The thesis aims to obtain data on freshwater crustacean composition in the water bodies of Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park. Identify the characteristics of quantity distribution of freshwater crustaceans in the study areas along with the changes of this group in terms of space and climate season. Proposing solutions to conservation of specific and important types of SE in limestone areas of Phong Nha and Quang Binh national parks.
Trang 1KE BANG NATIONAL PARK
SUMMARY OF BIOLOGY DOCTORAL THESIS
HÀ NỘI – 2018
Trang 2This dissertation is submitted to the Committee of the Graduate
University of Science and Technology
Supervisors: 1 Asc Prof Dr Ho Thanh Hai
2 Dr Tran Duc Luong
Referee 1:
Referee 2:
Referee 3:
The research has been carried out
at the Graduate University of Science and Technology Date of Oral Presentation:……,… /…… /2018
Copy of this dissertation is available:
National Library of Viet Nam
Graduate University of Science and Technology
Trang 3INTRODUCTION
1 The necessity of the research
The Decapodal, Copepoda, Cladocera and Ostracoda taxonomy are the popular species of crustaceans in freshwater in general, and in the water bodies of karst in particular The biodiversity of these groups is reflected in the abundance of the species, number of individuals and distribution in the community They play a major role in the food chain and food net of aquatic ecosystem Many species are economically exploitable
In the world, many studies on the fauna in general and the freshwater crustaceans in the water bodies of karst in particular, including cave underground water were realised with interestingly results which many new genus and species have been found
In Vietnam, for the topographical karst in general and the limestone mountains of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park in Quang Binh Province
in particular, especially for underground water bodies in the cave underground water bodie there are very few research on biodiversity characteristics, species composition of the aquatic fauna in general and the crustacean group in particular
Previous studies on the environment and aquatic life in the Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park have recorded 33 freshwater crustacean species, of which 12 species are found in the Phong Nha cave Of the species found in the river in the Phong Nha cave, two new Calanoida crustacean species for science are described These new species and genus are currently being considered endemic to Vietnam
Certainly, these above results have not fully reflected the species composition and distribution characteristics of freshwater crustaceans in the topographical karst, espcially the cave underground water in the karst
of Phong Nha-Ke Bang Therefore, we propose the research topic: "Study
on species composition and distribution characteristics of freshwater custacean in water bodies of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park"
2 Objective
- Having sufficient data on the leading component of freshwater crustaceans in waters bodies of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park
Trang 4- Determining of the quantitative distribution of freshwater crustaceans in the study basins, along with the variability of this group in spatial and climatic seasons
- Proposal of measures for conservation and sustainable use of
freshwater crustaceans resources in study area
3 Contents
3.1 To identifying the species composition of freshwater crustacean
of the Calanoida, Cyclopoida, Harpacticoida (Copepoda), Diplostraca (Cladocera), Podocopida (Ostracoda), Amphipoda, Isopoda và Decapoda
in the study area
3.2 To comparing the number of species and composition of species
in different water bodies, especially in groundwater and underground waters in the cave
3.3.To determining the number of individuals of the studied species
in the water bodies, and to consider the dynamics of their density in each type of water body in spatial and climatic seasons
3.4.To studying the relationship between the basic characteristics of water environment (to, pH, DO, salinity .) of the watershed and some biological parameters of freshwater crustaceans
3.5 To proposing solutions for preservation and sustainable usage of wetlands and freshwater crustaceans in the study area
Chapter 1 LITERATURE 1.1 Studies on freshwater crustacean in the world
1.1.1 Studies on the classification of freshwater crustacean groups
1.1.1.1 Freshwater Copepoda
Müller (1776), Jurine (1820), Milne-Edwards (1840), Brady (1883) did have the studies on taxonomy for Freshwater Copepoda based on morphological characteristics Currently, in the world there are about 24,000 species of 2,400 genera and 210 families described Among them, there are about 2,800 species of fresh water inland (Boxshall and Halsey, 2004; Boxshall and Defaye, 2010)
In Malaysia and Indonesia there were the research works of Douwe (1901, 1907), Daday (1906), in Java and Sumatra; Fernando (1978) on Copepoda fauna in Malaysia The research on the species in Cambodia was published from studies of Brehm (1951, 1954) The freshwater Copepoda of Thailand is investigated the most thoroughly from the
Trang 5studies of Boonsom (1984), Chullasorn et al (2008) Shen, et al (1979) described 206 species of Crustacea Copepoda of inland waters of China
1.1.1.2 Freshwater Cladocera
Cladoceran was studied very early by Muller (1776, 1777, 1785) with
a genus was first published
It can be said that the study of Lilljeborg (1901) described and drew illustrated of 102 species with a system Cladocera taxa in the most successful at that time According to Martin and Davis, 2001, about 620 species were known as freshwater Cladocera ranked in four sets: Anomopoda (537 species), Ctenopoda (50 species), Haplopoda (one species) and Onychopoda (32 species)
In Southeast Asian, the prominent works are of Richard (1891, 1895, 1896), Johnson (1956), which were realised in the island Java, Sumatra (Indonesia) In Malaysia, there were many studies realised by Johnson (1962, 1963, 1965, 1975), Idris (1983) In Thailand, there are studies by Boonsom (1984), Sanoamuang et al (2001), Maiphae et al (2005) Lastly, Chiang and Du (1979) have listed 136 species in 45 genera and 10 families in China
1.1.1.3 Freshwater Ostracoda
Studies on Crustacea Ostracoda taxonomy had been started in
1777-1778 by Muller According to Martens et al (2008), there were 2,000 species of inland freshwater crustaceans in Ostracoda that have been recorded all over the world, most of them are free-living, only about 12 species of parasitic live, all belonging to the Podocopida
According to Fernando (1982), there are 87 species of 26 genus recorded in Southeast Asia (Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines) Recently, Savatenalinton & Martens (2010) has a comprehensive research
on the species composition of the Cypricercinae subspecies and describe six new species in this area
1.1.1.4 Freshwater Decapoda
Since the mid-nineteenth century, many studies on freshwater
shrimps and crabs have been conducted in countries in Europe and Asia According to De Grave et al (2008), there were about 2,500 species
of Caridea shrimp belonging to 31 families, living in saltwater, brackish and freshwater Of these, about 655 are freshwater species There were 1,476 species of freshwater crabs known in the world distributed in all geographic regions of animals, including 1,306 pure freshwater species The two most abundant species were the Potamidae (505 species and 95
Trang 6genera) and the Gecarcinucidae (344 species and 59 species), which were concentrated in Southeast Asia and South Asia (Cumberlidge et al (2009)
According to Cumberlidge et al (2009), there were 10 countries with the largest number of freshwater crab species, of which 8 are in Asia: China (224 species), Thailand (101 species), Malaysia (92 species), India (78 species), Sri Lanka (50 species) In other countries, although not yet fully registered, have recorded relatively large number of species, such as Indonesia (83 species), Philippines (42 species), Vietnam (40 species)
1.1.2 Studies on the habitat and distribution of ecological groups living in water bodie in karst
1.1.2.1 The water bodies of karst
Based on topography, hydrology, and water environment, the limestone karst can be divided into three major groups, including: Lotic Environments, Lentic Environments, Underground Aquatic Environments
1.1.2.2 The division of groups of living organisms in the aquatic environment
Today, in the study of cave fauna, Schiner-Racovitz's classification system of the species of underground organisms is widely accepted and
used: "Trogloxenes" includes species get lost or attracted to the humidity
or food sources of the cave, but they do not always live in this
environment and do not reproduce here "Troglophiles" consist of living
animals in the habitat underground, usually in shallow areas and caves; they also spawn here However, these species can also be found in
terrestrial environments "Troglobites" consist of live animals in dark
environments in deep soil or in caves They deeply transform the biological and ecological features that adapt to the environment Their entire life cycle start & end in this area and can not be found on the ground
1.1.3 Crustacean species composition in fresh water areas in karst
In South East Asia, there many studies had been realised by Ng (1988, 1991, 1992, 1996); Ng & Naiyanetr (1993) Camacho (2005)
described two new genera with two new species (Paraeobathynella vietnamensis, Sketinella trontelji.) in Vietnam Camacho et al (2011) described 1 new genus with 1 new species (Siambathynella laorsriae) in
Thailand Victor & Fernando (1981) describes a new subfamily, a new species of Ostracoda from Batu, Malaysia In Copepoda, there are studies
Trang 7by Menzel (1926), Chappuis (1931); Bruno & Cottarelli (1999), Pesce & Apostolov (1985); Brancelj et al (2010) and Watiroyram et al (2012) According to Stoch & Galassi (2010), 4,775 species of invertebrates have been recorded in cave basins around the world, of which the number of crustaceans accounts for most known species, including 3,400 species, contributes up to 71.2% of total species In which the Copepoda group has about 1,000 species, the Ostracoda group has about 300 species, the Amphipoda group has about 950 species, the Bathynellacea group has about 200 species, and the Decapoda group has about 300 species
According to Bracelj et al.(2013), in Southeast Asia, 102 species of freshwater crustaceans have been recorded in the groundwater aquifers: most of which are Decapoda (34 species), Copepoda (23 species), Isopoda (21 species), Amphipoda (13 species), Syncarida (5 species), Thermosbaenacea (3 species) and Ostracoda 1 species According to statistics, the Philippines has the largest number of species with 34 species, Thailand (24 species), Indonesia (17 species), Malaysia (14 species), Vietnam (9 species), Cambodia (3 species), Laos (1 species) and Myanmar have not recorded any species in this crustacean group
From 2013 to 2016, the reseachers continued to study and published
10 new crustacean species in Southeast Asia, including Vietnam: 3 species of shrimp, crabs of Decapoda family (Do & Nguyen, 2014) Ng & Vidthayanon, 2013; Cai & Vidthayanon, 2016), 6 species of Copepoda (Tran & Chang, 2014; Tran & Hołyńska, 2015, Boonyanusith et al., 2013; Watiroyram et al., 2015a, 2015b, 2016), a species of Thermosbaenacea family (Rogers & Sanoamuang L, 2016)
1.2 The study of freshwater crustacean in Vietnam
1.2.1 Reseach on taxonomy
1.2.1.1 Copepoda and Cladocera
Prior to 1945, studies on the composition of the microcrustacean in Vietnam were mainly done by foreign authors
From 1960 up to now, many studies had been realised by Dang Ngoc Thanh (1965, 1977, 1980); Dang Ngoc Thanh, Ho Thanh Hai (1991,
1992, 2001) In 2001, Dang Ngoc Thanh and Ho Thanh Hai described the classification of 50 species of Cladocera and 31 species of Copepoda Then there were studies by other authors such as Reid and Kay (1992), Hołyńska and Vu Sinh Nam (2000), Tran Duc Luong and Hołyńska (2015) Ho Thanh Hai, Tran Duc Luong (2007, 2008, 2009)
Trang 8Tran Duc Luong (2012) recorded 105 species of Copepoda belonging to
45 genera, 13 families, in 3 oder of Calanoida, Cyclopoida and Harpacticoida Among them, Calanoida has 39 species, Cyclopoida oder has 29 species, Harpacticoida has 37 species in the inland waters of Vietnam
1.2.1.2 Ostracoda
In Vietnam, the results of research on Ostracoda are very limited Only one species was recorded by Brehm (1952) in Hai Duong Dang Ngoc Thanh et al (1980) described the taxonomy of eight species of the Cypridae family in fresh water bodies of North Vietnam
On freshwater crabs, Dang Ngoc Thanh and Tran Ngoc Lan (1992)
described two new species of the genus Orientalia (Orientalia rubra,
O tankiensis) from specimens collected in Nghe An and Thanh Hoa Ng
(1996), Peter, KL Ng & Darren, CJ Yeo (2001), Tohru Naruse, N X, Quynh and Darren CJ Yeo (2011) continued to document and describe some other freshwater crab species in Vietnam
Dang Ngoc Thanh and Ho Thanh Hai (2012) provided a list of 42 species of shrimps and 36 species of crabs recorded in Vietnam
Do Van Tu et al (2015) described a new genus and species in Vinh
Tan, Binh Thuan province (Binhthuanomon vinhtan); Do Van Tu, Nguyen
Trang 9Tong Cuong and Le Hung Anh (2016) described a new species of crab
found in Huong Pagoda (Indochinamon Chuahuong); Hsu-Te Shih &
Chao Huang (2016) described a new species of crab found in streams in
Ha Lang District, Cao Bang Province (Tiwaripotamon pluviosum)
According to data to date, Vietnam has recorded 43 species of shrimp and
41 species of freshwater crab
1.2.2 Research on freshwater crustaceans in the karst of Vietnam
In 1967, Borutzky record seven species of Harpacticoida (Copepoda)
in the Viguierellidae and Canthocamptidae families Subsequent studies of Camacho (2005), Brancelj (2005), Apostolov (2007) Tran Duc Luong et
al (2011) recorded 39 species crustacean of Copepoda (18 species), Cladocera (12 species), Amphipoda and Decapoda in Trang An - Ninh Binh limestone area Tran Duc Luong and Cheon Young Chang (2012)
announced two new species for science: Microthridion thanhi, Nitokra vietnamensis
In the Phong Nha-Ke Bang karst area, some studies realised by Dang Ngoc Thanh and Ho Thanh Hai (2001) described two new species belonging to Calanoida in the underground river section of Phong Nha cave; Ho Thanh Hai et al (2003) provided a list of species of aquatic organisms (phytoplankton, zooplankton, zoobenthos and fishes) in Phong Nha cave, including 12 species of microcrustacea (Copepoda and Cladocera) found in the river in the Phong Nha cave
Tran Duc Luong and Cheon Young Chang (2012) described a new Cyclopoidae in Thien Duong Cave With the group of shrimps and crabs (Decapoda), Ng (1996) recorded a new species and genus of crab
(Nemoron nomas) in the Dark Cave (Phong Nha - Ke Bang) In 2014, Do Van Tu et al described a new species of crayfish (Macrobrachium phongnhaense) in the Va cave of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park
1.3 Studies on Phong Nha - Ke Bang karst
This part presents an overview of geography, climate, weather and hydrology in the study area
Types of water bodies in Phong Nha-Ke Bang karst
Based on differences in hydrological morphology, hydrological and water environment, it is possible to divide the types of water bodies in karst of Phong Nha - Ke Bang range into main types such as: streams, rivers, small floodplains seasonal are located in low tide, reservoirs and underground cave systems
Underground water in the cave
Trang 10Based on survey data, drawings of caves in the limestone mountains
of Quang Binh by Tran Nghi et al (2003), Limbert (2012), conditions of hydrological and environmental Accordingly, the water bodies in the karst mountain cave in Quang Binh can be divided into four main types: Water flows in the interstitial; underground river in the cave; puddle of temporary water reservoir and underground lake in the cave
CHAPTER II OBJECT, LOCATION, TIME AND
METHODOLOGY 2.1 Objects and scope of research
- Objects of study: Freshwater crustaceans of the Calanoidae, Cyclopoidae, Harpacticoida (Copepoda), Diplostraca (Cladocera), Podocopida (Ostracoda), Amphipoda, Isopoda, Thermosbaenacea, Bathynellacea, Decapoda and some water environment indicators rescue (T0, pH, DO, NH4+, NO3-, PO43-)
- Scope of study: Study on species composition, distribution,
species composition and the number (density) of freshwater crustacean in the karstic waters of Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park
2.2 Study sites
The study in an area of waters of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, include: stream, reservoirs on the ground and underground water in cave
Location of survey sites
A total of 22 watersheds in the Phong Nha-Ke Bang were collected
In particular, there are many water bodies surveyed in many places, Son River (3 sites), Chay River (3 sites), Khe Rinh (1 sites), Phu Nhieu (1 sites) Tan Hoa (1 sites), Cha noi (1 sites), Yen Hop (1 sites), Khe van(1 sites), Khe Dat (1 sites) Thien Duong (1 sites), Rao Con (1 sites) Phong Nha cave (4 sites), Son Doong cave (4 sites), Thien Duong cave (3 sites), Dark cave (2 sites), E cave (4 sites), 35 Cave (1 sites), Va Cave (2 sites),
Tu Lan cave (3 sites) and Yen Hop cave (1 sites)
2.3 The study period
Trang 11Independent Subject, VAST Code DLT.02_14-15 sponsored by the Academy of Science and Technology
- Sample collection: 89 visits / 22 places
- Number of specimens collected: about 1,100 specimens
2.4.2 Research in the laboratory:
a Sample processing and analysis freshwater Crustacea
Qualitative analysis: Classification of crustal groups was done using
morphological comparison method with the support of optical devices, descriptive drawing and imaging Critical morphological details in crustacean classifications were tracked following the process of Dang Ngoc Thanh, Ho Thanh Hai 2012, Kotov et al., 2009, Karanovic, 2012 and Bozzola & Russell (1999) Sort of taxa was done following Martin and Davis (2001) classification system
Determining density of the subjects follows routine methods, using the Bogorov counting chamber of 10 ml and calculating the number of individuals/m3
b Techniques for collecting, preserving and analyzing physical and chemical water environment
Field sampling and sampling techniques, sample preservation, sample transport, sampling follow the guidelines of Vietnamese Standards QCVN 6663-1: 2011 Comparison, price of water quality according to QCVN 09:
2015 / BTNMT; QCVN 08: 2015 / BTNMT
c Calculation of biological indicators
Assessment of community species diversity and water quality assessment through the Margalef (d), Shannon-Weiner diversity index(H’), Pearson (r)
Data processing techniques: Biological statistics were processed by
Excel 2010, PAST v.2.17
Trang 12Chapter III RESEARCH RESULTS 3.1 The species composition of freshwater crustacean in the study area
Reseach results on species composition show that 93 species in different the regional waters of karsts of 10 orders, 27 families and 61 genus have been recorded Cyclopoidae has 27 species, 29% of total species, Diplostraca has 26 species, (28%), Decapoda (16 species, 17,2%), Harpacticoida (9 species, 9% Calanoida (8 species accounting for 8.6%), Podocopida (3 species accounting for 3,2%) The other four include Thermosbaenacea, Bathynellacea, Amphipoda, Isopoda each with only 1 species accounting for 1,1%
3.1.1 Freshwater Copepoda
Copepods have 44 species (47,3% of total species) belonging to 24 genus, 8 families and 3 oders of Calanoida, Cyclopoida, Harpacticoida Of these, 9 taxa have only been identified at the genus, including:
Mongolodiaptomus sp., Acanthocyclops sp., Bryocyclops sp., Eucyclops
sp., Halicyclops sp., Graeteriella sp., Rybocyclops sp., Tropocyclops sp (family Cyclopidae) and Nitocrella sp (Ameiridae family) Six species:
Neodiaptomus curvispinosus, Halicyclops songsonensis, and Mesocyclops sondoongensis were the first described species in Vietnam and are
currently only found in the karsts of the Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, these are endemic to Vietnam
For the first time, the four freshwater genus distributed in Vietnam
are: Acanthocyclops, Bryocyclops, Rybocyclops, Nitocrella The
Cyclopidae family had the largest number of species with 25 species (26,9% of total crustaceans), the Diaptomidae (6 species, 6,5%), Ameiridae and Canthocamptidae has 4 species account for 4,3%, Pseudodiaptomidae family has 2 species (2,2%), the remaining family each has only one species
3.1.2 Freshwater Cladocera
The reseach results on species identifying show that 26 species (28%
of total species) belonging to a Diplostraca oder of 7 families and 22 genus have been identified At families, the Chydoridae have the largest species with 13 species (14% ), The Daphniidae and Sidiidae (3 species, 3,2%), Bosminidae, Macrothricidae and Moinidae each have two species (2,1%), the Ilyocryptidae have 1 species (1,1%) Cladocera represents a high diversity with the rate of species (26)/genus (22) reaching 1,18 and species (26)/families (7) reached 3,71 Based on the results of the study, a
Trang 13new species was identified to genus as Brancelia sp it is distributed in the
cave
3.1.3 Freshwater Ostracoda
Three species Ostracoda (3,2% of total species); these include:
Pseudostrandesia calapanensis (family Cyprididae), Meridiescandona lucerna (Family Candonidae) and Notodromas sp (Notodromadidae
family) Among them are Meridiescandona lucerna and Notodromas sp., the first recorded in the cave of Vietnam Two species of
Meridiescandona genus and Notodromas genus are found only in the
cave, while P albacanensis is widespread, often in mountainous waters
3.1.4 Bathynellacea và Themosbaenacea
The results of the study have identified two crustacean species that
are only classified genus as: Theosbaena sp belonging to the Thermosbaenacea family and the Siambathynella sp species belonging to
the Bathynellacea family, which are typical cave dwellings species These are the first records for the Vietnamese aquatic system
3.1.5 Amphipoda và Isopoda
One species of Amphipoda belongs to the Bogidiellidae family and one species of Isopoda belong to the Corallanidae family have been recorded At present, Vietnam has only recorded 8 species of Amphipods and 2 species of Isopoda
3.1.6 Decapoda
According to the analysis, there were 16 species of Decapoda (17,2%
of total species) of 8 genus, 5 families, including 10 species of shrimp (10.7%), 6 species of crabs (6,5%) The most abundant species were the Palaemonidae with seven species, the Atyidae and the Potamidae each with three species, the two species of Parathelphusidae and the Varunidae with one species Based on the results, 11 species have been added to the Decapoda crustacean system in the karst areas of Quang Binh
Of the 16 species of Decapoda identified in the study area, seven species (46.6% of total species) are now endemic to Vietnam, including:
Caridina subnilotica, C.auticaudata, Macrobrachium phongnhaense,
Somanniathelphusa pax
A new species of shrimp (Macrobrachium phongnhaense) was first
record and described during the study So far, this species has only been found in caves in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, as: Va Cave, 35
Cave, Tu Lan Cave and Son Doong Cave A species of Varuna litterata