Summary of doctoral thesis: Research on the macro fungi Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province

The Objective of the dissertation : Make a checklist of the macro fungi species; evaluate diversity of species composition, resource value of macro fungi; created a checklist for classification of indentified species of Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province.

TRAINING OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

GRADUATE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

-

TRAN THI PHU

RESEARCH ON THE MACRO FUNGI

MYXOMYCOTA, ASCOMYCOTA, BASIDIOMYCOTA

IN NGOC LINH MOUNTAIN, QUANG NAM PROVINCE

Major: Botany

Code: 9.42.01.11

SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS

HANOI – 2018

Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology

Supervisors: 1 Prof Dr Sc TRINH TAM KIET

2 Assoc Prof Dr NGUYEN KHAC KHOI

This thesis can be found at:

- The library of Graduate University of Science and Technology;

- National Library of Vietnam

Introduction

1 Rationale

The kingdom fungi contains heterogeneous organisms, with over 100,000 described species (Kirk P.M, 2008), however, as expected Hawksworth (2001) the number of fungal species can be up to 1,500,000 species Fungi are very

meaningful in practice, many species make food: Volvariella, Auricularia, Pleurotus; medicinal products: Ganoderma luc, Trametes versicolor, Cordyceps etc applied in pharmaceutical technology In science, many species (Lentinus tigrinus, Schizophyllum commune) is the subject of studies on physiology,

biochemistry and genetics Besides, there are many species of fungi that harm plants and animals, some poisonous fungus cause coma and death for human Researches on macrofungi in Central Vietnam have been mentioned such as Patouillard, N (1923, 1928), Joly P (1968), Ngo A (2003), Dörfelt, H., Trinh T.K, Berg, A (2004) etc, However, fungus research is still limited, so collecting and classifying fungus in the Central and Highlands has significant scientific and practical significance

In Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province, not has studied the macro

fungi Therefore, "Research on the macro fungi Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province" is a necessary to

identify and contribute to the protection of the diversity of species composition, the rational use of resources, the protection of rare genetic resources for the Vietnam mushroom complex

2 The Objective of the dissertation

- Make a checklist of the macro fungi species;

- Evaluate diversity of species composition, resource value of macro fungi;

- Created a checklist for classification of indentified species of Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province

3 Scientific and practical significance

For the first time, the research provides a checklist of the macro fungi species, evaluate of diversity of species composition, resource value of the macro fungi,

constructs identification key, and describes the new species of fungus recorded for the genera and the valuable species macro fungi of the Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province, Vietnam

4 Layout of the dissertation

The dissertation consists of 150 pages, 65 images, and 12 tables

Introduction (2 pages), Chapter 1: Literature review (16 pages), Chapter 2: Object, content, research methods and natural, social conditions in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province (13 pages), Chapter 3: Results and discussion (106 pages), Conclusions and recommendations (3 pages), References (9 pages), List of author’s publications

Chapter 1 Literature review 1.1 Some main mushroom systems

Mushroom systems of Gaümann (1964); Kreisel (1969); Ainsworth, Bisby (1971); Kirk P.M “Dictionary of the fungi” (2008); Trinh T.K (2014) “Check-list macro fungi in Viet Nam”

1.2 Macro fungi research in Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota in the world

Before the XIX century, in the world Théophraste and Aristote studied Tuberaceae and Agaricaceae Linnaeus with “Species plantarum”, some species of fungus have been mentioned De Bary A., (1887) in London “Comparative

morphology and biology of the fungi, Mycetozoa and Bacteria”, compared the

characteristics of fungi, animals and bacteria

The XX century, in New Zealand, Cunningham G.H., (1965) announced 550 species the Polypore Corner E.J.H., research “Ad Polyporaceas II, III, IV” described of morphology, key to species of the Polypocre Donk M.A., (1967) described, identificated key to species of the Polypocre in Europe In 1970, Teng S.C., described 2400 species, 601 genera, 5 classes Rolf Singer, (1986) with “The Agaricales in modern taxonomy”, described morphology, structure and spore the

230 genera, 17 families, the Agaricales Zhao Ji-Ding, (1989) in “The

Ganodermataceae in China”, described hyphae, spores and identification key to

Ganoderma with 64 species, Amauroderma with 20 species, Haddowia and Humphreya with 2 species The theme "Pilze der Schweiz" for 25 years of

Breitenbach J and Kraenzlin F generalized the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota

of Switzerland

The XXI century: Mao Xiaolan (2000) published “The Macro fungi in China”, described morphology, structure hyphae, spores Heikki K described and identificated key to 139 the Polypore in Russia Zmitrovich I.V (2012), found

identification key to 63 species, genera Trametes Dörfelt, Heinrich, (2014) with

“Morphologie der Großpilze” described morphology macro fungi: surface, hymenophore, skeletal hyphe, hyphe, spores, hole, the stratification of the tube etc In Brazil Gomes-Silva A.C (2015), analysed morphology and molecular of 20

species, the genera Amauroderma, 6 new species for science In 2017, Ginns J with “Polypores of British Columbia” described the morphological characteristics

of 200 species the polypore: surface, hyphe, hymenophore, spores etc and construct identification key

1.3 Macro fungi research in Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota in Vietnam

Macro fungi research in Vietnam: Patouillard N.M with 3 volumes of mushroom publications 1876-1924, described 235 species have been recognized

44 species for Vietnam Joly P (1968), in Lang-Bian, described 20 species, genus, Xylaria In 1986, Parmasto E summarized 310 species in the "Preliminary Catalog of Fungi Aphyllophorales and Polyporaeae s.str Vietnam"

Research on mushrooms in the North with typical works: Trinh T.K (1981) published "Macro fungi of Viet Nam", describing 116 species In 1991, Phan H.D announced 56 species A checklist 837 species of macrofungi of Vietnam

“Preliminary checklist of macrofungi of Vietnam”by Trinh T.K in 1996 Trinh T.K and Trinh T.B (2008) identified checklist 210 species of medicinal fungus

In the Central region, Ngo A (2003) identified in Hue 4 classes, 28 orders, 55 families, 134 genera, 346 species, new record: 1 family the Gomphidiaceae, 7 genera, 39 species Ngo A., and Nguyen T.K.C., (2013) identified 162 species, 63

genera, 30 families, 18 orders, 2 divisions the Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, 21 species new record Ngo A., and Phan T.A.L (2017) identified 305 species, 92 genera, 43 families, 23 orders, 3 classes, 3 divisions the Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, 42 new record species

In highlands: Le B.D (2001), with "Highlands macro fungi system" introduced basic knowledge, methods and descriptions of 300 species of mushrooms Nguyen P.D.N (2013) recorded three new species the Ganodermataceae Pham T.H.G recorded 51 species, 23 families, 9 orders, in Chu Yang Sin National Park In

2016, Le B.D studied genus Coprinus in Lam Vien, including 6 species Nguyen

P.D.N (2017) described 6 species, genus Boletus, recorded two new species

In the South Vietnam, Le X.T., with "Development of mushroom production

on the basis of investigating mushroom museum in Cat Tien National Park" from 2004-2009 identified 370 species, 128 genera, 45 families, 22 orders Le X.T (2010) published "Fungi in technology and environmental transformation" describing the morphology, microscopic structure of Ganodermataceae Cat Tien

in 2013 Tran T.M.H (2017) with “Myxomycetes of Vietnam”, described of the book 56 species of Myxomycetes for Vietnam

Special, in 3 book of "Macro fungi of Vietnam", Trinh T.K has showed a macro fungi system, character analysis, methods of collection, storage, classification, biodiversity, ecological analysis, life style etc , described the fungal species of the 4 divisions Myxomycota, Glomeromycota, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota with about 1821 species, over 1,000 illustrations

Currently, in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province, no has studied the macro fungi, so researching the macro fungi in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province is a very important and necessary task

Chapter 2 Object content, research methods and natural, conditions in

Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province

2.1 Object, research location

Macro fungi of the 3 divisions Myxomycota, Ascomycota, Bosidiomycota in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province; 7 communes in Nam Tra My district

List of macro fungi sorted by Kirk P.M (2008), Trinh T.K (2014) Diversity

of living methods, geographic factors, resource values: inheritance of existing data, folk surveys, traditional experience

2.4 Natural conditions in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province

Geographical location: 7 communes in Nam Tra My district, Quang Nam province

Topographic features: slope 25°, height 1,600-1,800 m, mountain straight strip Land features: thin earth layer, carpet layer, humus 30-50 cm

Characteristics of rivers, hydrography: upstream of Tranh river The flow of rivers and streams varies with the season, the flow of the flood season is twice the dry season

Climate features: North-Southwest monsoon, tropical climate, subtropical: high rainfall and humidity, evaporation and low temperatures

Natural forest characteristics: complex, strong separates, rugged mountains, narrow valleys, rich populations of plants In lowland, tropical evergreen moist forest type, dense, multi-storey wide leaves The higher the type of forest sub-tropical evergreen closed forest, bamboo Forests also have many specialties Many animals (wild boar, goose, gill, squirrel, etc)

Chapter 3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Morphological and microscopic feature of Mycomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota

3.1.1 Morphological characteristics of Mycomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota

Fruiting body: the Myxogastria: globose (Fuligo septic), a pelviform, (Physarum pezizoideum), long cylindriform (Stemonitis longa) etc The Ascocarp: split 2 to 3 lobes (Hypocrea peltata), substrale push close (Annulohypoxylon annulatum), spherical (Daldinia concentrica), cylindrical (Xylaria longipes) etc The Basidiocarp: dermatoid (Stereum rugosum), wood stratiform (Perenniporia martia), unguliform (Phellinus chrysoloma), pulvinoid (Ganoderma phillipii), lumpsform (Phellinus pomaceus), high foundation (Phellinus robiniae), fanform (Microporus affinis), Shellfishform (Amauroderma scopulosum), shallow hopper form (Panus conchatus), tuberous form (Scleroderma verrucosum), actimiform (Geastrum fimbriatum), egg-shaped (Bovista pila), umbraculiform (Amanita aff xanthogala), cone form (Leucocoprinus birnbaumii), round umbraculiform (Russula emetica), campaniforma (Marasmius siccus), retiform (Phallus multicolor) etc

Fruiting color: The Myxomycota: a sallow (Fuligo septic), blue (Physarum pezizoideum), green gold (Physarum viride) etc Ascomycota: light pink (Hypocrea peltata), blue black (Annulohypoxylon annulatum), red (Cookenia tricholoma) etc Basidiomycota: black (Nigrofomes melanoporus), pale brown (Ganoderma lobatum), reddish brown (Fomitopsis pinicola), Orange (Pycnoporus sanguineus), yellow (Inocybe asterospora), white (Coprinellus disseminates), purple (Scleroderma citrinum), colorful (Trametes versicolor) etc

Fruiting size: Myxomycota: small 2-4 mm Arcyria incarnata, great 5-20 mm

Stemonitis longa, Ascomycota: small 2-4 mm Annulohypoxylon annulatum, medium 4-10 mm Pithya cupressina, more than 1 cm Xylaria longipes Basidiomycota: small 1-3 cm (Amauroderma), medium 3-20 cm (Fomitopsis, Trametes), larger than 10 cm (G.australe, N.melasola)

Fruiting surface: smooth (G.sessile), smooth shine (G.fuvellum), smooth and veined (Microporus xanthopus), concentric belt (G.australe), cracked bird's legs (G.tornatum), rough hair (Trichaptum biforme), fine hair (Auricularia auricula-

judae), thorn hair (Hexagonia tenuis), fixed hair (Pholiota aurivella), scutellum (Auricularia cornea), scutellum tiger dermatoid (Lentinus tigrinus) etc. Hymenophor: plicate form, tubate form or serate form, lamenlan form

Plicateform (Cymatoderma), flange, beak ridge (Auricularia mesenterica)

Tubateform: Hymenophor formed farion including a unistrale hyphe

(Ganoderma luteomarginatum), a bifarious hyphe (G.australe), multifarious hyphe (Perenniporia martia), the fungus tabulate grow up next husband (Nigrofomes melanoporus), centrical multifarious laminar tissue (G.applanatum) Tube construction structure: structure to pycnoxytic (Phellinus, Nigrofomes), matter tough lie in genus Trametes, colloid after drying farion keratose (Fomitopsis) Some species in genus Aureoboletus, Boletus The Fungus tabulate grows steadily

into the tissue, just lying on the flat surface so it is easy to separate

Hymenophor a lamenla form including: generative laminate (Volvariella), concave laminate (Inocybe asterospora), bipartition laminate (Schizophyllum commune), laminate reduced tendonform, carinateform (Anthracophyllum archeri), rivulone laminate (Macrocybe giganteus), integration laminate concave tendonform, rugose, free genera Agaricus, Pluteus, think laminate, close together,

a peripterous pedicel genus Lentinus

Fungus tissue: 2 layers of tissue a homochromatic with hymenophor the Phellinus, 2 layers of tissue heterochromia the Ganoderma Fungus tissue hyphae trimitic, skleretiv hyphe (Phellinus, Ganoderma, Fomitopsis), matter tough, durable lie in (Trametes), colloid the Auricularia, Tremella, after drying farion keratose, tough cuticle Lentinus, genus Panus, monomitic hyphe parenchymal

tissue, slime, shrinkage, change at dry time, tendrer sarcoplasm fragile the genera

Russula Fungus smell sarcoplasm: dried fish Ischnoderma sp, dried squid Lentinula, fragrant sweet smell Pleurotus, Macrolepiota albuminosa, acinidity malodous Chlorophyllum, bad-egg odouur Boletus, Aureoboletus Fungus taste sarcoplasm: sweet Macrolepiota albuminosa, before the bitter after the sweet Ganoderma lucidum, salty taste G.subresinosum

Spore in: color: white, black, pink, yellow, orange, brown, red, blue, purple

Fungi stalk: stalt a atelomitic (Amauroderma guangxiense), stalt a no proof- reaing or a dorsiferous (A.preussii), stalk a adnate (A.exile)

Stalk color: same color with basidiocarp, some stalk color with basidiocarp, eg species Microporus affinis, yellow hooded black stalk

Stalk surface: slippery stalk (Amauroderma), a cyclo brachiate, no bag (Chlorophyllum hortense), have bag, not round (Volvariella volvacea), plumulata (Lepiota cristata), squamule (Leucocoprinus birnbaumii), firm lignin

(Amauroderma), sarcoplasm (Agaricus, Lepiota), porous, hollow (Coprinus, Russula)

Stalk body: cylinder (Amauroderma), bulge in the abdomen (Amanita aff xanthogala), rhizoid (Hymenopellis megalospora)

Stalk size: long (Amauroderma preussii), short (Ganoderma pfeifferi), to big (G.tropicum, G.gibbosum), small (Microporus xanthopus)

3.1.2 Some microscopic characteristics of macro fungi of Mycomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota

Hyphesystem: generative hyphe: a polycystid horizontal partition

(Cymatoderma), a key (Polyporus arcularius) Skleretiv hyphe (Phellinus), the lignin (Ganoderma), skin substance (Stereum) Bindel hyphe: a thick membranous

share multiple branches, short, zigzag, no key, a noendoplasmic, size 1-6 µm

Hymenium: the Myxomycota not hymenium, only agency spores to bring Ascus: Reproduction is usually at the bottom of ascocarpe, perithetium, or on

the ascocarpe a lamelliform, diskform, acetabuliform They usually form a fence, made up of ascus, paraphysa and periphysa

Ascospores: Spores are decorated by folds in length Cookeina sulcipes, vertical line (C.tricoloma), big drop of oil (Pithya) etc

Basidie: Holobasidie (Hymenomyces, Gasteromycetes), obovoid (Ganoderma lucidum), maceform (Pleurotus pulmonarius, Lentinula edodes), oval truncate (Ganoderma capense), in a basidie have 4 sterigma or 2 sterigma

Phragmobasidie there are 3 vertical membranes forming 4 cells or formed 3 horizontal baffles, forming 4 cells in succession Size: Macro 43-53 x 4-5 µm

(Auricularia mesenterica), medium 15-30 x 5-10 µm (Macrocybe giganteus), small 9-12 x 4-6 µm (Lentinus squarrosulus)

Basidispores: Spores a pelliculate a cylindrical form (Pleurotus), kidney shape (Leucoagaricus aff rubrotinctus), sclereform (Scleroderma), sclera globular (Russula), elip (Lentinus tigrinus) etc, a thick membranous (Perenniporia), private the Ganodermataceae two membrannaceous layers, obovoid (Amauroderma), oval truncate (Ganoderma) Color: yellow (Ganoderma), yellow helvus (Serpula), purple infuscate (Parasola), black (Coprinus)

3.2 Checklist of species of macro fungi in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province

3.2.1 Checklist of species of macro fungi in Ngoc Linh mountain, Quang Nam province

1 Divisions MYXOMYCOTA

1 Classes Myxomycetes:

1 Physarales: Physaraceae: Fuligo septic; Physarum pezizoideum, P.viride

2 Stemonitales: Stemonitaceae: Stemonitis longa

3 Trichiales: Arcyriaceae: Arcyria denudate, A.incarnata

7 Pezizales: Pyronemataceae: Sowerbyella rhenana; Sarcoscyphaceae:

Pithya cupressina; Cookeina sulcipes, C.tricholoma

3 Divisions BASIDIOMYCOTA

5 Classes Tremellomycetes

8 Tremellales: Tremellaceae: Tremella fuciformis, T.mesenterica

6 Classis Dacrymycetes

9 Dacrymycetales: Dacrymycetaceae: Dacrymyces chrysospermus,

D.stillatus; Dacryopinax spathularia; Calocera cornea

7 Classes Agaricomycetes

10 Auriculariales: Auriculariaceae: Auricularia auricula-judae, A.cornea,

A.delicata, A.fuscosuccinea, A.mesenterica, A nigricans

11 Thelephorales: Thelephoraceae: Thelephora atrocitrina

12 Cantharellales: Cantharellaceae: Cantharellus sp, C.wellingtonensis

13 Hymenochaetales: Hymenochaetaceae: Trichaptum biforme; Inonotus

hispidus, Inonotus sp, I.tabacinus, I.rickii; Phellinus allardii, P.adamantinus, P.chrysoloma, P.gilvus, P.hartigii, P.igniarius, P.pomaceus, P.robiniae; Phellinopsis conchata; Fomitiporia hippophặicola, F.punctata; Phellinidium ferrugineofuscum, P.lamaoense; Fuscoporia torulosa

14 Polyporales: Meruliaceae: Cymatoderma caperatum, C dendriticum, C

elegans; Rigidoporus microporus; Phlebia tremellosa; Flavodon flavus;

Ganodermataceae: Ganoderma adspersum, G ahmadii, G amboinense, G

annulare, G applanatum, G australe, G brownii, G capense, G cochlear, G dahlii, G fulvellum, G gibbosum, G hainanense, G lobatum, G lucidum, G luteomarginatum, G mirivelutinum, G multipileum, G orbiforme, G oroflavum,

G philippii, G resinaceum, G rotundatum, G sessile, G simaoense, G sinense,

G steyaertianum, G subtornatum, G testaceum, G tornatum, G tropicum, G triangulum, G tsugae, G ungulatum; Amauroderma auriscalpium, A exile, A guangxiense, A infundibuliforme, A nigrum, A praetervisum, A preussii, A rude, A rugosum, A scopulosum, A subresinosum, A subrugosum, Amauroderma

sp; Haddowia longipes, Haddowia sp.; Humphreya coffeata; Fomitopsidaceae:

Antrodia heteromorpha; Neoantrodia variiformis; Fomitopsis castanea, F.pinicola; Daedalea dochmia; Ischnoderma sp.; Laetiporus gilbertsonii;

Niveoporofomes spraguei; Rhodofomes cajanderi, R roseus; Polyporaceae:

Cerrena drummondii, C.unicolor, C.zonata; Coriolopsis gallica, C.suberosifusca;

Funalia caperata, F sanguinaria; Daedaleopsis confragosa, D tricolor; Hexagonia apiaria, H tenuis, H variegata; Cellulariella acuta; Microporus affinis, M xanthopus; Nigrofomes melanoporus; Perenniporia fraxinea, P fraxinophila, P martia, Perenniporia sp.; Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, P sanguineus; Earliella scabrosa; Trametes cingulata, T cubensis, T elegans, T gibbosa, T hirsuta, T meyenii, T modesta, T ochracea, T orientalis, T palisotii,

T pubescens, T robiniophila, T suaveolens, T strumosa, T trogii, T versicolor,

T vernicipes, T villosa; Leiotrametes lactinea; Trametopsis cervina; Tyromyces chioneus; Aurantiporus fissilis; Polyporus arcularius, P grammocephalus; Neofavolus alveolaris; Cerioporus leptocephalus, C meridionalis, C squamosus; Picipes melanopus; Nigroporus vinosus; Favolus tenuiculus; Lentinus levis, L polychrous, L sajor-caju, L squarrosulus, L tigrinus, L velutinus, Lentinus sp.; Panus conchatus, P neostrigosus, P rudis, P similis

15 Gloeophyllales: Gloeophyllaceae: Gloeophyllum sepiarium

16 Agaricales: Schizophyllaceae: Schizophyllum commune; Pleurotaceae: Pleurotus ostreatus, P.pulmonarius; Marasmiaceae: Anthracophyllum archeri,

A.discolor; Trogia infundibuliformis, T venenata; Marasmius siccus;

Omphalotaceae: Marasmiellus candidus, M ramealis; Lentinula edodes; Mycenaceae: Favolaschia cyatheae; Mycena arcangeliana, M inclinata, M

olivaceomarginata, M parsonsiae, M polyadelpha, M tenerrima;

Porotheleaceae: Phloeomana alba; Physalacriaceae: Hymenopellis

megalospora; Hydnangiaceae: Laccaria laccata; Tricholomataceae: Macrocybe crassa, M gigantea; Amanitaceae: Amanita cokeri, A rubescens, A aff xanthogala; Agaricaceae: Agaricus augustus, A placomyces; Lepiota

brunneoincarnata, L cristata, L erminea; Leucocoprinus birnbaumii, L.cepistipes, L cretaceu; Leucoagaricus americanus, L.crystallifer, L leucothites,

L aff rubrotinctus; Chlorophyllum brunneum, C hortense, C molybdites; Macrolepiota albuminosa; Bovista pila, B plumbea, Bovista sp.; Calvatia lilacina, Calvatia sp.; Lycoperdon molle, L perlatum, L pyriforme, Lycoperdon

sp.; Cyathus striatus; Disciseda sp.; Coprinaceae: Coprinus comatus, C