Bài viết tìm hiểu tình hình ruộng đất phương Nà Lữ nửa đầu thế kỷ XIX, cung cấp cái nhìn khoa học hơn về tình hình kinh tế, xã hội cũng như những chính sách của các vua triều Nguyễn đối với vùng trung tâm tỉnh Cao Bằng nói chung và khu vực Nà Lữ nói riêng.
Trang 1TiXH niNH UUOIVG DAT 6 NA L C (HOA AN - CAO BANG)
Nl/A DAIJ THK KY XIX QUA Tl/ LIKIJ DIA BA
NGUYfeN THI H A I '
Ni LQ n i m trong vung sinh thai
trdng Ida nUdc cua cac dan tdc
ngdn ngQ Tay - Thai nen con ngUdi den tu
cU d day tQ sdm Trong lich sd, Na LQ l i
trung tam kinh td, chinh tri, v i n hda, quan
sU cua Cao B i n g - mdt tinh bien gidi thudc
"ndi phen d i u thQ tU vd phUdng Bic" nUdc
ta (1) Ngay tQ the ky IX, Cao Bien da cho
xay diing t h i n h Na LQ, dUa ndi day trd
thanh c i n cQ quan sQ quan trpng cda nha
Dudng de chd'ng lai quan Nam Chidu Td
dd cho den cudi the ky XVII, Na LQ ludn
ddng vai trd l i trung tam kinh td, chinh tri,
vin hda cua Cao Bing Die bipt, vao cudi
the ky XVI dau the ky XVII, Na LQ da trd
thanh kinh dd cua n h i Mac v i b i t dau dUdc
ddi thanh phudng (2) PhUdng Na LQ dUdc
duy tri tQ dd cho den nda cud! the ky XIX thi
chuyen thanh xa Tim hieu tinh hinh rudng
da't phudng Na LQ nda d i u the ky XIX se
giup chung ta cd cai nhin khoa hpc hdn ve
tinh hinh kinh te', xa hdi cung nhU nhQng
chinh sach cua cac vua dau trieu Nguyen
ddi vdi vung trung tam tinh Cao Bing ndi
chung v i khu vUc Na LQ ndi rieng
1 Tinh h i n h c h u n g
Khac vdi tai lieu dia ba cua Binh Dinh,
Ha Ddng, Ha Ndi, dia ba cua phudng Na LQ
chi neu ra tdng rudng da't cdng tU dien thd
cac hang ma khdng de cap den di't vien tri
hay than td, phat tU Thiic td, da't than td phat tu (tQc l i rudng di't cdng d i n h cho vipc thd cung den vua Le) da tdn tai d phUdng Na LQ mudn nha't l i n i m 1813 Bia Den Vua Le lap n i m Gia Long 12 (1813) da ghi rd vd chdng Hoang Trung C i n cung 5
d i t bac, 10 m i u rudng vio den Sau khi dng ba mi't, dUdc tdn l i m h i u mai maj, dUdc cung vio n g i y sinh, ngay gid (3) NhUng sd rudng n i y cung khdng dUde phan anh trong dia ba Minh Mpnh n i m 1840 Dieu dd chQng td r i n g , dia ba N i LQ dQdc
l i p chi ke khai rudng da't phai nop thud cho
n h i nQdc Sd' rudng cda den dUdc chia cho mdt sd hd ciy d y , h i n g n i m phai nop san pham de td chQc cung le d den nen khdng phai nop thud
Thdi Gia Long, tdng dien tich dien thd cac hang l i 382 m i u 13 thUdc 5 ti'c, trong dd tU dien l i 344 m i u 7 sio 3 ti'c (90,3%), thd trach (quan thd) l i 37 m l u 3 sio 13 thUdc 2 ti'c (9,7%), khdng cd quan didn N i m 1840, Minh Mpnh cho lap lai sd rudng di't d cac tinh mien nui phia Bic do nhieu n i m chidn tranh loan lac, nhan dan phieu tan, rudng di't bd hoang nhieu Theo dd, tdng sd cdng tU dien thd l i
385 miu 13 thUdc 5 ti'c, t i n g so vdi dia ba Gia Long 4 (1805) l i 3 miu, hoin toan do khai hoang, thudc loai tU dien Die bipt, luc
n i y phudng Na LQ da xui't hipn cdng dien
' Th.S Dai hgc Su pham Thai Nguyen
Trang 2Tinh hinh ru6ng dat d Ra LOr 31
nhung khdng dang ke, chi chiem 0,4% tdng
dipn tich rudng di't
So sanh vdi qua trinh tU hQu hda d cac
x i khac trong tdng H i Dim, chau Thach
Lam cd cung dia ba Gia Long 4 (1805) va
Minh Menh 21 (1840), ta thi'y: Sd hQu tQ d
tdng H i D i m chiem ty Ip ri't cao (95,23%
v i 91,8%), trong dd cd nhidu xa, phudng da
tu hQu g i n nhu h o i n t o i n , tieu bieu l i Gia
Bing, Kim Giap, Phuc Cd, N i LQ Ty Ip n i y
cao hdn nhidu so vdi trung binh cua d nUdc
luc bi'y gid Theo Si hoq,n tu tri luc cua
Nguyin Cdng Tiep thi luc dd, da't tU hQu
chiem tren 80% dien tich canh t i c ca nUdc
Nhu viy, CO sd kinh te cua cU dan N i LQ
khdng phai l i rudng di't cdng m i chinh l i
rudng di't thudc quydn sd hQu cua gia dinh
Tu hQu p h i t trien manh thudng cho ph^p
chung ta lien tudng ddn sU hung thinh cda
kinh te h i n g hda Didu dd dung vdi cac
l i n g xa d ddng b i n g , cdn d mien nui thi
khdng ddn gian nhU the Rudng di't tU
nhidu cd the do mua ban, cd the do cic gia
dinh tu khai pha cac thung lung, bai bdi,
canh t i c lau d i n bidn t h i n h sd hQu tU
nhan, nhi't l i d nhQng vung xa trung tam, dieu kipn di lai khd k h i n N i LQ l i mdt
c i n h ddng cd, hinh thanh tQ sdm, lai la ndi
cd dieu kien thuan ldi cho canh tac, n i m d khu vUc trung tam kinh te - chinh tri lau ddi cua vung nen qua trinh tu hQu hda dien
ra nhanh, manh cung phan n i o phan anh
sQ phat trien cua kinh te tQ hQu ci the (xin xem Bang 1)
Rudng di't N i LQ hoin t o i n l i rudng hang 2 (43%) v i hang 3 (57%) Xdt ve mit dia hinh, phudng N i LQ cd ddi nui xen lln vdi ddng rudng, cd dien tich canh t i c Idn, chiem 39,04% dipn tich tdng H i Dam Theo
Ddng Khdnh dU dia chi, rudng di't huyen
Thach Lam theo sd gd'c l i 7659 m i u 7 sio 7 thudc 6 ti'c (4) Trong khoang thdi gian tQ Gia Long cho den Ddng Khanh, sd lUdng rudng di't ting, giam khdng dang ke, do dd chung tdi tam thdi coi dd l i sd lipu rudng
di't chung cua d huypn Thach Lam thdi
Nguyen Neu nhU viy, sd dien cua phUdng
Na LQ chiem tdi 40,99% rugng di't cac hang ciia huypn Khdng chi cd sdng Bing, Na LQ cdn cd nhieu md nUdc ngim, dam bao nguon
T § n x a ,
p h u d n g
N4 LQ (5)
l U D i r a (6)
Kim Giap (7)
Xu4n An (8)
Vu Tuygn (9)
Gia Bfing (10)
P h v i c C d d l )
Gil Sdn (12)
Tdng
B a n g 1: I ) d n g t\i d i e n t h d c u a c a c x a
G i a Lon
T U d i l n
So lUiJng (miu.s&o
thudc ta'c)
344.7.0.3 115.4.7.6
40.6.14.3 173.8.1.1
166.3.13.1 28,6.12.4
8.5.0.0
868S.S.8
T y l « (%)
100
85,16
100
97,57
94,87
100
100
95,23
; 4 ( 1 8 0 5 )
Q u a n d
So lUdng (mSu s i o thudc t4'c)
0
20.1.1.8
0
4.3.5.5
9.0.0.0
0
0
29.1.1.8
e n
T y l $ (%)
0
14,84
0
2,43
5,13
0
0
4,77
, p h i f o ( n g t h u o c l o n g
M i n h M ^ n
T u d i e n
So'lUqlng ( m i u s i o thudc ti'c)
347.1.13.3
117.4.7.6
40.6.14.3
175.8.1.1
28.6.12.4
115.6.0.1
825.4.3.8
T y l ? (%)
99,6
88,2
100
97,5
100
68,7
91,8
Ha Dam
h 2 1 (1840)
Q u a n d
So lU(?ng (mfiu s i c thudc ti'c)
0.5.2.0
15.7.1.8
0
4.3.5.5
0
52.6.3.2
69.1.12.5
e n
T y l $ (%)
0,4 11,8
0
2,5
0
31.3
8,2
Ngudn: Dia bg Gia Long 4 (1805) Minh MM 21 (1840)
Trang 322 Rghi&i cdu Lich sd sg 6.2009
nUdc tudi cho mua vu nen rudng di't dUdc t i n
dung triet de It cd rudng di't hoang hda Day
l i dieu kien het sQc thuan ldi de phat trien
kinh te ndng nghipp d Na LQ
2 Tinh h i n h p h a n bo' sd h d u tuT n h a n
Tong hdp dipn tich tU dien cua dia ba
N i LQ d d hai thdi diem Gia Long 4 (1805)
va Minh Mpnh 21 (1840) theo each cdng
dipn tich sd hQu cua tdng chd ta thi'y cd sU
chenh lech so vdi sd lieu tdng q u i t ke khai
trong dia ba Thdi Gia Long theo thd'ng ke
trong dia ba la 344 m i u 7 sio 3 ti'c nhUng
khi cdng lai chi cd 341 m i u 7 sao 3 ti'c Thdi
Minh Menh, dien tich thd'ng ke trong dia ba
nhieu hdn 9 sio Su chenh lech khdng dang
ke dd cd the do n h i m l l n khi l i p hoic sao
chdp dia ba Vi the, chiing tdi giQ nguyen sU
khac biet dd n h i m tdn trpng tii lieu gdc,
nhUng khi phan tich vd sd hQu tU nhan,
chung tdi cin cQ vao sd lieu lipt ke theo tiing
chu sd hQu (xem Bang 2)
Sd chd cd mdc sd hQu dUdi 5 m i u thdi
Gia Long la 79, chiem 84,04% tdng sd chu
v i sd hQu 59,06% dipn tich rudng da't; thdi
Minh Menh giam xud'ng cdn 56 chu, chidm
72,73% tdng sd chd v i 38,83% di$n tich rudng di't Cd the coi day la bd p h i n ndng dan tu canh cua phudng N i LQ
Sd ehu cd sd hQu td 5 m i u trd l#n vio
n i m 1805 cd 15 chd, chiem 15,96% tdng sd chd v i 40,94% dien tich rudng d i t Den
n i m 1840, sd chd dd t i n g len 21 ngUdi, chiem 27,27% tdng sd chd va 61,18% di^n tich canh tac Ndu nhU n i m 1805, phudng
N i LQ chUa cd ehu sd h d u dat 20 mSu thi den n i m 1840 da cd 2 chd dat tren 20 m i u
l i Bui Duy Doanh (28.5.0.0) v i D i m Vin Khoa (21.5.13.0) NhU viy, mdc dp t i p trung rudng di't cua N i LQ ngay cang ting
Vd cd ban, xu hudng n i y phu hdp vdi quy
l u i t phat trien cda lich sd
Neu li'y mdc sd hQu 5 m i u l i m gidi han xic dinh chd rudng kha gia v i so s i n h vdi cac dia phUdng khic, ke ca mdt sd huypn mien nui nhu huypn Quang Hda (Cao Bing) (13), Ngan Sdn (Bic Kan) (14) hay mpt sd tinh ddng bing nhU Thai Binh (15), H i Ddng (16) vio thdi diem Gia Long 4 thi ty 1$ sdchd kha gia cda N i LQ l i t h I p nhit
Nhu viy, m i c du qua trinh tU hQu hda
Bang 2: Quy mo sd hvtu rudng ti^ pbticfng N& LQ
Quy mo sd
hChi
DiJ6il mau
1 - 3 mSu
3 - 5 mau
5 - 10 mau
1 0 - 2 0 m l u
2 0 - 5 0 m l u
Tong cpng
Gia Long 4 (1806)
So chu
So luclng
4
43
32
8
7
94
Tyl?
(%) 4,26 45,74 34,04 8,51 7,45
100
Di6n tich sd hihi
Dif n tich 2.7.0.0 79.1.0.0 120.0.0.0 47.5.10.0 93.3.5.3
341.7.0.3
Ty If (%) 0,79 23,15 35,12 13,92 27,02
100
Minh Mf nh 21 (1840)
So chu
SolU(3ng
1
38
17
16
3
2
77
Ty If (%)
1,30 49,35 22,08 20,78 3,90
2,60
100
DiSn tich sd huTu Dif n tich
0.9.0.0 68.1.5.3 65.4.0.0 117.6.10.0 44.1.0.0
50.0.13.0
346.2.13.3
Ty If
(%)
0,26 19,68 18.89 33,98 12,74 14,46
100
/Ngudn: Dia bg phudng Nd LO, Gia Long 4 vd Minh Mtnh 21/
Trang 4Tinh htnh ruOng dat d Ra Liir
Bieu do 1: Quy mo sd hijfu tvt nh&n phudng Na Luf
S3
5 0 0 0 %
45.00% Jr^T
4 0 0 0 %
3 5 0 0 %
3 0 0 0 %
2 5 0 0 %
2 0 0 0 %
15,00%
10.00%
5.00%
0 0 0 % J
' • - ' • / ' '' - • ' • • ' " : •' • ,
• - : • • , , , , : • • • - - :
Dutrl A m&u 1 - 3 m i u 3 - 5 m5u 5 - 1 0 mSu 1 0 - 2 0 m 5 u 20 - 50 mSu
B S O CHO "mOfJ GIA LONG
• S O C H O • m O l MINH M ^ N H
I DT SO HLCU TTH&I GIA LONG
I DT s O H O U TTHCI M I N H M $ N H
B i i u do 2: Ty 16 chu kh& gia \k sd hOu ruong dat cua ho d mot so dia phiYcTng theo thong k6
dia ba Gia Long
Nd LO Q u d n g H6a HA OOng Thdi Blnh Ngan Sorn
r S6 chu • Di$n tich
rupng di't d N i LQ dien ra nhanh v i b i t
d i u cd hi^n tUdng t$p trung rudng di't vio
tay mpt so ngudi, tao thanh nhQng chu sd
hQu Idn nhung chUa manh, chd ydu v i n l i
sd hQu nhd, manh miin
Ndu 80 sanh binh quan dipn tich cua
mdi chd sd hQu cua N i LQ vdi mdt sd' dia
phUdng khac trong tinh, ta cd bang sau
(Bang 3)
Nhin vio bang 3 ta thi'y, N i LQ l i ndi cd
binh q u i n sd hQu mpt chd thi'p nhi't trong
sdxa dupe chpn d Cao Bing Die diem d cac
tinh midn nui l i dan cU thUa thdt, di't dai
rOng, nhi't l i trong cac thung lung ving
Mdt chu sd hQu khdi lUdng rudng dat Idn cd the do hg den sdm, khai pha dUdc nhieu rudng di't, hoic do chii dd cd quyen liic Idn, lau ddi tai dia phUdng, cd tidn mua rugng di't xung quanh, cd nhieu nhan liic de khai hoang Vi the, trong cic xa mien nui heo lanh thudng xui't hipn chu sd hQu Idn,
t h i m chi tdi hdn 50 m i u rudng nhu d huypn Quang Hda (Cao Bing), binh quan
sd hQu mdt chu cd x i ri't cao, len tdi hdn 14
m i u nhQ x i Mdc Hoc Trong khi dd, chii Idn nhi't cda N i LQ n i m 1805 l i Dim Dinh DUdng sd hQu 18m.8s v i chi cd 2 chu sd hQu tren 15 mlu, binh quin sd hQu ciia mdt chd chi l i 3m.6s.dth.3t Con sd trgn
Trang 534 Rghien ciiru Lich sd, s6 6.2009
Bang 3: Binh quan sd hvlu mot chu cua mot so xa, phiidng Cao B&ng
nda dau the ky XIX (17)
X a p h u d n g
N a L a
Cach Linh
Ngil3ng Dong
Ngoc Q u a n
G i a L o n g 4 (1805)
Dif n tich thuc
t i n h sd hiJu 341.7.0.3.0 336.4.8.1.0 343.9.14.5.0 302.5.11.8.0
So chu
94
49
62
45
Binh q u a n 3.6.5.3.0 6.8.9.9.6 5.5.7.2.5 6.7.3.5.9
M i n h M e n h 21 (1840)
Dien tich thUc
t i n h sd hiiu 346.2.13.3.0 336.9.8.1.0 379.2.4.7.7 318.0.14.9.0
So chii
77
52
107
57
Binh q u a n 4.4.14.5.8 6.4.11.9.8 5.5.12.1.0 5.5.12.1.0 thi'p hdn so vdi tinh hinh chung cua cac xa
mien niii d nUdc ta ndi rieng v i Cao Bing
ndi chung Sang den thdi Minh Menh, du
mdc dp t i p trung rudng di't cda Na LQ cd
t i n g nhUng cung khdng cd nhieu thay ddi
Neu chu cd mQc sd hQu cao nhi't d N i LQ
mdi dat hdn 28 mau thi cac xa d Quang
Hda da cd chu dat tren 70 m i u (18) Cd
hipn tUdng tren bdi le N i LQ n i m trong
vung trung tam tinh Cao Bing, sd' lUdng
ngUdi sinh sdng ddng, lai l i ndi thudng
xuyen cd bidn ddng ve dan cU, chinh tri, di't
dai dUdc khai pha sdm, do dd, khdng the
tao ra mdt chu sd hQu Idn nhd khai hoang
hoic cd the lUc Idn lau ddi Vi viy, mQc do
sd hQu cua cac chu khdng Idn, mang tinh
dan trai, manh mun la die trUng cua rudng
dat Na LQ nda d i u thd ky XIX
3 Sd h d u r u o n g c u a c h u n d , p h u c a n h
Vao dau thd ky XIX, viec phu nQ ddng
ten chu sd hQu rudng da't l i hien tUdng k h i
phd bidn, la ndt doc dao cua x i hdi Vipt
Nam thdi trung dai (19) PhUdng N i LQ
cung khdng n i m ngoii tinh trang chung i'y
(Bang 4)
TQ so' lieu thd'ng ke d bang 4 cd the tha'y,
sU bidn ddng manh me cua sd hQu nQ trong
khoang thdi gian 1805 - 1840 Dau the ky
XIX, trong tdng so' 94 chu sd hQu cd tdi 34
chu la nQ, chidm 36,17% s d c h d v i 29,05%
dien tich rudng da't tU Trung binh mdi chu
nQ sd hQu 2 m i u 9 s i o 3 thude, thi'p hdn mdc binh quan sd hQu cda t o i n phudng Trong khi dd, "d vung Bic Bd, ty Ip rudng di't cua chu nQ thudng thi'p hdn ty Ip sd chu nhUng d hai ty le n i y h l u nhU khdng vUdt qua 1/4" (20) NhU viy, ty Ip phan bd chu sd hQu nQ d Na LQ cao hdn cac vung khic, nhi't l i so vdi cae xa khac thudc Cao Bing Theo nghien cdu dia ba huypn Quang Hda (Cao Bing) cua PGS.TS D i m Thi Uyen thi sd chu nQ d day chi chiem 10,83% (21) Dieu dd cho thi'y d Na LQ, ngUdi phu nQ ddng vai trd khdng nhd trong kinh td gia dinh Sd rudng chd nQ ddng ten cd the l i cua hdi mdn dUdc bd mp ting; cd the do mua bin, hoic khai hoang, hoic do gda chdng NhUng den n i m 1840, s d c h d nQ chi cdn mdt ngUdi l i Tdng Thi LQ, sd hQu 2 mlu 6 sio vdi tu each l i phu canh Sd chd sd hQu
nQ giam do nhieu nguyen n h i n : cd the do dan sd t i n g , die bipt l i nam, trong khi rudng di't khai p h i h l u nhU khdng ting nen vipc chia di't cho con gii trong cic gia dinh khdng dUdc duy tri nhU trUdc; hoic cd the do ngUdi phu nQ d i chuyen giao quyen
sd hQu cua minh cho chdng hoic con trai khi l i p lai dia ba
-I- Phu canh l i hipn tUdng phd bidn ciia ndng thdn Vipt Nam thd ky XIX Cd nhieu trUdng hdp, ngUdi d x i thdn n i y nhiing lai cd rudng d mdt hoic vii xa thdn lan cin cung
Trang 6Tinh hinh ruOng dat d Ra Liir 25
Bang 4: Phan bo chu sd hufu tU dien p h u d n g Na Luf
Tong so c h u
Chu scl hiiu nQ
P h v c a n h
G i a L o n g 4 (1806)
So c h u
94
34
49
Di?n tich scl hQu (m&u.s^o
thudc.ta'c)
665.7.0.3
99.2.10.0
179.4.3.5
Di^n tich binh
q u a n (mHu.B^o
thudcta'c)
3.6.5.3
2.9.3.0
3.6.9.3
M i n h M $ n h 21 (1840)
So chu
77
1
16
Di?n tich scl hQu ( m l u e a o thuflcta'c)
346.2.13.3
2.6.0.0
79.3.0.0
Di^n tich binh quan (mlu.s&o thu6c.t4'c)
4.4.14.6
2.6.0.0
4.9.8.5
(Nguon: Dia bg phu&ng Nd La,
tdng, huypn hoic thudc tdng, huyen khic Sd
chu phu canh cua N i LQ thdi Gia Long la 49,
chiem 52,13% tdng sdchd v i 52,51% dien tich
canh tic Die biet, trong sd 7 chd sd hQu tren
10 m l u chi cd 1 chd l i chinh canh NhU viy,
d i u the ky XIX, rudng di't dUde mua ban,
trao ddi khdng ehl trong pham vi phUdng N i
LQ, m i cdn md rdng ra pham vi tdng, tri'n
N i m 1840, sd chd phu canh cQng giam
dang ke, ehl cdn 16 ngUdi (20,78%), sd hQu
22,9% rudng di't Cic chd sd hQu Idn tren 20
mlu deu l i chinh canh Dieu dd cho thi'y,
thdi Minh Mpnh, rudng di't d N i LQ tUdng
ddi dn dinh, it cd sU trao ddi, mua ban hay
ngUdi tQ ndi k h i c den xin khai hoang ciy cay
4 Sd h d u r u o n g cua c h d c s a c
Dia ba l i ngudn t i i lipu quy, khdng chi
cho chung ta thi'y bQc tranh chung vd tinh
hinh rudng di't m i cdn cung ci'p nhQng
thdng tin quan trpng vd td chQc bd miy
l i n g x i cung nhU vai trd kinh te' cua cac
chQc sic ChQc sic bao gdm chQc dich va
sic myc Chdc dich l i bd p h i n chdc sic
quan ly l i n g x i n i m trong hp thd'ng td chQc
h i n h chinh, dUdc n h i nUdc cdng n h i n Sic
muc l i bd p h i n tii quan cua ling x i bao
gdm nhQng ngUdi dUdc d i n ling cd ra, dai
dipn cho cdng ddng (22)
Theo thd tuc h i n h chinh, cudi dia ba
bao gid cung cd p h l n ghi ten v i diem chi
cda nhQng chQc s i c chiu t r i c h nhipm l i p
dia ba Vi viy, chung ta biet dUde chinh xic
Gia Long 4 vd Minh Menh 21]
ten va chQc vu cua mdt sd chdc sic phUdng
N i LQ Vao thdi Gia Long, ddng dau phudng l i phudng trUdng (trong khi dQng
d i u cac xa la xa trUdng), nhUng den n i m
1840, dQng d i u N i LQ lai la ly trQdng TQ
t h i n g 7 n i m 1828, Minh Menh quy dinh viec d i t ly trQdng d Bic t h i n h "cho cac xa thdn cac phUdng deu d i t 1 ly trUdng, dinh
sd 50 ngUdi trd len thi d i t them 1 Phd ly trudng, dinh so' 150 ngUdi trd len thi d i t them 2 Phd ly trUdng Deu li'y ngUdi v i t liic
d n can cho lim, do Cai tdng cung dan ling ddng tQ b l u cd, phu huyen xdt ky lai, b i m len tri'n de d p v i n b i n g v i mpc trien cho Pham cdng vipc trong lang deu chju trach nhipm Lim viec dUdc 3 nim, xdt ra gidi giang thi tau xin khen thudng, Ly trUdng se
bd lim Phd tdng ngoai uy hay Cai tdng thi sai, Phd ly trUdng se bd Ly trudng NgUdi hen kdm tham d thi cich di, ngUdi blu cd cung phai tdi thi't sat" (23) NhU viy, thdi Minh Menh, chQc danh cua cac chQc dich trong ling xa da dUdc thdng nhi't d cac ddn vi
h i n h chi'nh ci'p cd sd, du dd la xa hay phUdng Dieu dd chQng td, Minh Menh da thuc hien chi'nh sach quan ly ling x i mang tinh thdng nhi't v i chit che tren pham vi d nUdc Phan cudi dia ba phUdng N i LQ lip n i m Gia Long thQ 4, ngoai phUdng trUdng Nguyen Trpng Td v i sic muc l i Dam Dinh Van, cdn cd ba ngUdi khac cung ky ten diem chi m i khdng ghi rd chdc danh Hp cd the
l i chdc sic, cd the chi l i nhQng ngUdi cd uy
Trang 736 Rghito curu Ljch sd stf 6.2009
B a n g 5: Sd h d u r u o n g d a t cda c h d c s^c phUdng Na Luf n&m 1805
Ten
s i c muc Dim Dinh Van
Phudng trudng Nguyen Trpng Td
Pham Ding Quan
Tdng
Di§n tich sd hihi 3.0.0.0
13.4.0.0 1.1.0.0
24.1.0.0
Ty le (%) 12.45 55.60 4.56
100
[Ngudn: Dia bg phudng Nd LU, Gia Long 4]
B a n g 6: Sd hiifu r u 9 n g d a t cda chiic sdc phiidng N i Lvl n a m 1840
Ten
Lf trudng Hoing Kim Cue
Hudng muc Nguyen Duy Muu
Cai tdng BQi Duy Doanh
Tdng
Di@n tich 7.1.0.0 5.2.0.0 28.5.0.0
40.8.0.0
Ty le (%) 17,40 12,75 69,85
100
[Ngudn: Dia bg phudng
tin vdi l i n g xa dUdc mdi de l i m chQng cho
vipc l i p dia ba O day, chung tdi tam coi hp
l i chQc sic cua phudng de budc d i u phan
tich vai trd kinh te cua hp trong l i n g x i
NhUng khi phan tich quydn liic kinh td
giQa chdc dich- v i s i c muc, chung tdi chi
phan tich dUa tren sd lieu cda nhQng ngUdi
ghi rd chQc danh n h i m dam bao tinh khoa
hgc v i c h i n thiic cua tU lieu
Cac chdc s i c deu cd rudng di't tU, song
mdc dp sd hQu khdng cao, chidm 5,3% sd
chu v i 7,05% dipn tich rudng tU cua
phudng Tuy nhien, t i e gia chUa cd dieu
kipn khae sat t o i n bd dia ba cua chau
Thach Lam cung nhU Cao B i n g thdi Gia
Long de thd'ng ke sd rudng eua hp d d c xa
khac vdi tu each la phu canh Do dd, ket
qua thd'ng ke, phan tich chi diia v i o p h l n
rudng di't m i hp sd hQu d phudng N i LQ
(xin xem bang 5) NgUdi ed sd hQu cao nhi't
l i Phudng trudng Nguyen Trpng Td, chidm
55,6% sd rudng thudc quyen sd hQu cda
chdc sic Vdi mdc sd hQu len ddn 13 m l u 4
sio, Nguyen Trpng Td dQng thd ba trong
nhQng ngUdi cd rudng nhieu nhi't d N i LQ,
Nd La Minh Menh 21]
song hai chd kia deu l i phu canh nen cd the coi dng l i ngUdi cd thd lUc kinh te manh nhi't phudng PhUdng trUdng l i ngUdi ddng
d i u trong h i n g ngu chQc dich, chju trach nhipm chinh ve cac nghia vu cua phQdng vdi chinh quyen ci'p tren (tdng, chau ) Trong khi dd, sd hQu cua s i c muc chi chidm 12,45% NhQ viy, d N i LQ vio nhQng nim cudi the ky XVIII d i u the ky XIX, chdc dich la nhQng ngUdi cd quyen lUc thiic sii
ve chinh tri va kinh te
Theo thdng ke trong dia ba Na LQ n i m
1840, ngoii cac chQc ly trUdng, hUdng muc ci'p xa, phudng cdn cd chdc s i c ci'p tdng l i ngUdi dia phUdng
Mdc dp sd hQu cda cac chdc dich n i m
1840 t i n g len dang ke Cai tdng Bui Duy Doanh l i ngQdi cd mdc sd hQu cao nhi't vdi
28 m l u 5 sio Day l i ngUdi vda cd thd liic
vd chinh tri, vda cd tiem lUc ve kinh td, chi phoi manh me den l i n g xa Vd bd may d p phudng, sd rudng di't cua chdc dich v i sic muc cd sii chenh l$ch nhUng khdng dang
ke So vdi thdi Gia Long n i m 1805, mdc sd
Trang 8Thih hinh ru^ng dat d Ra LOr 37
hQu cua ngudi dQng d i u bd m i y chQc dich d p phUdng v i n dUpc bao dam
ci'p phUdng giam, trong khi mdc sd hQu cua 5 s d h d u t h e o n h o m ho
ngudi dQng d i u bd may tti quan ling xa ting Qua dia ba, chung ta cd the nghien cdu Song, quyen liic cua chQc dich trong bp may sau hdn ve vi'n dd ddng hp trong l i n g xa
Bang 7: Tinh hinh sd hvtu cua cac nhom hq phiidng Na Lii
T T
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
H 9
Be
BCii
Chu
Cdng
D i m
D i n g
D a n h
D i o
Dd
DUdng
Giap
H i
H o i n g
L i n g
Le
Ly
Nguyen
NhQ
Ndng
P h ^ m
PhQng
Tdng
T r i n
Vu
Gia L o n g 4 (1805)
So' chu
0
0
1
1
4
1
5
1
4
1
1
1
4
1
6
1
6
1
1
3
1
0
1
1
Dipn tich sd hQu
0
0 1.0.0.0 6.6.0.0 15.7,0.0 3.3.0.0 20.1.0.0 4.5.0.0 14.8.10.0 2.0.0.0 5.5.0.0 4.3.0.0 8.4.0.0 3.4.0.0 21.1.0.0 2.0.0.0 34.1.0.0 3.2.0.0 4.2.0.0 8.0.0.0 3.3.0.0
0 1.0.0.0 2.4.0.0
M i n h M§nh 21 (1840)
So'chu
1
5
0
0
9
1
0
1
2
0
3
1
3
1
7
0
14
0
4
4
0
1
3
0
Dipn tich sd hQu
2.6.0.0 41.8.0.0
0
0 59.6.13.0 2.6.0.0
0 12.5.0.0 3.5.0.0
0 8.9.0.0 1.0.0.0 18.6.10.0 3.3.0.0 23.4.0.0
0 46.2.0.0
0 11.9.0.0 19.0.0.0
0 2.6.0.0 6.9.0.0
0
[Ngudn: Dia bg phudng Nd LU, Gia Long 4 vd Minh Menh 21]
Trang 938 Rghi&i curu Lich sd atf 6.2009
Bang 8: Tinh h i n h sd hQu cda cac n h o m ho Idn phiidng N i L d
TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Hp
BQi
Danh
Dd
Dam
Hoing
Le
Nguyen
Ndng
Pham
Gia Long 4 (1805) So'chu
0
5
4
4
4
6
6
1
3
Dien tich
0 20.1.0.0 14.8.10.0 15.7.0.0 8.4.0.0 21.1.0.0 34.1.0.0 4.2.0.0 8.0.0.0
Minh Menh 21 (1840)
So' chu
5
0
2
9
3
7
14
4
4
Dien tich 41.8.0.0
0 3.5.0.0 59.6.13.0 18.6.10.0 23.4.0.0 46.2.0.0 11.9.0.0 19.0.0.0
[Ngudn: Dia bg phudng Nd
Tuy nhien, chi vdi thdng tin trong dia ba
thi chUa du de k h i n g dinh nhQng ngUdi
mang hp gid'ng nhau la cung chung huyet
thd'ng Tren thtic te, cd nhieu ngUdi cung hp
nhUng khdng he biet nhau, ke d khi liet ke
den ten dem thQ hai Bdi le, ten dem cua
mdi hg du dUdc quy dinh rd r i n g nhUng
khdng h i n dUdc thiic hipn nghiem tuc, con
chau ddi sau cd the li'y ten dem khac, v i
ten dem cua ddng hg khdng sd dung cho
con gii VI du trUdng hdp hp Nguyen: qua
khao sat thiic te dia phUdng, d phudng Na
LQ hdi thd ky XIX cd 2 hp Nguyen rieng
biet l i Nguyen Khanh, Nguyin Trpng,
nhUng trong dia ba chi cd duy nhi't mdt
chu sd hQu nam hp Nguyen Trgng, cdn lai
l i Nguyen Vin, cac chu sd hQu nQ deu l i
Nguyen Thi Den dia ba Minh Mpnh 21
(1840), khdng cd hg Nguyen dem Nguyen
Trpng hay Nguyen Khanh nQa m i chi cd
Nguyen Vin, Nguyen Duy Dieu dd chQng
td ten dem cua ddng hp la khdng dn dinh,
khdng the c i n cd vio dd de xae dinh ddng
hp Tuy nhien, d day chung tdi chi xet trong
mpt phudng (xa) nen cd ban nhQng ngUdi
Ui, Gia Long 4 vd Minh Menh 21]
cung ten hp, khdng phai phu canh cd the coi l i mdt hp De dam bao tinh khach quan cua tu lipu khi phan tich ve ddng hp, chung tdi xep nhQng ngUdi chinh canh, cd cung ten hg vio mdt nhdm, gpi chuiTg l i nhdm hp Nguyen, nhdm hp Pham, nhdm hp Dim, nhdm hp Bui Qua dieu tra thiic tdtai khu vUc phudng N i LQ, chi cd nhdm hp Nguyen
v i hp D i m gdm cd hai hp, cdn lai l i mpt ddng hp Do dd, chung tdi li'y sd rudng cua nhQng ngudi chinh canh de phan tich ve sd hQu theo ddng hp
Trong vdng 35 n i m , tinh hinh sd hQu rudng di't theo cac ddng hp cua N i LQ cd nhieu bidn ddng, phan anh sii bien dpng cua xa hdi, the hien qua vipc so sanh quy
md sd hQu cua d c nhdm hp d ca hai thdi diem Cu the nhU sau:
Theo dia ba n i m 1805, N i LQ cd t i t ca
26 nhdm hp nhUng trong dd cd 20 nhdm hp tnic tiep sinh sdng d phUdng N i LQ (chinh canh) vdi 45 chu chidm 47,87% tdng sdchii
va 47,14% tdng rudng di't Sdchd cung nhU
sd lUdng rudng di't cua chu chinh canh it
Trang 10Tinh hinh ruOng dat d Ra LCr 39
hdn so vdi chd phu canh Den n i m 1840,
tuy phudng N i LQ chi cdn 17 nhdm hp
chinh canh, nhUng chiem 79,22% tdng sd
chd v i 77,1% sd rudng, cao hdn nhidu so vdi
phu canh NhU viy, chi trong vdng 35 n i m ,
dan sd eua N i LQ t i n g nhanh v i bien ddng
ve ddng hp cung tUdng ddi Idn Cd 8 ddng
hp vdn sinh sd'ng d N i LQ thdi Gia Long da
chuyen di vio thdi Minh Menh, trong dd cd
nhQng ddng hp Idn nhU hp Danh; ddng thdi
cd 3 hp chuyen den l i hp Bui, Bd, NhQ Su
bidn ddng manh me i'y the hien rd nhi't
qua cac ddng hp cd thd liic d N i LQ
Ndu nhu thdi Gia Long, nhdm hg
Nguyen, Le, Danh l i 3 nhdm n i m trong tay
nhieu rudng di't, cd the lUc vd kinh te thi 35
n i m sau, quyen liic kinh td i'y thudc ve
nhdm hp Dim, Nguyen v i Bui Dieu dang
ehu y d day l i ddng hp Danh vao n i m 1805
cd tdi 5 chd, sd hQu 20 m l u 1 sio thi den
n i m 1840 khdng cdn mdt chu sd hQu nio d
N i LQ Trong khi dd, ddng hp Bui mdi
chuyen den sau thdi diem n i m 1805 lai
nhanh chdng t i p trung rudng di't trong tay,
sd hQu tdi 41 m i u 8 sio vao n i m 1840
Cung vdi dd l i sU Idn manh nhanh chdng ve
tiem liic kinh te cua nhdm hp Dim, hp
Hoing v i hp Pham
Nhu vay, rudng di't N i LQ vao nda diu
the ky XIX h l u hdt l i tU hQu, chiem hdn
99% Q u i trinh tU hQu hda d N i LQ cd le dien
ra td cudi thd ky XVI, khi n h i Mac dly manh
chinh sich khai hoang v i phat trien ndn kinh
te h i n g hda Rudng di't tu hQu d mien nui
phat trien nay sinh tren hai cd sd chu ydu,
mpt m i t l i tU hQu hda tren cd sd rudng di't
mang danh nghla rudng cdng cua ban mudng
trUdc dd; mdt m i t l i do d mien nui, din cU
thUa thdt, d i t dai rdng nen rudng dat do cac gia dinh khai hoang da trd thanh tU hQu Qua trinh tU hQu d N i LQ cdn do day la ndi cd giao thdng t h u i n tien, thUdng nghiep phat trien Tuy nhien, rudng di't N i LQ nda diu the ky XDC mang tinh chi't manh mun, dan trai, mdc dp sd hQu cua cac chu khdng Idn Thdng qua dia ba Gia Long 4 (1805) v i Minh Mpnh 21 (1840), chung ta thi'y chu phu canh suy giam rd ret ve ca sd lUdng chu v i rudng di't sd hQu Dieu dd chQng td
cQ dan N i LQ d i d i n dn dinh v i gin chit vdi ddng rudng
Qua dia ba Na LQ cho thi'y, cd d u td chQc l i n g ban d i dn dinh D i n cQ sdng t i p trung tren mdt khu di't dUdc quy dinh cu the, tao thanh l i n g ban Lang ban khdng chi cd mpt hp m i cd nhieu hp cung sinh sdng Quy md sd hQu rudng di't ciia cac nhdm hg d N i LQ khdng Idn So sanh giQa hai thdi diem (Gia Long 4 v i Minh Mpnh 21), mQc do sd hQu rudng da't cua cac nhdm hg cd sii bidn dgng rd rpt Mgt sd nhdm hg cd sd hQu Idn thdi Gia Long den Minh Mpnh lai mi't vai trd kinh te, ngUdc lai nhieu nhdm hp lai vUdn len n i m nhieu rudng di't trong tay Die bipt, cd ddng hp Idn sinh sd'ng d Na LQ thdi Gia Long nhUng de'n thdi diem Minh Menh lai khdng cdn nhU hp Danh, cd nhQng ddng hp mdi den sau thdi diem 1805 nhUng lai
n i m trong tay nhieu rudng da't nhU hp Bui Do dd, d N i LQ khdng cd hien tUdng mdt ddng hp Idn cd the lUc ve kinh te l i u ddi chi phdi sti phat trien cua dia phUdng trong thdi gian dai Dieu dd phan anh sii xio trdn ve dan cU v i mQc dp bien ddng xa hdi cua N i LQ