Bài viết nghiên cứu ca múa nhạc cổ Champa với Nhật Bản thời kỳ Nara và các ảnh hưởng của chúng thông qua việc tổ chức trình diễn và các đoàn nhạc, diễn biến trong đời sông âm nhạc, nguồn gốc nhạc Lâm Ấp.
Trang 1^
CA MUA NHAC CO CHAMPA
V6l NHAT BAN THCfl KY NARA
Ll/dNG NINH*
Hoc gia Nhat Ban Aomi-no Mabito
Genkai qua khao ctiu cac tai li§u
CO, da ke lai ve cuoc "Hdnh trinh cua
Kanshin den phitOng Bong" (1) nhe) do ma
den nay, co the hieu biet them ve anh
hiidng cua ca mua nhac cd Champa den v6i
Nhat Ban thdi Nara
Dieu dang chii y triidc tien la ghi ch6p
cua Genkai khong nhSm muc dich noi ve
am nhac, cang khong phai chuyen ve nhac
Lam Ap, ma noi ve thdi Nara, cho nen
nhiing gi viet ve nhac va ngiidi Lam Ap la
rat khach quan
1 Ve xay diing nen tang vSn hda cua
thdi Nara-Nhat Ban, ta dUdc biet: nSm 607,
Thai tii Shotoku cxi phai bo dIu tien sang
Trung Qudc hoc tap va tiep theo la 10 phai
bo khac trong sud't thdi ky Nara (710-794)
Day ciing la thdi ky Nhat Ban md cufa ddn
vSn hda niidc ngoai vao, nen khdng chi cd
ngifdi di hoc ma cdn cd khdng it hoc gia tii
ngoai den, nhii Kanshin va ciing vdi
Kanshin - nha sif Trung Qudc - cdn cd 10
ngiidi niia diidc coi la "Nhiing ngiidi dat
nin mong cho thdi ky Nara"
- Kibino Mabiki, nha chinh tri-tvf tiidng
Nhat, Phd hieu trUdng Dai hoc Nara;
- Dosen, ngvidi gdc Hoa, Triidng mon
phdi Vinaya;
- Yen Shin Kei, ngiidi gdc Hoa, t h i y day
ngdn ngii, Hieu triidng Dai hoc Nara;
- Genbo, nha Phat hoc, sau trd thanh sojo {Dg,o sl Bd La Mdn);
- Bodai-Senna vdn la ngvfdi Ba La Mdn Nam An, sau trd thanh Baramon Sojo iiic Dao si Bk La Mon
- Buttetsu (Fet Trie't) - nhac sU Ldm Ap-Champa;
- Rikyo - nha Phat hoc Nh^t;
- Rimitsu I, thay thudc Ba TU;
- Hodng Phu va Dong Tdo, ngifdi Hoa,
chic deu la nhac cdng
Mifdi (10) vi "dat nin mong" nay cdn
diing sau hay cd le thap hdn miidi bdn (14)
Nhd sdng lap thdi dai Nara Danh sach 14 nhd nay, thay cd mot so' ngifdi khac difdc ke
them, thifdng la cao hdn, nhifng lai cd may
ngUdi da nSm trong danh sach 10 vi "dat nin mdng" Tuy ddi cho cd ve ldn xdn,
nhUng cd le, sii s i p xep cua Genkai la cd dung y xep thii tu cao tha'p, nhat la danh
sach cac Nhd sdng lap, ivi 1 de'n 14, nen
khdng phai ngSu nhien ma thii 11, ke
"dong hang" 2 ngifdi (Bodaisena va Buttetsu), thii 13 ciing the (Gun Horiki va T'ien T'ing) Ciing khdng phai ngSu nhien
*GS Vi$n Khoa hoc xa hoi Vi^t Nam
Trang 2Rghien cijru Lich sit s6 9.201Q
ma Genkai dung hai tii khac nhau de goi
hai danh sach - Nhiing vi "Bat nen mong
(Fondateurs)" va "Nhiing nhd Sdng lap
(Createurs)" Tuy nhien, diing dau danh
sach 14 nhd nay vSn la Kanshin (Kien
Chdn) ngudi Trung Qud'c, dUdc nhan manh
la "ngifdi xuat sic nhat, tai gidi nhat, thdng
tue Phat phap va cd tai chiia benh" Ngay
tii dau, dng da yeu cau lap mot dan le
{simamandala) de lam le va ndi chiia benh
Ong lai cd uy tin, cd kha nSng tap hdp, td
chiic cac danh si ciing vdi minh giiip vua
xay diing thdi Nara, dSc biet thdi Hoang de
Shomu (724-748); tiep den la 3 dng Dai sii
Nhat d kinh dd nha Dudng, 3 hoc gia Nhat,
4 hda thUdng Trung Qud'c, tat ca deu thdng
tue viidt trdi hdn ngifdi, di tim chon cai hay
ve xay diing nUdc; thii 11 la hai vi
Bodaisena (Bodhisena) ngifdi Nam An Do
va Buttetsu (Phgt triet), ngUdi Ldm Ap
(Champa); thii 12 la Nyoho, ngUdi Ho qudc
(cd the la ngiidi Tokhara hay ngUdi
Sogdiana sinh sd'ng d viing Trung A); thii
13 ciing la hai ngiidi Gun Hariki tii nUdc
Con Lon (Ma Lai) va Tien T'ing Cdn ndi ro
Tien T'ing la ngiidi Cham d Ldm Ap di
Cling Kanshin den Nara, ngUdi cd biet danh
la "Tai nghe tinh tifdng", doan la nhac si
Ke thii 14 la Rohen, cd tud'i thd ly ky, sau
trd thanh chan tu, uyen tham Phat hoc,
giao ly Avatamsaka cua Bg,i thiia
Nhu the, xep thii 11, cd hai ngUdi ma
ten tudi va que quan cd ve nhU hi l l n lon
Chang han Bodhi que xii Kapilavastu d
Nam An, diing ra phai la Bic An Do Cdn
Buttetsu d Lam Ap ma Lam Ap d Bic An
Do, cd hieu la Bodhisatva (Bo Tdt, Phgt
trie't), Cling triing danh hieu mot ngiidi niia,
Bodhi, b Nam An Do (theo sach Fuso
ryakki, eon cd nhieu tinh tiet ly ky niia )
Thii tii tren dudi d day h i n la do hoc gia
Genkai dinh, diing sai the nao, cd gia tri
den dau, la dieu cdn cd the thao luan Ong Cling cdn mot sd' sai l l n khac, vl nhU ndi Nii
Hoang Koken tham chiia Yamashinadera
nSm 767, nhifng nii hoang nay chi d ngdi
den (749-758) va Buttetsu da qua ddi n&m
760, khdng the chi huy nhac le theo lenh cua ba difdc Ngiidi dich ra tieng Phap, hoc gia J.Takakusu ddi cho ciing dai khai, de gay hieu nham (2)
Kanshin sinh nSm 688 d Difdng Chau,
Trung Hoa, den Nhat nSm 754, qua ddi nSm 763, tho 76 tud'i Kanshin cd mat va hoat dong van hda d Nara trong nhiing nam 754-763, viec thu thap tai lieu de viet
"Hdnh trinh cua Kanshin den phiicfng Bong" do Mabito-no Genkai hoan thanh
vao nam 779, chi sau 16 nam, ttfc gin dUdng thdi, tham chi la difdng thdi, neu dat trong khoang each nhiing 1300 nam, cho tdi ngay nay Hdn mot thien nien ky, ma tat ca deu da hi lang quen, l l n ldn, md
nhat, thi nhiing gi ma Genkai ghi lai la vd
cung quy gia Trong nhiing be bdn nhan vat, sii kien nhii the, v i n danh ca mot chiidng de ke mot each trang trong nhiing
ngUdi Cham tii Ldm Ap va nhac Lam Ap la
khach quan va cd thiic; nhiing ten gpi cua
dng, VI du nhae Ldm Ap hay Ldm Ap bdt nhgc la cd thiic, nhiing s i p xe'p danh gia
v i n phai coi la day du nhat, can ban diing din, dang tin, phai tin
Theo Genkai, Buttetsu dUdc giao chi huy dan nhac Hoang gia Nhat Buttetsu vdn la
mot ngudi Ba La Mdn, ngUdi Champa, ba'y gid goi la Lam Ap, cd tai nang am nhac, nghe thuat, nhifng cung cd mot cudc sd'ng tram luan Ong da sang Java, Sumatra, gap Bodhisena, cung nhau tim phUdng tien sang Trung Qud'c, nhUng bi bao, thuyen dim, suyt chet dudi, may sdng sdt, gap Kanshin rdi nghe Kanshin thuyet, ciing cd
y mud'n sang Nhat Ca hai ngudi,
Trang 3Ca mua nhac cd Champa
Bodhisena va Buttetsu rii nhau tim
phUdng tien sang Nhat sdm, den Nhat vao
khoang nam 736
2 O Nhat, trong khoang hdn 20 nam
(736-760), ong tham gia giang day Sanskrit
va giao ly Gandavyuha phai Dai Thiia d cac
chua Daianji, Kikgji rdi Ryosenji Tuy
nhien, sii nghiep chinh cua dng la dm nhae
Ong lap ddi nhac, giang day nhac ly cho
hoc trd, day cho ho ta'u nhiing ban nhac cd'
Champa va nhiing ban nhac mdi do dng
sang tac, dac biet la ban Banshu-gaku (Vgn
miia thu) ra't hay
Ong lai lap ddi miia, luyen cho ho 8 vii
dieu:
1 Bosatsu (bodhisatva),
2 Bato (Pedu) - nhan vat than thoai
difdc cac an si ban cho ngiia t r i n g de trii
r i n dgc: paidva ahihan;
3 Kariobinga (Kalavinka hay thien
Dieu hay Garuda);
4 Amma (hay Amba-nQ than Durga);
5 Hanh khiic chien t h i n g cua Bairo (tUc
Bhairava-hinh thiic kinh khung cua Siva);
6 Koonju (Hd lUdng txiu - thii rifdu cua
ngudi Hd);
7 Hanh cung cua vua Ranryo (tiic
Sagara Nagaraja);
8 Banshugaku (tiic Van miia thu)
Ve nhac, cd le dng da b i t dau dUa vao
day thang dm An Bg (Grama) - va Ba TU\
- Sadja (tit: Sa) - Da
-Rsabha(R) - Re
- Gandhara (Ga) - Mi
- Madhyma (Ma) - Fa
- Pancama (Pa) (ma thii 5) - Sa
- Dhaivata (Dha) La
- Nisada (Ni) Be
Vi Mda:
- Vii dieu 1 (Bosatsu): nay khdng cdn
- Vii dieu 2: diia theo truyen thuyet
Pedu (Rig Veda vd Arthavaveda) nay ddi
khi v i n cdn trong nhac miia cung dinh: ngiidi khoac ao t r i n g , cd mao, gia lam ngiia nhay miia, hi trUdc hinh r i n (ve tren gd), nhac ddn dap manh me Vii dieu 4: Miia ddi
nam nii the hien dieu Tandava cua vua miia Nataraja Siva edng vdi v0, Parvati, WVL
dieu thien than xoin xuyt va tinh te
Vii dieu 5: Cd le nguyen tac cua Bdn Minh BUc (Ldm Ap) cai bien, gdm 12 ngifdi
miia, sau cd giam bdt sd ngiidi, nhac em ai, trang trong di vdi dan ddng ca, goi la hdp
ca Lam Ap, miia diing quay trdn, goi la
waku, tiic vdng trdn, tiic mandala Ddng ca
hat 7 hdi, vdng cud'i ra't hiing trang Tac gia
ke them, nhQng dieu nay ra't xa xUa, chi nghe ndi lai, chifa ro chinh xae den dau Vli dieu tii 1 de'n 5 gd'c An Do, dildc cai bien ap dung d Champa triidc khi dUa vao Nhat; dieu 6 va 7 la nhac va miia cd' Trung Qud'c, dildc Buttetsu hoan thien ap dung d Nhat, cdn dieu thii 8 la sang tao tai cho cua Buttetsu
Nam 767, Nii Hoang Koken de'n thSm
chiia Yamashinadera, gan Nara da yeu cau
trinh dien cac vu dieu Champa do Buttetsu dan diing, chi huy
Nhac Champa thifdng difdc goi la nhgc Ldm Ap, tiing hi coi la nhac An Do Cac
sach vie't ve nhac ly va sach ghi theo ten goi Nhat Ban, nam 931 cd chep trong sd 10 nhac pham cung dinh difdc ra soat lai g i n day (1874) va trong 5 nhac pham cd' dUdc
ke cdn lUu h a n h trong cung dinh de'n nam
1899, cd 2 vii dieu va nhac p h i m Lam Ap
Trang 4Rghign curu Lich sit sd 9.2010 cdn dudc lUu giii la Kalavinka va Pedu ma
ddi khi v i n diidc trinh dien (Nhiing chi tie't
nay, cd sau nam 779, h i n la do ngiidi ddi
sau cua Genkai, cd the ca ngiidi dich la hoc
gia J.Takakusu bd' sung)
Ong qua ddi nam 760, tho 57 tud'i, liic
cdn tre va cdn sung siic Ngifdi Nhat
thiidng tiec dng Di hai difdc hda thieu,
chdn trong riing Ubokuya, tren ddi Tomi
(DUdng Sdn), ddi di$n chiia Ryosenji Mot
bao thap dUdc xay diing de tudng nhd dng
Mot tin dd k h i c mot ta'm bia, nay khdng ro
lac dau ma't, nhUng ldi thd cdn dUdc ghi lai
trong tuyen thd cua hoang tik Takamiya,
nhan de Manyoshu:
Baramon no
Tsurishi ota wo
Hamu Karasu
Manabuta harete
Hataboko ni ori
("Hay trdng kia, con qua dang nhat hat
Ilia tren canh ddng do ngiidi Ba La Mdn cay
ca'y: ngiidi ta tha'y no, m i t mong dim nifdc
mit, dang n i m nghi, gd'i tren can cd")
Tut nhiing ban nhac, nhac phim, vii dieu
dUdc trinh dien deu dan trong cung dinh,
d i n da theo nam thing, cd difdc cai bien it
nhieu, nhUng v i n dUdc giQ lai anh hQdng,
dudng net trong cac vu dieu phd bie'n thdi
sau, nhQ Dengaku (vu dieu ndng trang),
Saibara (vu dieu cua ngQdi xa ich),
sarugaku (vu dieu vui nhdn) No (kich tam
ly), Kyogen (nhac vui) cdn thinh hanh
sud't thdi Kamakura va Tokugawa
Ngoai am nhac va miia, Buttetsu cdn
dQdc coi la nhan vat cd tham quyen ve
Sanskrit Ong triic tie'p giang day va bien
soan sach Siddham la mot pho m l u tii, tQ
dien da gdp phan khdng nhd vao vi^c day
va hoc Sanskrit d Nhat Ban, nay tuy khdng cdn, nhQng da'u vet khdng phai md, v i n dQdc nhac tdi trong cac sach ngdn ngQ, ngQ phap thdi sau
Cung vdi Buttetsu, sdng d Nara, cdn cd ngQdi Cham Lam Ap ten la Tien-T'ing Ong
nay hinh nhQ cung la mot nhac cdng, gidi nhac, thQdng xuyen sat canh cdng tac vdi Buttetsu Xem nhQ the, cd the tha'y ngQdi Cham Lam Ap - Champa da ddng gdp mot phan quan trqng trong sQ hinh thanh nen
van hda truyen thdng - Vdn hoa Nara cua
Nhat Ban va ciing da dQdc ngQdi Nhat thQa nhan
3 Nam 1925, Paul Demieville cho ra
m i t cdng trinh nghien cQu "Nhae Chdm d Nhgt Bdn (3), cdn chQa dQdc chii y cho den
nay, cd le bdi nd ra't chuyen bi^t va ciing vi the, khdng de hieu, nay xem lai, tha'y nd cd the bd sung it nhieu cho nhQng ghi chdp
cua Kanshin, do Aomino Mabito Genkai
da khao cQu, sQu tam, ma Paul Demieville cdn cd them mot sd tim tdi mdi va dat ra mot sdva'n de mdi ly thii, cd the thao luan
a Viec td ehUe trinh dien vd cdc dodn Nhgc
Cac tai lieu cho biet, vao cudi the ky VH,
do anh hQdng sinh hoat van hda cua nha DQdng Trung Hoa, trieu dinh Nhat Ban
dQdi thdi Hoang de Junnin da quye't dinh lap ra Cue Am nhae, tap hdp: bdn ca si, bdn
Vli sQ, bdn nhac cdng sao, mQdi hai nhac cdng nhac DQdng Trung Hoa, bd'n nhac
cdng Cao Ly (Komagaku) bdn nhac cdng Bdch Te (Kudaragaku), bdn nhac cdng Siia (Shiraji), hai nhac cdng Dora (4) va hai nhac sQ Ldm Ap Qua day, ta bie't, cung vdi
sQ thinh hanh cua ca, miia, nhac Trung Hoa thdi DUdng, ca nhac cua Ban dao Trieu Tien, ba'y gid cdn chia lam ba tieu qudc,
Tdn La, Bdch Te, Cao Ly (5) cung kha phat
Trang 5Ca miia nhac cd Champa
trie'n va Nhac Champa, dQdc goi la nhgc
Ldm Ap (Rinyu) cQng cd vi tri kha cao
To chUc bieu diin trong le hdi, de phuc
vu Hoang de, Hoang gia va Trieu dinh ciing
dQdc ke tl mi:
Mot san bieu dien dQdc thie't ke, dai 40
bd (khoang 14m) rong (cd le ciing the?) Ben
cac gdc san, cd diing ba leu, rdng 50 bd
(khoang 16m), leu (nha) thQ nha't, d phia
Ddng danh cho doi nhgc Koma, cdn goi la
nhac Kudaragaku hay nhac Bdch Te'(Nam
Trieu Tien), nha thQ hai la nhac Ldm Ap,
nha thQ ba danh cho cac dai phu; cdn d
phia Tay, nha thQ nha't danh cho ddi Tdn
nhgc, nha thQ hai la Co nhgc (6), nha thQ
ba danh cho cac hoang than, qud'c thich, cac
dai phu dQdng chQc (Hdnh sU dgi phu) Le
Cli hanh ngdy thU 12, tudn trdng thU ba,
ndm thii ba jokwan, ngdy 25 thdng Tii ndm
861 Cong lich, Koku (eanh) thQ tQ, gid
Totsu, 7 sang, cho md cifa Ddng, Tay, chinh
GiQa (vao san dien, ciing tQc la san dien
thd) cho cac ddi nhac: Nhac Koma vao cifa
Ddng, Tan nhac vao c^a Tay Ranjo (nhgc
CO, thddng lam nen cho miia Lam a'p) dQdc
ta'u len theo Tan nhac (giai dieu tuy y de
chuin bi, rdi de'n nhac Koma; Cac nhac
cdng di vao leu (7): nhac Koma vao leu thQ
nha't, phia Ddng; Tan nhac vao leu thQ
nha't phia Tay; rdi de'n cac nhac cdng Lam
Ap va Co nhac vao ctfa giQa phi'a Nam de di
de'n cac leu: nhac Lam Ap leu thQ hai phia
Ddng, Cd' nhac vao leu thQ hai phia Tay
Luc koku (canh) hai, gid Uma (11 gid), cac
nhac cdng Lam Ap thudc tQ vien cua chung
ta Cling vdi linh dieu va nhQng cai khac
(8), hai tay nang cao cac vat cung, iQdt qua
san mua, tQ Dong sang Tay rdi di vao dien
phia trong, ndi cd tQdng thd de dang dd
cung theo thQ tii Roi mot ngudi dan ong va
mot con voi trang (hinh tUOng) den dQng
trQdc dien thd Voi nay ke't hdp vdi san vu
cung vdi mdt ong But (Bodhisatva) (9),
dQng yen dd cho de'n khi cac nhac cdng lam
le dang cung xong, trd lai san, cung thiic hanh vu dieu roi mdi lui ve chd nghi
Tie'p de'n Nhac cd (lam nen) cho sii trinh
diln cua cac tien nii (Devi), mQdi hai hung thdn (Yaksa) di vao, nang tren tay vat
cung, la hoa, qua, rdi tQng ddi, mat ddi mat, cung trinh dien vQ dieu (10)
Theo tai lieu Ryumei-sho, vu dieu Bodhisatva va Bairo la do mot ngQdi Ba La Mdn, TrQdng Sangha (Baramon Sojo) gd'c ngQdi Nam An (Bodhi da ndi tren), dQa vao Nhat Ban, Cdn Bussei (hay Buttetsu), vd'n
ngQdi nQdc Lam Ap thudc mien Bac An Do
da truyen day vu dieu Bodhisattva, Bato va nhae Lam Ap Sach Honcho kosoden (Bdn trieu Cao tdng truyen) lai gin vu dieu Bato, Bodhisatva, ca Kalavinka va Bairo vdi sii truyen thu cua Buttetsu
b Dien tien trong ddi song dm nhgc Cdng trinh nghien cQu cua Aomi-no Mabito Genkai hoan thanh nam 779, 16
nam sau thdi gian cd mat va boat ddng cua nhdm Kanshin, phan anh gan nguyen ven ddi sd'ng van hda cua trieu Nara, nhQng hinh nhQ P Demieville khdng dQdc biet, vi
nd dQdc dang nam 1928, tQc 3 nam sau nghien cQu ciia dng (1925), nen khdng the
du va dung b l n g Genkai Cd the ndi la ve nhac Lam Ap va sinh hoat van hda d thdi
ky Nara thi nhQng ghi ch6p ciia Genkai da ndi tren, la rat dang tin NhQng tQ sau Genkai, tham chi sau nhieu the ky, P Demieville cung cho tha'y cd sQ dien tien mdi, sQ bie'n dd'i theo thdi gian va hoan canh
Hoat ddng am nhac xem ra da giam ca
ve so' iQdng va td chQc Tai lieu Ruiju sandal kyaku cho biet sd'nhac cdng co 154
ngudi vao the ky VIH, den giQa the ky IX,
Trang 6Hghi&i curu Lich siir sd 9.2010 giam cdn 107, sau tie'p tuc giam nQa; cung
khdng cdn la bd'n leu va bd'n ddi, ma chia
lam hai ddi, ta, hQu, vdi sic phuc khac
nhau; ddi ta mac mau dd va m l u riic rd, giQ
he nhac Trung Hoa, cdn ddi hQu mac mau
diu hdn, giQ he nhac Cao Ly
Tuy nhien, nhac nQdc ngoai phai nhat
dan, nhQdng cho chinh cho nhac DQdng
Mot tai lieu khac cung cho bie't vao nhQng
ngay le ldn, cac ddi vii nhac mdi tap hdp ve
Trung tam de chuan hi phuc vu, cdn binh
thQdng, ho sd'ng, tap dQdt trong mot ngdi
chua NhQ ddi vu nhac Lam Ap khdng phai
d Todaiji (Ddng Dgi tii), nhQ nhieu ngQdi
lam tQdng, ma d Daianji (Dgi An tii), cung
trong kinh thanh Nara
Thdi Nara, Phat giao dQdc tdn sung, van
hoc, nghe thuat phat trien, nhQng de'n nam
848, theo P Demieville da cd mot sii suy
giam ro ret, mot sd nen nhac hau nhQ
khdng cdn tha'y n h i e den nQa, nhQng
khdng cho bie't nguyen nhan Chic la do
ba'y gid,.d Nhat Ban, va'n de dat ra la can
giam bdt viec xay diing chua chien, can
chuyen dd de'n vi tri thuan ldi hdn, gan
song, gan bien hdn Viec xay diing d Nara
phai dinh lai, chuyen sang xay diing d
Nagaoka, sau 10 nam, lai chuyen den
Heian-Kyoto (794), nen Demieville mdi ndi
giQa thdi Heian, thdi vua Nimmyo
(833-850), nhac cd ngudn gdc nUdc ngoai deu suy
giam, d i n rdi vao lang quen Thdi sau
Nara, goi la thdi Jogan- Kuakushiki, dieu
chinh luat cu, lam cho phu hdp thiic te
Nhat Ban; NhQng ten goi nhQ nhac Cao Ly,
Tan La, Bach Te, Lam Ap ra't it dQdc n h i e
de'n, ma hinh nhQ da bi Hoa hda, hoac dQdi
danh nghia nhac Trung Hoa cai bien Tuy
nhien do tinh doc dao, gdc Nam A, nhac
Lam Ap du khdng cdn dQdc goi ten chinh
thQc, nhQng vu dieu va ten goi tQng dieu
thQc cu the v i n dQdc duy tri Vii dieu Bato,
Bairo hung trang (sii chie'n t h i n g cua chien binh) hay Kalavinka ron rang cua Thien Dieu, nha't la Banshugaku (Van miia thu)
em diu, tuy k h i n g dinh d i u a'n va vai trd cua Buttetsu, nhUng lai mang dam tinh than Nhat, da Nhat hda, v i n ha'p d i n du hieu bie't xua't sQ md hd
Trai qua thdi gian dai, luc tang, luc giam, cac tai lieu deu ghi nhan sQ truyen thu nhac ly An Do hay Ba Tu, cung vdi tam vu dieu deu do v Dai sQ den tQ Lam
Ap, khdng ro ten, nhQng nam 749, theo Gyogy, mdt hda thQdng Nhat cung thdi, ghi
lai, dng dQdc tdn vinh tQdc Daibosatsu (Dgi
Bo Tdt), lai dQdc goi theo mot danh hieu chi
ro la ngiidi Chdm la Buttetsu hay Bussei (Phdt triet) (hien si nha Phat) DUdng
nhien, dng khdng the la Phat, nhQng cd le, ten goi nay b i t ngudn tQ cho dng la ngQdi
Phdt thdnh, hay Phdt The thdnh, each phien am Viet cua ten kinh do Vijaya
Tam vQ dieu (va nhac nen) hoan toan trung hdp nhau qua ldi ke cua Kanshin vdi
tQ lieu "Ldm Ap bdt nhae" v i n thinh hanh,
dQdc iQu truyen de'n the ky VHI va ghi lai
trong Rinyu haehi gaku (Ldm Ap bdt nhgc)
va tQng p h i n , it nhieu van cdn dQdc trinh dien, ghi chep lai den nam 931 va sau nQa
Dd la cac vu dieu Bato, Bairo, Kalavinka, Bodhisatava, Konju, Somakusha, Kenki-kondasu, Ronko-kondatsu Va rieng, dac biet la Banshugaku (Vgn miia thu), cd sQc
sd'ng cao hdn, lau dai hdn Dieu nay da dQdc Kanshin ke lai nhQ tren Tuy nhien, ta't ca da lui xa vao qua khQ, 13 the ky, sii kien da md nhat, khdng may ai cdn hinh dung nd da dien ra sdi nd'i nhQ the', phong phu nhQ the, hdn mot thien nien ky trudc
c Nguon gdc nhgc Ldm Ap
P Demieville diia vao mot sd' cdng trinh nghien cQu, dac biet ve van hda, cua cac
Trang 7Ca mua nhac cd Champa
hoc gia Nhat Ban de tim hieu ve nen Nhac
Cham d Nhat, nhQ Ryumei-sho, nam 1133,
cua tac gia Oga Motomasa, Kyokun-sho cua
Koma Chikazane, nam 1233, Fuso Ryakki,
the ky XH, Genkoshakusho cua Shiren,
nam 1322, Gakharoku cua Abe Suenao
(1612-1708) va Dai Nihon shi (Dai Nhdt
Bdn svt), nam 1802 bd sung mot sd' hieu
bie't vao viec td chQc trinh dien vu nhac,
dac biet la cac ddng nhac nQdc ngoai d Nhat
Ban, rieng Nhgc Ldm Ap thi chi xae nhan
ma khdng cd gi mdi dang ke so vdi cong
trinh cua Aomi-no Mabito Genkai, do J
Takakusu dich va gidi thieu DQdng nhQ P
Demieville khdng bie't cdng trinh nay (?)
nen da cd sQ han che dang ke, nhQng dng
vin tim dQdc cai rieng, cai mdi cua minh va
chic han dd la chu dich, nhQ ten bai vie't
cua dng, cho nen, h i n la ddng gdp chu ye'u
cua tac gia la ludn vi nguon gdc Nhgc Ldm
Ap Cac sach khao cQu cua Nhat ddi khi cd
sQ nham lln, sai sdt, khi ghi chep Ddi khi,
vi da lau, hdn hai the ky, nhieu chd md hd,
nham ngQdi nay vdi ngQdi khac Ching
han, sach Zoku Nihongi ke nam 736, mot
ngQdi Ba-La-Mdn ten la Bodhi, di sQ de'n
nha DQdng, lai d i n theo ba ngQdi nha
DQdng va mot ngQdi Ba TQ, dQdc de'n cQ ngu
tgi Dgi An tU, lai dUdc tham gia chii tri dai
le "md mdt" tai Bong Bgi tit d day, Bodhi
cd trung l l n vdi Bodhisena, Bodhisatva, tUdc
hieu cua Buttetsu, mot tUdc Bo Tdt ma lai la
Baramon (Bd-La-M6n), cQ ngu ngdi chua
trQdc danh cho nhac cdng Lam Ap (Bgi An
tu) ma lai chu tri le d chua chinh {Bong Bgi
tttp Sach Fuso ryakki lai ke r i n g Bodhi
ngudi xQ Kapilavastu b Nam An Do, nhQng
Kapilavastu la que Phat, b Bic An Lai ke
Bussei (hay Bussetsu, hay la Buttetsu),
ngQdi xQ Lam Ap d Bic An Do
P Demieville cho r i n g ngUdi Nhat da
nham khi coi Lam Ap d Bac An Do, nhQ
the, cd the khdng phai la Lam Ap, khong cd
nhac Lam Ap ma la nhgc Phii Nam Cung
nhu goi nha van hda hoc gia Cham
Buttetsu la Phgt triet DQdng nhien,
Buttetsu khdng the la Phat, nhQng d day dQdc hieu l l n la ngQdi Cham hay ngQdi xQ/
kinh thanh Phdt The, chuyen am cua Vijaya, theo each goi cua ngQdi Viet Dd la
each ly giai cua P Demieville Dieu chu ye'u, theo dng, cac each goi deu xua't phat tQ
nguon Trung Hoa, nhQng lai "Khong co mgt tdi lieu ndo chiing to ngiidi Trung Hoa eo hieu biet ve mgt nin nhae ggi Id nhgc Ldm Ap" (p 221), ma dd chinh la nhgc Phu Nam Ly do dng dQa ra la ThQ tich cd
Trung Hoa khdng ndi tdi viec tie'p sue vdi
vu, nhac Lam Ap - Champa; ho khdng he
bie't dieu nay, nhQng vdi Nhgc Phii Nam
thi bie't kha ro va tQ rat sdm Ong dan ra mot sd' doan ma thQ tich cd Trung Hoa ndi
ve nhac nQdc ngoai:
- Theo Thong Bien va Ciiu Bitdng thii, nhae - mda Phii Nam the hien:
"Hai vu cdng mac y phuc Trieu ha (mau hdng rang Ddng) di giay ben b i n g day thQng va da do Thdi Tuy, bd nhac cu An
Do difdc dung de ta'u nhac Phu Nam, gdm
cd trdng kie, tou-t'an vd Mao-yuan, sao, dich, ken pi-li, chum choe ddng va cdng
"Cdn Nhae An Bg lai the hien theo each
rieng:
Cac nhac cdng doi mu chdp b l n g ni den, choang ao dai b i n g lua t r i n g , q u i n n g i n
bo b i n g ga'm mau tim, ao khoac ngoai mau
dd Sd' vu cdng la mQdi hai (12)., te't tdc va
ddi mot mu kasaya, gid'ng nhQ y phuc cua
cac nha sQ ngay nay, di giay ben thQng va sdi gai mau xanh la Am nhac nen dung
cdng ddng thau, trdng, mao nguyen va tutan, ken ong say, dich hengti, sao kongheou, ddn lii dau hinh phQdng, dan pipa ndm ddy, chum ch5e ddng va cdng
Trang 810 Rghien curu Ljch sJr, sg 9.2010
(rd'ng tu-tan va mac-yuan khdng cdn dQdc
dung nQa
Ong cung ndi, qua ban dich Niide Phii
Nam tQ cac sach cd Trung Hoa ciia P
PeUiot (BEFEO, 1903) da dQdc biet: "Thang
12 (nam 553), vua Phit Nam Pham Chien
sai sQ cdng nhgc nhdn cung cac phQdng
vat" (Tam Qudc Chi 47, Ngo Thii 2 (11)
Ong mud'n "gd md'i khd khan nay" (ve
nguon nhgc Phii Nam, chQ khdng phai
Lam Ap) b i n g sQ kien (nam 605), tQdng
Trung Hoa la LQU PhQdng "danh Lam Ap
tha'y mot so' nhgc nhdn Phii Nam ben b i t
dem ve" (p 221) LQu PhQdng la tQdng nha
Tuy, nhUng ngd r i n g khi dan sii kien LQu
PhUdng, dng lai khdng doc Tiiy thti (sit nha
Tuy - 589-618), khdng cd trong ban dich
cua P Pelliot, ma chi suy dien n h i m doan
chep cua Ngo thii ndi tren Sii thiic thi Tiiy
thii vie't khac: "LQU PhQdng tQdng nha Tuy
dQdc lenh di danh Ldm Ap "bdt tii hdng
vgn ngiidi"
Cung vi khdng tim doc Tiiy thii (mac du
dng kha gidi chQ Han va chQ Nhat) nen mdi
khong thay chinh Tiiy thii cd mot doan noi
ve nhgc Ldm Ap: "nhac cd dan cam, dich,
dan ty ba nam day, gan gid'ng vdi Trung
Qudc" (12)
Khdng tha'y Champa cd nen nhac rieng
ro rang la khong dung Tiiy thii ndi tren da
xae nhan, ma thiic te', nghe thuat dieu khic
tren mi cifa va dai thd cung da cho tha'y
hien nhien:
Cac phu dieu Mi Sdn E l the hien hai ddi
mua nam, nQ, hoat canh dai thd Tra Kieu
ta canh sQ chuan hi trinh dien mua cua 11
vu nQ, cung vdi nhac cdng elm nhac cu,
cdn phu dieu Chanh Ld gidi thieu 4 vu nQ,
3 nhac cdng nam, vdi hai trd'ng, 1 chum
ch5e, 1 ken,^ kieu trang phuc, nhac cu la
chinh kieu An Do hay hoc An Do mot each
ro ret Chinh tren san diin cd Nhat Ban,
hang chuc vai Devi, dung ra la Apsara, Laksmi, Yaksa, nhQng hinh anh Garuda, Nagaraja cung da ndi len dieu dd
Thdi Nara (710-749) dung la thdi phat
trien cua Lam Ap, rdi chuyen thanh vQdng
trieu Viraraja khoang nam 750, dai de
cung luc vdi sii ke't thuc cua thdi Nara Ten
Champa phai de'n nam 658 mdi cd, mdi dQdc goi ve sau, ten Vijaya lai cdn lau lim
mdi cd (nam 1000), nen khdng the suy dien
qua xa, g i n Buttetsu vdi Phdt triet, Phdt thdnh NgQdi Cham gidi nghe di bien, da
dinh cQ d Hai Nam tQ thdi dd da (13) nen ne'u mot sd' ngQdi Cham de'n Nhat Ban thdi
dd, cung khong phai la dieu khdng the cd NhQng ngQdi nay ne'u cd tai, dQdc trong
dung, dUdc goi la ngiidi Ldm Ap, nhgc Ldm
Ap la dQdc goi ddng ten chinh thUc, phd bie'n cua ngiidi diidng thdi Chi cd dieu, tai
sao lai g i n Lam Ap vdi Bic An Do? Cd le
day la van de van hda (Sanskrit), nhac An
Do ma ho mang de'n Nhat nen xQ sd cua ho coi la ra't gan vdi An Do, tQdng nhQ the va
ho cung nhan nhQ the Cac tai lieu dUdng thdi cung xae n h i n , dai l i Phat giao ma ta'u nhac An Do thi dUdc coi la trang trong, thieng lieng, hap din
Ddi vdi ngQdi Ddng A, tQ vua de'n quan, nghe thuat An Do uyen chuyen, bien thai nhanh, manh, ma tinh te, reo r i t , da dem lai niem hao hQng mdi, lam cho ho ham chudng An Do thi xa, nen ngQdi trung gian
la nhQng Trung tdm "An Do hoa" Phu
Nain trQdc Lam Ap vai the ky, di trudc,
nhQng cung cd the ca ngQdi Ldm Ap-Champa den sau, cung ddng gop bd sung,
ma cd khi cdn nhieu hdn Ke ra dieu nay khdng phai cd y che trach P Demieville,
ma vi le d dau the ky XX, binh dien nghien
cQu ve cac viicfng quoc cd Phii Nam va Champa cdn ra't ddn gian va chQa cd gi ve
van hda nghe thuat ca
Trang 9Ca mua nhac cd Champa 11
T u y nhien,^ k h d n g p h a i la P h u N a m va
C h a m p a hoc A n Do rdi m a n g n g u y e n xi v a n
n g h e A n Do de'n N h a t Ban, m a no da trd
t h a n h cua no, da cai bien, s a n g tao tai chd,
thich hdp vdi h o a n c a n h mdi Cung cd t h e
P h u N a m sdm hdn hai t h e ky, cdn d a m n e t
An Do, cdn L a m Ap t h i chinh K a n s h i n cung
da noi ro, c h i n g h a n , vu dieu thQ n a m
-H a n h k h u c chie'n t h i n g cua Bairo, tQc la
cua Bairava, mot hoa t h a n ciia Siva, dieu
m u a cd n e n la mot to'p ca L a m Ap dQng
vdng trdn kieu waku h a y "Mandala", vd'n la
gd'c An Do da dUdc cai bien C u n g t h e o
Kanshin, cac dieu thQc tQ 1 de'n 5 deu cd
gd'c An Do da dQdc cai bien, phd' bie'n d
Champa, cdn dieu thQc 6 va 7 cd n e n T r u n g
CHU THICH
(1) Le voyage de Kanshin en Orient (742-754),
par Aomi no Mabito Genkai (779 AD), Traduit par
J.Takakusu, Tokyo, BEFEO 1928
(2) J Takakusu da dich chiic danh tat ca cac
nha tu hanh la Pretre fvon nghia \k Cha xit, linh
muc Thien Chua gidd) hay len chiic \k Eveque
(Gidm muc), ap dung v6i ca Phat giao, mk c6
tnidng hdp dUdc goi ro tii "bonze" (sU), con lai Ik
Baramon sojo, phien am Nhat Baramon (Bk La
Mon), sojo CO le la goi theo each Trung Hoa, sU
qudn rsach Nam Te thu) chi dao si Ba La Mon ma
ngUcii Phap/Anh quen goi la Brahman, ngU&i ding
ca'p Ba-La-M6n hay d?io si Ba La Mon Noi chung
nen goi triic tiS'p NgUdi I hay Bgo si Bd La Mdn
(3) Paul Demieville: La Musique Chame au
Japon, PEFEO, 1925
(4) Dora, con goi la Turfan (CaoXuong), tiic la
Tokharestan ciia ngUcfi Tokhara Trung A
Hoa da dQdc dng cai bien, a p d u n g t r e n da't
N h a t , nhUng v u dieu thQ 8, "Vgn miia thu",
cong t r i n h h a y nha't, cd sQc sd'ng l a u b e n
nha't, lai la cdng t r i n h s a n g t a o t a i cho vdi ta'm long thie't t h a g i n bd vdi k i n h t h a n h
Nara ciia Dai sQ Phdt triet • Buttetsu ngQdi
L a m Ap - C h a m p a (14)
NhQ t h e , k h o n g p h a i chi cd mot vQdng qud'c, m a ro r a n g la ca P h u N a m va L a m
Ap deu cd ddng gop va da c u n g giQ vi t r i vQng c h i c t r o n g v a n n g h e Ddng A vd'n ra't
p h o n g p h u , do dd c u n g k h d n g t h e k h d n g coi nd cd vi t r i xQng d a n g ve t r i n h do p h a t
t r i e n xa hdi va n h a nQdc t r o n g k h u n g c a n h Ddng A thdi ba'y gid
(5) Khoang the ky VII, tren ban dao Trig'u
Tien, mien Bac la ndi sinh song cua "ndm bg tdc
Goguryeo" (Cao Cau Ly hay Cao Ly), sau Wp
nudc, goi la Balhae (Bgt Hdi), con d miin Nam la
ba bo lgc Han, lap nudc, ggi ten la Silla (Tdn La) Baekje (Bdch Te) vd Dae Gaya (Theo Lich si Hdn Quoc, Hu Namjin va Yu Insun chu bien, DHQG
Seoul 2005
(6) Co nhgc: Triidc kia goi la Trung
nhgc-chugaku P.Demieville gidi thich Id nhac trung binh (Moyenne), tile la ci giQa, khong Tdn cung
khong cd; tOt nga va npi dung la, Co nhgc \k nh^c Trung Hoa trudc Dudng, sii dvng ba bg 6'ng thdi, cCing vdi ba bg go, \k trong ldn (uxiko), cong (shoko)
va trong nho - tamburin {kakko) von goc Trung A,
dUdc coi la CO tnidc ca Tiiy, Dudng; Tan nhac la tif
nha Diidng, chdi vdi trong Kakko
(7) Cue Am nhgc da cho di;(ng leu (gakuyd) lam
ndi tap ket de cac ngh$ si chu^n bi trinh dien va
Trang 1012 Rghien curu Lich siir s6 9.2010
nghi ngdi 6 canh san kha'u (san dien); leu b i n g vai,
ngoai mau tim, trong mau do tham; {Cue Am
nhgc) lap cuoi the' ky VIII, dUdc khoi phuc nam
1870, Thdi Minh Tri, goi la Gagaku Kyoku, den
nam 1878 lai diidc n a n g len t h a n h Gagaku-bu
(theo P Demieville)
(8) Vli dieu Kalavinka hay Kariobinga - va difu
Than Dieu ciing vdi dao cu (hinh voi, chim, ngiia )
(9) Theo Todai-jiYoroku, vu dieu bodhisattva
CO hai nam diing hai goc san, mot ngiidi dong gia
voi trang, (bang hoa trang), mot ngUdi dong ong
But, trong vii dieu
(10) Kuyo Todai-ji Rushana Daibutsu Kima
cho biet: Khi t r i n h diln, Voi t r i n g ciia ong But
Samantabhadra nhiin nhay tren san, roi Ngiia
chua (Tugng chd - Nagaraja) lai diing quay mat ve
phfa bac (d day, Mdng xd vUang {Nagaraja) lai
dUdc coi la TUOng chu I chda)
Vu difu Kalavinka hay Karyobinga the hien
chim than-linh dieu, budc chdn nhdn nhdy thodn
thoat dudi doi cdnh dang rong, long vu (td do tung
bay )
(11) Liidng Ninh VUOng qudc Phii Nam Nxb
Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi, in l i n 3, 2009: Van hoa
Phu Nam, tr 114: Sdch Tam Qudc chi, 47: (nam
553) 'Vua Phii N a m Phgm Chien sai sii co'ng ngudi
dan h a t (nhac nhan) ciing cac phitdng vat" C h i c
phai dUdc Ua chuong l i m , sau it nha't mot lan vua
quan xem t r i n h diin, tha'y thich, mdi co viec "cong"
nay, dien r a sdm hdn anh hudng cua Lam Ap dieu
dang ndi d day, hdn 200 nam
(12) Ludng Ninh Vuang qudc Champa, Nxb
Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi, lan 3, 2009, tr 331
(13) Benedict P a u l K A Cham Colony on the
Island of Hainan, H a v a r d J A S , 1941
(14) Ve su c6 m a t va nhQng ddng gop cua Nhac Lam Ap va n h a c su B u t t e t s u thi h o a n toan
CO t h e tin c h i c vao nhQng ghi ch6p cua A.M Genkai, nhiing sQ doan dinh md ho cua P Demieville ciing c6 nguon goc cua nd J.Takakusu dich (da dan, BE XXVIII, p 7): diing thii 6 trong
d a n h sach cac Vi dgt nin mong \k Buttetsu
{Fet-triet), tie'p t h d 11 dudi day (thii 11 trong sd 14 Nhd sdng lap) Khong diidc biet t e n t h a t cua nhac sU
nay, bdi m a u tii khac, n e n ghi theo ten hifu,
nhiing Fet-triet la gi? C h i n g le J.Takakusu lai phien am Han-Viet cua Phgt triet trong ban dich
tieng Phap? Con P Demieville xem ra c6 ve boi rdi khi vie't "Cung vdi Gyogi, ngudi da dUdc n h a n tudc
hi?u Daibosatsu (Dai Bd Tat) cdn cd mgt ngUdi tif Champa de'n, goi ten la Buttetsu (Phdt triet, ( ^ S ) trie't: ly), hay Phdt triet (& igt) (tri$t: huy), hay
Phgt The {B ff) {Bussei) (phien am Han-Viet Vijaya- kinh do Champa) (da d i n , p 212) Khi goi
du Buttetsu theo tieng N h a t , phien am H a n la
Phdt Triet sit Ca 3 trUdng h(?p deu la phien am, tii
tieng N h a t Buttetsu; But hay B u s la Phat, Tes hay
Tet la Triei, su \k sU ciing khong sat diing, ma
chang an n h a p vdi n h a u gi ca C6 le ca J
Takakusu vk P.Demieville deu khong bie't ten that,
ma ggi ten ciia n h a c sU Cham dd theo ten hieu, ngUdi cua t h e ky VIII, theo dia d a n h quen, nhd
h d n d t h e k y X I ?