This is one of important research directions of management accounting (MA) in many decades because it directly affects cost accounting (CA) and responsibility accounting (RA); it serves as the basis to measure efficiency and is also used for many purposes such as: planning, allocating resources, co-coordinating operations, motivating and encouraging employees…. (Birnberg et al, 2006).
Trang 21. Urgency of the thesis topic
Cost and cost management are among the issues that receive special attention from company. It is because cost represents consumed resources and directly has impact on the quality of products and services, which is one of three pillars that affect profit. New conditions of business and production require that the system of theories about management in general and cost management accounting (CMA) in particular to be improved
The rapid development of market economy and global integration bring about many opportunities but also great challenges. In Thai Binh province (Thai Binh), the group of construction ceramic companies always enjoys strong annual growth of 2025% Surveys show that, however, accounting activities in construction ceramic companies in the provincial area only focus on financial accounting rather than support business management. Accounting staffs have not had enough skills to use CMA’s tools and techniques.
Trang 3Based on theoretical and practical issues, the author chose the following topic for his doctoral thesis: “Cost management accounting in construction ceramic companies in Thai Binh Province”.
2. Overview of research
2.1. Studies on creating estimates of operating cost
This is one of important research directions of management accounting (MA) in many decades because it directly affects cost accounting (CA) and responsibility accounting (RA); it serves as the basis to measure efficiency and is also used for many purposes such as: planning, allocating resources, co coordinating operations, motivating and encouraging employees…. (Birnberg et al, 2006).
2.2. Studies on creating strategic cost planning
Current studies about creating strategic cost planning mainly focus on creating target cost planning for companies. Most studies on target cost focus on the method’s technical aspects, such as: determining profit target, product price, cost estimates.
2.3. Studies on implementing and controlling operational cost
Studies on implementing CMA focus on identifying cost models, cost distribution and cost function
in companies. Basically, these studies associate the implementation of traditional CA in the context of modern technology because the development of science and technology has been directly affecting cost information and changing assumptions of traditional product costs
2.4. Studies in controlling strategic cost and responsibility accounting
Regarding studies on controlling strategic cost, Tomkins và Carr (1996) stated that even though existing studies achieved certain results, they did not present a general method so that MA data could support the analysis of product value chain in companies. As for RA , in general, most studies agreed that the accounting system is designed to highlight cost control via evaluating the responsibility of individuals who are in charge of controlling cost in each units of companies.
2.5. Studies on cost efficiency based on the general management system of companies
Most notable studies are those evaluating cost efficiency based on the Total Quality Management (TQM) system of companies Synchronized, comprehensive or total quality management is first and foremost a management philosophy in which TQM focuses on improving the quality of products and services in companies
2.6. Studies on implementing CMA at Vietnamese and foreign production companies
Regarding this, most existing studies in the world focus on issues related to checking influencing factors of the application of cost accounting system in specialized production and service providing companies (Brierley et al, 2001; Fullerton and Mcwatters, 2004) for example at hospitals, schools, banks, steel or car manufacturing companies….In Vietnam, studies on implementing CMA at companies can be divided into three groups: studies on building the model of CMA, on implementing CMA in companies, and
on CMA based on the approach to technical processes
2.7. Studies on influencing factors of CMA in companies
As of now, studies in the world on identifying influencing factors of applying CMA in companies are quite modest compared to similar studies on MA. Some recent studies are those of Abdel – Kader (2008), Tuan Mat (2010), and Lucas (2013) In Vietnam, recently there are several notable studies analyzing influencing factors of applying management accounting, including CMA, in companies by Tran Ngoc Hung
in 2016 and Nguyen Thanh Hung in 2017
2.8. Identifying research gaps for the thesis
Trang 4Regarding the thesis content, studies on CMA have the following general research gaps: studies on the theory and practice of CMA to service business management functions are limited by several activities. Influencing factors of the application of CMA in actual production of companies of different scale and in different areas are identified by have low representativeness. Indepth studies on CMA need to be further carried out at companies of different scales and in different fields. It is especially necessary for construction ceramic companies because previous studies mostly focus on financial accounting (FA).
3. Research objectives and tasks
The thesis aims to systemize and clarify theoretical basis related to CMA to serve business management functions and influencing factors of the application of CMA in companies. From that, the thesis presents the reality and provides a system of solutions to increase the application of CMA in construction ceramic companies in Thai Binh. To achieve these objectives, the thesis identifies 5 basic tasks
4. Research object and scope
Research object: The thesis studies CMA in construction ceramic companies in Thai Binh
Research scope: The thesis focuses on studying and systemizing theories of CMA to serve business management functions at all construction ceramic companies in Thai Binh.
5. Research questions and methodology
5.1. Research questions
Q1: How do you think about CMA with management functions in manufacturing enterprises and what factors influence CMA application in manufacturing enterprises? Q2: How does CMA apply CMA in construction ceramics enterprises in Thai Binh province? Q3: What are the solutions for CMA to better meet the management functions and be more advantageous in construction ceramics enterprises in Thai Binh province?
5.2. Research methodologies
5.2.1. The overall research process
To complete the thesis, the overall research process consists of 5 steps. Step 1: Select method of synthesizing theory and data collection methods and tools. Step 2: Select samples, investigate to test and complete the content of 2 questionnaires. Step 3: Collect relevant primary and secondary data. Step 4: Processing data of questionnaires and interviewing experts to discuss statistical results. Step 5: Making conclusions on the status of economic and economic development with the management functions and factors affecting the application of the economic and technical development as a basis to improve and enhance the application of economic efficiency in the enterprises producing ceramics on the construction. Thai Binh province
5.2.2. Practical methods
5.2.2.1. Methods of document synthesis; 5.2.2.2. Observation method; 5.2.2.3. Interview method; 5.2.2.4. Questionnaire method; 5.2.2.5. Professional solution. To find the answer to the second question of the thesis, the author designed 2 questionnaire tables. Including the CMA Direct Questionnaire for corporate governance functions and the Questionnaire for factors affecting the CMA application.5.2.2.4 Sample selection
5.2.3. Methods of processing and analyzing data
Trang 5After completing the data collection plan and selecting the research sample, the author conducts data collection through the main methods of sending direct questionnaires, sending letters and sending them online. To ensure the reasonableness of the data before analysis, from the respondents' responses, review and check the quality of each questionnaire. The data is then encoded, input and processed in the form of statistics described on SPSS software
6. Contributions of the thesis
In terms of theory: The thesis summarizes and approaches the economic theory of economic relations associated with the corporate governance functions. Besides, the dissertation identifies three groups
of factors affecting the application of the economy and economy: human factors, organizational factors, external factors
In terms of practice: The thesis has identified the situation of methods and techniques that KTQPP
is being used; identify the current situation of factors affecting the application of economic efficiency in the ceramics manufacturing enterprises in Thai Binh province, as a basis to provide a system of solutions to improve the efficiency of the economic efficiency with each functions of governance and strengthening the application of economic efficiency in enterprises
7. Structure of the thesis
In addition to preface and conclusion, the thesis has three chapters:
Chương 1: Theoretical framework of cost management accounting in production companies.
Chương 2: Reality of cost management accounting in construction ceramic companies in Thai Binh. Chapter 3: Solutions to improve cost management accounting in construction ceramic companies in Thai Binh
CHAPTER 1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF COST MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING IN PRODUCTION
COMPANIES 1.1. Identify and classifying cost in production companies
1.1.1. The nature of cost
There are many ways to define cost; however, according to the author, the nature of cost in production companies nowadays needs to be associated with management activities of each company.
Therefore, it should be considered “current and future incurred cost associated with plans, products and services of a company”.
1.1.2. Classifying cost
Cost is analyzed from many aspects. Within the thesis’s scope and related to the thesis topic, the author generalizes several criteria of classifying production cost according to operational function, relation with the period of business result, relations with operation level or cost behavior, inductive ability into cost object, serving decisionmaking, and according to decisionmaking authority
1.2. Business management functions and requirement of cost management accounting
information to serve executives
1.2.1. Business management functions
The thesis approaches business management functions from two directions: according to management process and business fields of companies with 4 basic functions: planning, implementation, leading and checking/evaluating
1.2.2. Viewpoint and role of cost management accounting
Trang 6In essence, the author believes that: “Cost management accounting is a component of the business management system and it belongs to the system of cost management accounting information to identify, measure, analyze, provide cost information in the process of implementing the organization's goals. Such information helps managers plan, organize implementation, check and evaluate the implementation situation and make appropriate decisions to optimize the organization's objectives.”. This is considered as the author's
view throughout the study of cost management accounting
In terms of role, in its simplest form, the role of CMA can be understood as the collection, recording, and synthesis of useful cost information to serve decisionmaking. Nowadays, MA displays great changes, participates deeply into management activities, and help companies optimizes their targets
1.2.3. Requirement of cost management accounting cost to serve business functions
(1) Regarding the planning: CMA can concretize goals into levels of planning (2) Regarding implementation: CMA reflects implementation information of cost contents including input, production and output costs through specialized methods and techniques of CMA (3) Regarding cost control and evaluation: CMA assists executives in directing and leading companies to reach and exceed targets via continuously controlling daily cost to increase operational efficiency (4) Regarding decisionmaking: CMA asists the decisionmaking process via specialized analysis methods
1.3. Cost management accounting with business management functions
1.3.1. Cost management accounting with the planning function
To serve the planning function, CMA focuses on three contents: creating cost norms, creating operational cost and creating planning of strategic cost.
1.3.2. Cost management accounting with the implementation function
To serve the implementation functions, CMA focuses on the application of appropriate cost model for each specific cost identification method to timely provide information of operational cost
1.3.3. Cost management accounting with cost control and analysis function
To help executives perform this function, CMA collects target cost information (including strategic cost) and cost incurred during the implementation process Through related cost reports, accountants compare, analyze, and identify influencing factors and responsibility of related units to assist executives in making timely adjustment of decisions during the implementation process
1.3.4. Applying cost management accounting information for making decisions
This includes applying the relation among costvolumeprofit, analysis of breakeven points and analysis of relevant information for the decisionmaking process
1.4. Influencing factors of the application of cost management accounting in companies
Based on basis factors from theoretical framework, the author synthesizes the following groups of influencing factors: human factor including executives and accountants; information technology (IT); infrastructure; level of delegation and responsibility; product; company size; corporate culture; cost for investment; business strategy; state ownership level; external factors including business environment, global integration, and legal policies of the government related to accounting
1.5. Cost management accounting in developed countries in the world and experience lessons for Vietnamese companies
The author focuses on studying CMA in the US, Germany, and Japan and then draws 6 experience lessons for Vietnamese companies
Trang 7CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER 1 The thesis’s theoretical framework starts with the identification and classification of cost; viewpoint, role and requirement of CMA information to assist executives. With the consistent viewpoint of using CMA
to serve business functions, thesis systemizes basic contents of CMA related to the functions of planning, implementation, checking and evaluation as well as the application of CMA information to assist decision making. In addition, the thesis identifies 3 groups of factors related to the ability of applying CMA in companies and draws 6 experience lessons for Vietnamese companies based on practical experience in the
US, Germany, and Japan so that CMA can be effectively applied in production companies
CHƯƠNG 2 REALITY OF COST MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING IN CONSTRUCTION CERAMIC
COMPANIES IN THAI BINH 2.1. Overview of the ceramic industry and construction ceramic companies in Thai Binh
2.1.1. History of establishment, development and market of construction ceramic products in Vietnam
Ceramic industry is one of traditional industries that developed a long time ago. At present, there are many Vietnamese products of good quality in the construction ceramic market. However, domestic products have fierce competition from imported products. Some reasons why domestic products have not dominated the market are due to limited scale and technology; they have not yet created new consumption trend,
2.1.2. Overview of construction ceramic companies in Thai Binh
As of the end of 2017, there are 30 construction ceramic companies, mostly located in Tien Hai district. In terms of legal status, most of them are limited companies which are previously private companies; some are joint stock companies which are previously state enterprises. In terms of scale, most of them at least have medium size; some have very large scales
2.1.3 Characteristics of management apparatus and production technology of construction ceramic
2.1.3.1. Characteristic of management apparatus
The management apparatus of construction ceramic companies in Thai Binh is organized according
to the online functional model
2.1.3.2. Characteristic of production process and technology
The production of construction ceramic products includes complicated technology and is a continuous process with many successive stages according to certain order Each stage creates semi products. Semiproducts of the previous stage are products of the next stage. Products are massproduced in large quantity.
2.1.4. Characteristic of accounting activities
The accounting apparatus of construction ceramic companies in Thai Binh is organized according to the centralized model. Attention has not been given in assigning personnel for management accounting. Accounting policies and mechanism are not properly executed.
2.1.5. Characteristics of companies that affect cost management accounting
Trang 8Firstly, CMA is subject to fluctuations in input price and is closely associated with the real estate market. Secondly, the environment is highly competitive. Thirdly, the sector is likely to cause significant environmental pollution with large investment costs
2.1.6. Identifying and classifying cost in companies
Results show that all companies use basis criteria to classify cost according to functions, relation with the period of business result and inductive ability into cost objects. A few classify cost according to the relation with level of operation and according to decisionmaking authority
2.2 Reality of cost management accounting regarding business functions in construction ceramic companies in Thai Binh
2.2.1. Reality of cost management accounting with planning function
2.2.1.1. Reality of creating cost norms
Procedure of creating cost norms
The building, verification process of cost norms often has 5 steps
Method of identifying production cost norms
+ Direct material cost norm: Norm of main material is the total norms of using and allowance for
loss. Norm of main material price is usually calculated based on the previous year’s average price to predict market price with relatively stable input factors. The same way is used to calculate norms for direct sub material cost
+ Direct labor cost norm: It is calculated for each stage, based on the average standard daily output
and daily wage level of direct production workers. Norm for wage deduction is calculated according to regulation
+ General production cost norm: Survey results show that only 50% of companies create this norm
but at different levels
Method of identifying norms for nonproduction cost
There is no norm for nonproduction cost or norm is created generally, similar to norm for general production cost
2.2.1.2. Reality of creating operational cost estimate
Objective and system of operational cost estimates that are being applied: The creation of operational cost estimate receives attention from the corporate accounting units.
Procedures of creating operational cost estimates: Bases to create operational cost estimates are targets and specific annual business provided by company managers based on resolutions General Meeting of Shareholders or Members' Assembly
Method of creating production cost estimates
+ For direct material cost: It is created annually for direct main material and direct submaterial. + For direct labor cost: It is created annually including wage and wage deductions of direct
production workers.
+ For general production cost: It is created annually based on estimates of incurred cost related to
each activity of in the factory, number of officers and employee in the factory and some specific cost norms for each activity in the year.
Method of create estimates for nonproduction cost
It is created annually with focus on several cost categories of sales and business management costs
2.2.1.3. Reality of creating strategic cost planning
Trang 92.2.2 Reality of cost management accounting with the implementation function.
2.2.2.1. Regarding the accounting model of production cost
Most companies apply the model of actual cost; the ratio of companies applying the model of actual cost combined with cost estimate is only 16,67%.
2.2.2. Regarding the identification of production cost
About cost center
It is done according to each product line; no company collect cost according production stages.
About collecting initial cost information: The system of document that construction ceramic companies in Thai Binh use includes documents reflecting direct material cost, labor cost, general production cost, cost of sales and business management cost
Processing, recording cost information in accounting accounts: For production cost, use accounts 621, 622, 627, and 154 to record information; for nonproduction cost, accounts 641, and 642
Presenting information in the reporting system of accounting cost
After being recorded in details books and general books, cost information is periodically reflected in the reporting system of cost. Companies have not created cost reports according operation and their reports have not met the information requirement of business management activities
2.2.3. Reality of cost management accounting with the function of cost control and evaluation Managing cost when companies carry out research and production of new products: Several companies pay attention to this; accountants work with related unit to control production cost of trial product and determine total estimated cost and ratio of each type of cost to calculate profit. Controlling daily operational cost: accountants perform this indirectly through controlling productivity, quality, and efficiency of each unit on the relation between input costs and output results, especially at production factories. Evaluating fluctuations of key operational cost categories: Many companies perform monthly cost evaluation but there are also companies do so on a annual basis. In terms of content, companies normally evaluate cost categories of big ratio, especially direct production cost. Evaluating fluctuations of operational cost ratio in companies: Most accountants have not paid attention to the evaluation of information of basic operational cost ratio Evaluating operational efficiency of strategic cost and cost centers: 100% of companies have not performed evaluation of operational efficiency of strategic cost and control responsibility at cost centers
2.2.4. Reality of applying information of cost management accounting to assist the decision making process
Most companies have not applied such techniques like costvolumeprofit analysis, breakeven point analysis, and analysis of relevant information to assist the decisionmaking process.
2.3 Influencing factors of the application of cost management accounting in construction ceramic companies in Thai Binh
2.3.1. Description of research sample
2.3.2. Descriptive statistics results of the impact of human factor
Synthesized results of factors
Table 2.22: Synthesized influencing factors of cost management accounting in construction ceramic
companies in Thai Binh
Trang 10No Group of factor General average
point
Standar
d deviatio n