The objective of this thesis is to apply Lagrange equations with multipliers to study dynamics and control of Delta parallel robots. Particularly, mechanical model, mathematical model, and control algorithms for Delta parallel robots are developed as a scientific basis for the research and development of parallel Delta robots.
Trang 1MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
AND TRAINING
VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
GRADUATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
…… ….***…………
NGUYEN DINH DUNG
INVERSE DYNAMICS AND MOTION CONTROL
OF DELTA PARALLEL ROBOT
Major: Engineering Mechanics
Code: 9 52 01 01
SUMMARY OF THE DOCTORAL THESIS
Hanoi – 2018
Trang 2The thesis has been completed at Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
Trang 3INTRODUCTION The rationale for the thesis
Parallel robots are robots with closed kinematics structure in which the links are connected by joints. Although the parallel robot has a complex dynamic structure, and is difficult to design and control, but it has some outstanding advantages over the serial robot: high load bearing capacity, high rigidity due to configuration. They can perform complex operations and operate with high accuracy. Therefore, study on the problem of dynamics and control of the parallel robot in order to take advantage of it is a scientific and practical matter.
2 The objective of the thesis
The objective of this thesis is to apply Lagrange equations with multipliers to study dynamics and control of Delta parallel robots. Particularly, mechanical model, mathematical model, and control algorithms for Delta parallel robots are developed as a scientific basis for the research and development of parallel Delta robots.
3 The object and the main content of the thesis
Research objects: Dynamics and control of two Delta parallel robots are 3RUS robots and 3PUS robots.
The main content of the thesis includes: Study of mathematical and mechanical modeling problems, study of dynamics and control algorithms for Delta parallel robot. The thesis does not study the problem of design and manufacture of Delta parallel robots.
4 The outline of the thesis
The outline of the thesis contains Introduction, Four main chapters, Conclusions and findings of the thesis.
Chapter 1: Overview of the study of dynamics and control of Delta parallel robot in and outside the country is first presented. Since then, the
Trang 4Chapter 2: Presents the construction of mechanical models and application of Lagrangian equations with multipliers to formulate mathematical models for two Delta Parallel Robots. Each robot offers two mechanical models for study and comparison.
Chapter 3: Presents some improvements in numerical methods to solve the inverse kinematics and inverse dynamics of parallel robots. Inverse kinematic problem is solved by applying the improved Newton-Raphson method. Inverse dynamics problem is solved by reducing Lagrange multipliers to calculate moments or driving forces in active joints.
Chapter 4: Presents tracking control of parallel robot manipulators based on the mathematical model of parallel robots, which is a system of differential – algebraic equations. The trajectory of serial robots described
by differential equations is often well studied. While the Delta parallel robot trajectory is based on the mathematical model, the differential – algebraic equations system is rarely studied. Control law such as PD control, PID control, sliding mode control, sliding mode control using neural network are studied in this chapter.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF DYNAMICS AND CONTROL
PARALLEL ROBOT 1.1 Parallel robot
Parallel robots usually consist of a manipulator connected to a fixed frame, driven in multiple parallel branches also called legs. The number of legs is equal to the number of degrees of freedom. Each leg is controlled by the actuator on a fixed frame or on the leg. Therefore, parallel robots are sometimes referred to as platformed robots.
1.2 Comparison between Serial and Parallel Manipulators
Trang 5Parallel robot has high rigidity and load bearing capacity due to load sharing of each actuator operating in parallel. The accuracy of the position of the parallel robot is high because there are no cumulative joint errors as the serial robot. While kinematic chains create kinematic constraints and workspace limitations, typical designs have low inertia characteristics. The fields of parallel robot application include: CNC machine, high precision machine, automation machine in semiconductor and high speed and high acceleration electronics assembly industry. A comparison between parallel and serial robots is given in the following table:
Table 1.1: Comparison between Serial and Parallel Manipulators
STT Features Serial robot Parallel robot
complexity
1.3 Research on dynamics and control of parallel robots outside of the country
1.3.1 Inverse dynamics of parallel robots
On the mechanical side, parallel robots are closed-loop multibody system. Dynamic computation is essential to designing and improving the control quality of parallel robots. The literature on the theory and calculation method of robot dynamics is quite substantial [47, 73, 85-88, 96, 103]. The methods of establishing the dynamic equations of closed-loop multibody
Trang 6system are well documented in [88, 103]. The kinematics and dynamics problems are then more specifically mentioned in the literature on parallel robots [67, 96].
In the above studies on Delta parallel robots, the methods used to establish equation of motion are Lagrange equations with multipliers, virtual work principle, Newton-Euler equation, subsystem When establishing the equation, the bar between the actuating link and the manipulator is modeled with a uniform bar or with a zero-mass bar and two masses at the ends of the bar. Up to now, there have been no comparative work on these two types of models.
1.3.2 Tracking control of parallel robots
The documentation on robot control is very rich. There are various approaches to controlling robots given by Spong and Vidyasagar [90], Sciavicco and Siciliano [87]. However, these works are less focused on the specific problems of parallel robots.
Recently, the works on improving the control quality of Delta robot was also published quite a lot. These works develop control law based on the equations of motion, which are obtained by simplifying the dynamics model
of each parallelogram by a zero-mass bar with two mass points at both ends. Model linearization methods are used to establish simple control laws. Hemici et al. [80-82] designed PID, H controllers based on linear models
Trang 7comparative studies of controllers and recommendations on how to choose
an appropriate ones.
1.4 Studies in Vietnam
The research in Vietnam mainly focuses on solving the kinematics problem, establishing the equation of motion and presenting the method of solving the equations of motion. Control problems are little researched.
1.5 The research problem of the thesis
From the review and evaluation of the work that scientists have been working on in Delta parallel robot, this thesis will investigate the following issues:
Development of the solution for the inverse dynamics problem with the aim of improving numerical accuracy.
Study and comparison of different dynamic models for a parallel robot, the complexity of the models and their effect on the computational torque moment. On that basis, it is advisable for the user to use a suitable model. Design of direct control law based on differential – algebraic equations. Research comparing the quality of the controllers using different mechanical models.
Conclusions of chapter 1
Based on the results obtained from domestic and foreign researches, the thesis has identified the need for in-depth research in order to improve the quality of control for parallel robots, mechanical and mathematical modeling and numerical algorithms for solving dynamic and control problems for two parallel robots, 3RUS and 3PUS.
CHAPTER 2 BUILDING THE MECHANICAL MODEL AND MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR DELTA PARALLEL ROBOT
In this thesis, the new matrix form of the Lagrange equations with multipliers [51] is used to establish the equation of motion of two parallel
Trang 8robots, the 3RUS robot and the 3PUS robot. With the MAPLE or MATLAB software, we obtain the analytic form of differential – algebraic equations describing the movement of parallel robots.
2.1 Dynamic model of Delta parallel robot
2.1.1 Dynamic model of Delta parallel robot 3RUS
From realistic models of robots from Figure 2.1, it can be seen that the parallelogram will make the kinematic and dynamic computation on the robot quite complex. For simplicity we build two models of robot dynamics based on real model as follows:
Figure 2.1: Delta parallel robot 3RUS
Model 1: The parallelogram mechanisms is modeled by a bar with a uniformly distributed mass over the length of the bar. The mass and length
of the bars correspond to the mass and length of the parallelogram.
Model 2: The parallelogram mechanisms is modeled by a weightless bar with a concentric mass at both ends, the mass of each bar end equals half the mass of the parallelogram.
Trang 92.1.2 Dynamic model of 3PUS Delta parallel robot
Spatial 3PUS Delta robot is a variant of the 3RUS robot when replacing rotary actuation joints linear actuation joints as shown in Figure 2.4. The 3PUS robot is also equipped with two dynamic models similar to the 3RUS.
Figure 2.4: Delta parallel robot 3PUS
2.2 Establish equations of motion of the Delta parallel robot
Applying the new matrix form of the Lagrange equation with multipliers [4, 51], the equation of motion of two 3RUS and 3PUS robots is the differential - algebraic equations of the following general form:
M s s C s s s , g s ΦT s s λτ (2.20)
2.3 Compare the equations of motion of robot models
From the equation of motion of model 1 and model 2 of each robot we have the comparison table as follows:
Trang 10From Table 2.1 we find that the equation of motion of model 2 is simpler and easier to establish than model 1, but the inertia effect is not clear.
2.3 Conclusions of chapter 2
The establishment of analytical equation of the equation of motion of Delta parallel robot is a very complex problem. Using the symbolic programming technique, this thesis has achieved some new results as follows:
Using the new matrix form of equations Lagrange with multipliers [51], the differential - algebraic equations describing the motion of the two kinds Delta parallel robot (robot 3RUS and robot 3PUS) has established analytically.
In addition to establishing equations of motion in view of rigid body, the thesis also provides a simple equation for motion equation by replacing the parallelogram mechanisms by two mass points. These mechanical models are the basis for computational dynamics and control of parallel robots 3RUS and 3PUS.
Trang 11CHAPTER 3 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF INVERSE
KINEMATICS AND INVERSE DYNAMICS FOR DELTA
PARALLEL ROBOT
Based on the explicit analytical form of the differential - algebraic equations description of the motion of the Delta parallel robot set up in Chapter 2, this chapter applies and develops numerical algorithms to solve the inverse kinematic and inverse dynamic problem for parallel robots 3RUS and 3PUS.
3.1 Calculation of inverse kinematic parallel robot by improved Newton-Raphson method
The constrained equations of robot are rewritten in vector form as follows:
where: f r, q n, x m
Contents of the inverse dynamics problem: Given the motion law of the manipulator, it is necessary to find the law of motion of the driving joints. Here, we will present an improved Newton-Raphson method [4] to solve the inverse kinematic problem:
Step 1: Correct the increment of the vector of generalized coordinates at time t0 = 0. First, we can determine the approximate vector q0 by drawing method (or experiment). Then apply Newton - Raphson methods to find a better solution of q0 from nonlinear equations (3.1).
1 ( ) 2
In the robot kinematics computation [87], the infinitesimals of order n≥2 are often neglected in the initial approximation of Newton-Raphson. In this thesis, we take into account the second order infinitesimals, neglecting
Trang 12the infinitesimals of order 3 and taking the formula (3.14) as the approximation of the original Newton-Raphson loop.
After each step of calculating the coordinates of the joints using the improved Newton-Raphson method, the generalized velocity and acceleration of the joints are calculated by the following formulas:
3.2.2 Solving the inverse dynamics problem by eliminating the Lagrange multipliers [4]
Through the inverse kinematic with the given trajectory of the mobile platform center, we have found the vector s t , s t , s t . From this, mass
matrices, centrifugal inertia and Coriolis matrices, matrices Φs, as well as
the vector g(s) have been completely determined. Thus, Equation (3.20) is a
linear algebraic equation with unknown driving torque vector τa
and
Trang 13Lagrange multipliers λ with equal numbers of equations and numbers.
Thus, we can directly solve this system of equations and then separate the resulting momen.
In this thesis, we will not directly solve equation (3.20) but try to eliminate Lagrange multipliers λ, transforming the system of differential - algebraic equations (3.20), (3.21) into the system of equations of only unknowns of only joint moments τa as follows:
3.3 Numerical simulation of inverse kinematics and inverse dynamics of Delta parllel robot
3.3.1 Numerical simulation of 3RUS inverse kinematics of robot
To evaluate the correctness of algorithms and calculations of the thesis,
we computed the inverse dynamics problem of 3RUS robot with the DELTA-IMECH program developed based on MATLAB software. For comparison, the robot parameter data and manipulation motion are given in [61] of Y. Li and Q. Xu.
Using the DELTA-IMECH program we obtain the results of the numerical simulation of inverse kinematics and have the following comparison table:
Trang 15Comment: Figure 3.11 shows that the results of the inverse kinematics of
t[s]
Trang 16Comment: When motion of the manipulator is fast, the results of the two
2. The numerical simulation results show that when the movement of the manipulator is not fast, a simple robot model can be used to compute the dynamics of two types of research robots. However, when using simple models the inertial effects of spatial rigid bodies are not reflected in the equation. That is the limitation that should be considered.
CHAPTER 4 TRAJECTORY TRACKING CONTROL OF THE DELTA PARALLEL ROBOT BASED ON MECHANICAL MODELS
The use of inverse dynamic methods to control position of serial robot has been discussed extensively in engineering [1, 87]. In this chapter, based on the differential - algebraic equations written explicitly in Chapter 2 and the numerical method for solving the inverse dynamics problem in Chapter 3, the PD, PID, Sliding mode control, Sliding mode control using neural network controller is built for 3RUS and 3PUS Delta parallel robots.
4.1 Overview of the tracking control of the manipulator
The task of the trajectory tracking control problem of the manipulator:
To guarantee that the end-effector moves along the desired trajectory in the