghien c i u c h i p nhan, dd la Hoang thanh
Thang Long, trfldc, sau nam 1490 (va cho
den the ky XVII-XVIII, dac bidt la nam
1749), ddu bao trpn ca khu vflc phia Tay
(tic khu T h i p tam trai, rdi Tdng Npi c i a
the ky XVIII-XIX) V i nhfl the thi khdng
the cd chuypn Hoang thanh hinh vuong, d i
ehi la n h i t thdi, va cang khdng hdp ly khi
dat Dai Lau vien d ngoai c i a Quang Phuc
e i a b i c t h i n h trai rpng ddng - tay dd
Ve nghich ly thd hai, cd the t h i y cho
den tnidc nam 1467, mpt so' cdng sd c i a
trieu dinh trung Udng v i n dUdc dat trong
pham vi Hoang thanh, chi it (va tham chi)
la Bp Hinh va Dai Ly TU, la hai cd quan
tiep dan dong dao (47) NhU vay, ndu Dai
Lau vipn dat d ben ngoai c i a Tay Hoang
thanh, thi vd hinh chung cac quan phai ddi
nhi$m sd, vdng r a ben ngoai thanh d i n g
dpi de vio chiu; hoac t i n h i rieng di den
c i a Tiy, xdp hang bUdc vao trong Hoang
thanh, ndi cd cac cd quan ma hang ngay
minh v i n lui tdi, rdi qua C i m thanh de vao
tham trieu (?!) NgUdc trd lai thdi Ly
-T r i n , ta t h i y tham ehi tU gia e i a dai quan tridu Ly la Viet Qudc cdng Ly Thudng Kiet
v i n cdn dat d tren "ngfl sdn" Thai Hoa, thupc "phfldng Thai Hoa" trong khudn khd Hoang t h a n h (48) Cung khu vflc phia Tay nay, ben canh cac cung dien cua hoang gia (cung Thai/Dai Thanh, cung Canh Linh, cung Thai Hoa), cae cdng trinh kidn t r i e tdn gilo nhfl c h i a Van Tue, c h i a Chan Giao cung dfldc xay dflng (49) Trong khudn
vien Dai ndi, mdt Gidi Trfldng dfldc l i p b
c h i a Van Tue ngay t i nam 1010, la ndi ma cac tang dd t h u gidi; cdn cung Thai Thanh ciing ddng thdi la ndi cae dao sy nhan ky luc (50) Do dd, khdng phai dpi den d i u thdi
Le Sd, khi mpt Khu Quan sfl dflpc thanh lap d day c i n g vdi cac boat dpng hpc tap, thao dien c i a quan dpi v i sfl tdn tai cua cac khu gia binh, dinh thii quan lai (51), m i ngay t i thdi Ly - T r i n , khu vflc phia tay
"thanh Thang Long" da khdng cdn la ndi ehi cd hoang gia va trieu dinh Tfl gidi tang
ni, dao sy den q u i n c h i n g binh d i n , nhiing ngfldi cd mdi hen he nao dd vdi tridu dinh (nhfl flu dai, an hue), hay dfldc giao trach nhiem trdng coi den midu (cfl dan viuig
T h i Le), hoac hi xung vao viec c i t cd, chan nudi voi ngfla cho quan quan (cac loai toi
dd lam Lao t h a n h binh), ma dfldc gpi chung
la "vfldng dan", cflng sinh song, lam vipc va phuc dich tai day (52) Sang thd ky XVII-XVIII, khi khu vflc nay trd nen hoang phe,
hi gat b i n r a ben ngoai khdng chi Hoang thanh ma cdn ra khoi pham vi Dai La - Dai
Dd (nam 1749), qua trinh binh dan boa cang trd nen manh me
Cung the ky XVIII, Dai Lau vipn khdng nhflng khdng cdn d ngoai vi Hoang thanh,
ma tham chf dfldc dat, khdng phai ben ngoai, ma la npi thupc thanh Ca'm Sach
Tang thUdng ngdu luc chdp: "Nam Canh
Hflng At Ty (1785) B l y gid viec c h i u
Trang 8eihi Ram va c i a Tay c i a earn thanh 41
trong trieu dfldng bo be tfl lau, nen dien cu
6 N i n g Sdn bd l i m diin Kinh Thien, thd
Hi^u thien Thfldng dd (gidi), Hau thd Dia
k^ (dtft), v i phu phdi d i e Thai td Hoang de
[Le Thai Td - DTTL] Nhflng ngay mdng
mpt va r i m , vua ra coi c h i u d dien Cdn
Chinh Viin Ddi Ldu b hai ben dien l y ndi
nhau sup dd, co mpe len them va ngap ddn
d i u gdi, phan ngfla v l y r a bfla bai Ddn b l y
gid, sai vien Dd linh dd'c xua't bon ve sy s i a
dpn them son, chfla viin Ddi Ldu Ddn
ngay, Hoang thfldng [Le Hien Tdng] ngfl
len ngai, hai ban van v5 dan theo t h i tfl
Ong Phan Huy ich quy b hflu ngfl didn,
tuy§n dpc td bieu, tieng vang ra tan c i a
Doan Mdn L i t h i n h , ban yen b viin Ddi
Ldu Nhiing dng gia h i ca b Kinh dd ddu
ndi: " T i nien hieu Chfnh H o i [1680-1705]
den nay, trai 80 nam khdng dUdc trong
t h i y cai l i niy" (53)
Ndi tdm lai, chung tdi cho r i n g vipn Dai
Lau trUdc ddi Le Thanh Tdng khd cd the
n i m ngoai c i a Quang Phuc c i a Hoing
thanh, ma nhidu kha nang nd dUdc dflng
bin ngodi cita Tdy cua Cdm thdnh Thdng
Long td ddi Thudn Thiin (1428-1433), ke
thda chdc ndng cua cda Dgi Triiu thdi Ly
-Trdn V i n de dat r a l i , vi sao trong thdi
gian tri vi c i a Le Thanh Tdng (1460-1497),
vien Dai Lau lai dfldc chuyen t i c i a Tay
ca'm thanh sang/ra c i a Nam Hoing thanh
(cia Dai Hflng), v i vi sao t i mpt c i a Dai
Trieu quan trong ddn nhfl v i y lai trd thanh
mpt Tay Mdn kha heo lanh nhfl tren Ban
dd Hdng Die?
3 Thanh Thang Long thdi Le Thanh
Tong v a moi tufdng q u a n givifa hai ciia
Tay v i N a m Cain t h a n h t h e ky XI-XVI
Su thay ddi ciia thdnh Thdng Long
dudi trieu Le Thdnh Tong
Budc sang the ky XV, xa hpi Dai Viet
chuydn qua mpt bUde ngoat lich s i can ban
Trieu Le Sd, ma dac biet la Le Thanh Tdng,
c h i trUdng xay dflng d i t nfldc theo md hinh quan chu tap quyen Nho giao Anh hudng c i a van hoa Ddng A Trung Hoa ngay cang tha'm dam; p h a n t i n g va phan biet dang d p da trd nen s i u sic; hp thd'ng phap luat t h a n h van dUde kipn toan Cd the ndi, thd che chfnh tri, xa hpi Dai Vipt the
ky XV da budc vao "giai doan md hinh"
thiic thu c i a che dp phong kii'n nhd nUdc
quan lieu Viet Nam, vdi mpt trieu dinh t i p
quydn dfldc d i y len den dinh cao chuyen che dfldi thdi Le Thanh Tdng, g i n chat vdi
y chi va quydn liic tdi thUdng ca nhan nha vua (54) Trong bdi canh dd, quan niem ve mdt kinh dd phong kien, vdi p h i c hdp Tam
t r i n g t h i n h quach dUdc phan c i p c i n mat,
da hinh thanh va tiing bfldc di vao thflc tiin Lien quan mat thidt den ft n h i t hai trong so'
ba Idp tudng thanh Thang Long the ky XV-XVI la cac boat dpng tridu nghi theo dien che Trung Hoa do nha Le Sd dat ra, g i n Hen vdi hd thd'ng Kinh Thien - Dan Tri - Doan Mdn Tuy nhien, thiic te t i chinh s i cho thiy, cai ten Dan Tri chua xui't hipn cho den nam 1437 (55), Doan Mdn khdng dUdc gpi chinh xac nhU the trfldc nam 1472, va dac biet r i t cd the vao d i u thdi Le Sd, dipn Kinh Thien chfla mang c h i c nang quan trpng nhfl
d giai doan vd sau (56)
Cho d i cac vi vua d i u tridu Le Sd, nhfl
Le Thai Tdng (nam 1437), Nhan Tdng (nam 1448), deu co y thidt lap nghi t h i c trieu dinh theo quy che Trung Hoa ( n h i Minh), nhUng phai den ddi Quang Thu^n - Hdng Die, nhflng nghi l i dd mdi dfldc ban h i n h
va thflc hipn mpt each quy cu, ddng bp Le Thanh Tdng khdng chi l i vi Hoang dd c h i trfldng nhiet t h i n h mot "che dp toan trj cflc
quydn" (totalitarism), mk cdn la mpt tin dd
dien hinh cua chu nghia quy pham Ong da cho ban h a n h kha nhieu cae Ipnh chi, s i c
Trang 942 Rghi&n c i u Lich s i sg 7.2010
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Str <f(j itftu Trung tdm Cdm thdnh vd mdt phdn Ddng Nam Hodng thdnh thdi Li Thdnh Tdng
d\f ti mi, quy dinh le nghia trong mpi mat
ddi sd'ng e i a quan lieu cung nhfl q u i n
c h i n g n h a n dan Theo dd, Nho giao trieu
Le Sd ciing cd sfl nga m i u theo thdi gian, tfl
"Nho giao cdn dam ydu to' nhdn" thdi
Nguyin Trai, thi ddn Le Thanh Tdng, nd
da chuyen sang mang dam yeu to' li (57)
Coi trpng l i nghia, dac bipt la nghi t h i c
cung finh, Le Thanh Tdng, trong sud't thdi
gian tri vi e i a minh, da thflc hipn mpt cupc
cai each cae boat dpng tridu nghi tai Ddng
Kinh Cudc cai each dd g i n chat va lam
bien ddi kidn true Thang Long n i a sau the
ky XV (vi kidn t r i e n i y cdn duy tri cho ddn
cudi the ky XVI, khi hai hp Mac, Trinh t i n
pha kinh thanh) (58) Cu the, dd la sfl hinh
thanh hp thdng Kinh Thien Dan Tri -Doan Mdn, ma rpng r a gdm ca Chu Tfldc (Canh Mdn?) - Ddng-Tay Trang An - Dai Hflng Mdn (Nam Huan?) vdi sfl phan bipt/phan d p rd rpt cac khdng gian C i m
t h i n h - Hoang t h a n h - La thanh (Hinh 2) Sfl chia c i t ndi ngoai nghiem mM gifla cac vdng t h i n h , ma cd't loi la dien Kinh Thien va hai Idp c i a Nam CS^m thanh (Doan Mdn va Chu Tfldc), dudi thdi Le Thanh Tdng cdn la h$ qua c i a c h i nghia
"Tdn q u i n " mang nang tfnh d i n g ctfp va ly tri, hay mpt c h i nghia dan ban d i n h a t bdt
p h i n ldn tfnh than dan hoa ddng, dflpc dd cao trong g i n 4 thap ky dng vua nay tai vi (59) Cung chfnh vi thd ma tuy nam 1434,
Trang 10e i a Ram va c i a Tay c i a Cam thanh., 43
ten gpi "Hoang thanh" da xua't hien trong
chfnh s i (60) nhflng phai ddn thap nien
1460, ten gpi "Cung thanh" mdi cd (1467)
va khai nidm "Hoang thanh" mdi g i n chat
vdi van ban phap luat nha Le, ciing nhflng
Ignh ca'm cu the, d n mat trong npi bd ca
hai vdng thanh nay, cung nhfl trong pham
vi t o i n kinh dd (61) Hay ndi each khac,
phai ddn trieu Le Sd, dac bipt la ddi Le
Thanh Tdng, mpt "Hoang thanh" (Royal
citadel) theo nguyen nghia du nhap t i
Dong Ble A mdi dfldc hinh t h i n h tai qudc
dd Dai Viet C i n g vdi dd, cac hoat dpng quy
hoach t h i n h Thang Long c i a Le T h i n h
Tdng ddu tuan theo mdt nguyen t i c chung
la khdng chi phan d p gifla triiu dinh quan
liiu vdi qudn chung binh ddn, mk cdn phan
bipt nghiem d n gifla hodng de (vi ciing
l l m la hodng gia) vdi quan Igi (mk tham
chf ca vdi quy tpc) Theo dd, Le Thanh
Tdng, nam 1467, da ddi hai cd quan tiep
dan la Bd Hinh va Dai Ly Tfl r a khoi
Hoang thanh; c i n g vdi dd (cic nam
1460-1469) vua cho xay dflng lai Doan Mdn, de
ddn nam 1472, ten gpi "Doan Mdn" l i n d i u
tien x u i t hien trong chinh s i (62); rdi dflng
hai day nha ngoai e i a Dai Hflng (sau nam
1472) (63) de thay the cho "Cflu Dai Lau
vien" b e i a Tay t h i n h Cim; va ddn nhflng
nam 1479-1480, b ben ngoii ta, hflu Doan
Mdn npi thupc Nam C i m t h a n h da cd cac
cdng trinh ho trd cho viec tidn trieu cua
vfldng than, dai quan (64) Canh giic sau
sfl bien Nghi Dan, Le Thanh Tdng, ngay
sau khi len ngdi, da ban bd' cac quy dinh
k b i t khe (1460) de bao ve khdng gian C i m
(65), phan biet "bly tdi trong cung" v l "bly
toi d ngoai [cung]" (1477), tham chf cdn d m
quan lai khdng dfldc tii y bdn mang den ben
ngoai Doan Mdn (1487), va dac biet, nam
1490, vua cho md rpng ca Hoang thanh va
C i m t h i n h , nhUng khdng ddng nghia vdi
viec ndi long an ninh, ma tham chf cdn t h i t
chat bao ve, canh phdng d n m i t hdn b i n g quan dpi (66) va cac chd dinh phap luat Chinh trong bdi canh nay, c i a Tay cua ca'm thanh Thang Long tflng bfldc ml^t di
vi thd quan trpng c i a nd Tay Mdn v i "Dai
L i u vipn ddi Thuan Thien" chi dflpc s i dung eiing l l m la cho ddn nam 1472, khi
e i a n i y hi chay, khi vua Le Thanh Tdng
cho xay "Tan Dai Lau vipn" b ngoai Dai
Hflng Mdn va b i t d i u quy dinh tfldng sy vao c h i u theo dfldng c i a Nam Ca'm t h i n h
Dd la chfla b i n den chuyen r i t cd the t i sau nam 1467 trd di, khdng eon nhieu cd quan Nha nfldc (dan sii) dfldc dat trong npi
bp Hoang t h a n h (67) Sau nam 1481, khi Giang Vo - Khan Sdn dfldc sap nhap vao Giang Vo - Ngpc Khanh, thi cac tudng linh quan dpi b i n phai vao c h i u theo t h i tfl tfl
c i a Dai Hflng De den nam 1485, Le Thanh Tdng chinh t h i c dfla r a quy che tien trieu
c i a quan lai theo trinh tU: Dai HUng Ddng Tnidng An Chu Tude Doan Mdn -Dan Tri (68) Rdi khi Le Thanh Tdng md rpng Phung t h i n h nam 1490, Tay Mdn chi cdn la mpt c i a nhd trong npi bp C i m
t h i n h v a cudi c i n g , nam 1497, tridu Le
cho xay (chinh xac la s i a ) Dai L i u vien b
ngoai c i a Dai HUng, tuy vao thdi diem sau khi Le Thanh Tdng bang h i , nhUng ro rang ciing chi la tidp tue thflc hipn nhflng hoach dinh ma b e i n g de da vach r a va tien hanh
t i 30 nam trUdc dd
C i n g vdi sU "thi't thg" c i a TSy Mdn l i sfl cung cd'vi tri quan trpng c i a cac Idp c i a Nam ca'm thanh va he thd'ng Doan Mdn -Dan Tri - Kinh Thien Nhin tren cac Ban
dd Thang Long t i sau nam 1490, d i "bic tudng md rpng PhUdng t h i n h " dUdc k h I e hpa la dang xay dd hay da hoan thanh, md edng hay kin mft, thi ro rang c i a Chu Tudc vSn la c i a chinh de v i o C i m thanh, va c i a duy nha't de vao trung tam (phfa ddng) c i a