This study was conducted to analyze the current status of agricultural exports in Lao PDR under the conditions of the formation of AEC, identify the areas to be achieved, to develop agricultural exports of Lao PDR. Research compares the changes in agricultural exports of Lao PDR before and after joining the AEC. In addition, the thesis also analyzes the factors that influence the development of agricultural exports of Lao PDR under the conditions of AEC formation. From that, propose orientations and solutions to develop agricultural exports of Lao PDR under conditions of forming AEC.
Trang 11. Reason for researching
In the trend of globalization, each country chooses a suitable direction towards an economic goal: stability and longterm development and long economy One direction that many countries choose is Exportoriented industrialization . For the Lao PDR, commodity exports are the most useful tool for integrating and utilizing opportunities in the integration process for economic growth and development At present, production and export of agricultural products becoming a key economic sector in the process of socioeconomic
According to the Ninth Party's and Laos's resolutions, four guidelines have been laid down as follows: (i) Promoting internal strength; (ii) human resources training; (iii) management system; (iv) Poverty reduction for the people. In particular, promoting agricultural exports is considered as a solution
to promote internal strength, solve problem about jobs for the people, build infrastructure and reduce poverty.
Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR) is a landlocked country in the heart of the Indochinese peninsula of Mainland Southeast Asia, bordered by Myanmar and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southwest and Thailand to the west and southwest. Laos is a country with a small population size with 7,037,521 inhabitants (2017), in which over 70 percent of the population live by farming. The total area of the country is 236,800 km2. Laos is fairly rich in natural resources, has many advantages and potential of geographical location and natural conditions, plus the advantage of tropical agriculture should be the ability to export agricultural products. This has been greater potential since Laos in international economic integration
Through the years, the agricultural sectors are one of the important sectors and have a very important role in the socioeconomic development of Laos.
Agriculture is not only the response of the domestic market but also is the great export ability on both aspects: production capacity and demand in foreign markets. Since the country of Laos has international and regional integration,
Trang 2of respect for sovereignty, territorial integrity, equality and mutual benefit, to strive for the goal of peaceindependentstability, cooperation and development, agricultural products of Laos has been exported to many markets in the region and the world. Making the export turnover agricultural products of Lao growth and annual growth from 17% or more upwards in recent years
However, before participating in the AEC, the export of agricultural products of Laos still revealed many limitations and weaknesses such as export promotion organizations have not yet truly effective, information obtained in raw form with not higher quality , export of some agricultural products to target markets do not have official distribution system led to the export price lower than the value of exported goods in trading, quantity and prices of agricultural products are not correct according to the contracts
The formation of the AEC will have a positive impact, which is provide many opportunities for Lao PDR to develop agricultural products exports from expanding international export markets for agricultural products, facilitated innovation in the agricultural products production and processing, contributed to the development and improvement of domestic policies, regulations and procedures in line with the requirements of the market economy in the process
of national integration. Deepening, broadening, and thereby contributing to the enhancing Lao’s international position
However, besides the positive impacts of the AEC, many negative impacts such as Lao are facing great pressure; competition is fierce, more and more difficulties and challenges. First and foremost, this is due to the low level
of economic development, low labor productivity in the agricultural sector, poor agricultural product processing industry, low quality export agricultural products
of Lao PDR and compete on the world market
To be able to make use of the advantages, opportunities, and overcome the challenges and exploit the potential, Laos must have the proper direction and effective solutions, in particular, to develop and enhance performance production and export of agricultural products for the country in terms of forming a common ASEAN Economic Community
Trang 3In the context of deepening and deepening economic integration, the formation and participation of the Lao PDR in the ASEAN Economic Community creates
a new context and affect the export of agricultural products of Lao PDR.
Therefore, research about the development of agricultural exports in the context of participation in the ASEAN Economic Community is essential to researcher. To take advantage, at the same time, overcoming the challenges and exploiting the potential, Lao PDR must have the right direction and have effective, specific and suitable solutions to develop and improve production efficiency and export the agricultural products of the Lao PDR under the formation of the ASEAN Economic Community
Therefore, the research both of theory and practice of agricultural export development of Lao PDR is very important and necessary. Based on the above reasons, the researcher selected the research topic " Developing agricultural exports of Lao PDR in the condition of formation of ASEAN Economic Community
2. Objectives
This study was conducted to analyze the current status of agricultural exports in Lao PDR under the conditions of the formation of AEC, identify the areas to be achieved, to develop agricultural exports of Lao PDR. Research compares the changes in agricultural exports of Lao PDR before and after joining the AEC. In addition, the thesis also analyzes the factors that influence the development of agricultural exports of Lao PDR under the conditions of AEC formation From that, propose orientations and solutions to develop agricultural exports of Lao PDR under conditions of forming AEC. To achieve the above objectives, the author performs the following tasks:
+ Tasks of research
Overviewing of the research situation related to the topic, systematization
Trang 4Analysising and assessment of the status of the development of agritultural exports of Lao PDR shows the limitations and causes of restrictions in the development of agricultural exports in Lao PDR.
Comparing changes in the development of agricultural exports of Lao PDR before and after joining the AEC
Studying the experience of some countries in developing agricultural exports and drawing lessons for the country Lao People's Democratic Republic; studying the impact of the AEC on agricultural exports of Laos.
Proposing orientations, solutions and scientific basis feasible to develop agricultural exports of Lao PDR in the conditions of formation AEC
About space: A thesis on the development of agricultural exports in Laos PDR under the conditions of AEC formation.
Time: Data for research on agricultural product exports in Laos PDR in the period from 2006 to 2016 and vision to 2030
4. Research Methodology
4.1. Data collection method
4.1.1. Secondary data collection method
Secondary data is collected from the reports, research results, official data published by the agencies and organizations of Laos such as: Statistical yearbooks at all levels, reports from agencies such as the Ministry of Industry and Trade, General Department of Customs, Bureau of Statistics, Department of Industry and Trade, and provincial customs.
International data related to topics such as dissertation, scientific reports, discussion papers, journals, legal documents related to the export of agricultural products have announced
4.1.2. Primary data collection method
Trang 5Group 1: The author interviewed state managers involved in the activity Group 2: The interviewed subject is an enterprise or household the direct owner of the farm produce export. This is a group that directly produces and exports agricultural products of the Lao People's Democratic Republic.
The questionnaire is divided into two parts:
Part 1: General information about the interviewees.
Part 2: Assessment of interviewees on factors influencing agricultural exports of Lao PDR under the conditions of AEC formation, importance and level of achievement of authoritative factors is considering
*) Regarding sample size:
For factor analysis, EFA: Based on Hair, Anderson, Tatham and Black (1998), reference is made to the expected sample size.
For multivariate regression analysis: the minimum sample size to be calculated is: 50 + 8 * m (m: independent variables) (Tabachnick and Fidell, 1996);
On that basis, the author distributed a survey questionnaire with 250 enterprises or households producing and exporting agricultural products and 250 staff Management of Lao PDR's agricultural exports
*) Sampling Method (Survey Sampling Methods)
The sampling method was used for the study; the authors used standardized questionnaires to send interviews to representatives of enterprises. / Households, state exporters of agricultural products in Lao PDR.
After completing the collection of primary data, the author collected 130 questionnaires about enterprises / household and 191 managerial votes, through the reading and refining process for data entry and statistical analysis of this data.
With the number of observations: 130 for business objects or household and 191 observations of management personnel meeting the minimum number
of observation requirements.
4.2. Data analysis method
4.2.1. Statistical Method
Trang 6Statistics are a system of methods used to collect process and analyze numbers (quantities) of large numerical phenomena to understand the nature and normality of capital Have their own (surface) in terms of time and place specific. Descriptive Statistics are used to describe the basic characteristics of data collected from empirical research across a variety of ways. The authors will use some of the statistical techniques described below to analyze data: Graphical representation of data in which graphs represent data or help to compare data, Representation of data into summary tables of data.
Summary statistics describe the data
4.2.2. Comparison, collation
This is the main method used in business analysis to determine the trend and level of fluctuation of the analysis. In order to proceed, it is necessary to identify the original number for comparison (previous year's data), determine the conditions for comparison, and compare the target.
4.2.3. Comprehensive Analysis
Apply and combine rational comparison methods to find common tendencies and causal relationships, logical inferences, arguments that make comments and conclusions from the event was studied, categorized and synthesized to clarify the factors that influence the development of Lao PDR's agricultural exports, descriptive statistics to provide data reflecting the content and research issues, look up materials to grasp and supplement the method of studying direction, knowledge and research
4.2.4. Methods of sequence analysis time
Use time series analysis with periodic spacing of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years. Indicators for analyzing fluctuations in agricultural exports of Lao PDR in the context of the formation of the ASEAN Economic Community
Trang 7Chapter 2: The rationale for developing the country's agricultural exports
in the context of the ASEAN Economic Community.
Chapter 3: The Development of Agricultural Products Exports in Lao PDR under the Condition of Community Formation A SEAN
Chapter 4: Orientations and solutions for developing agricultural exports
of the Lao PDR in the context of the formation of the ASEAN Economic Community
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH ON PROJECTS
1.1. Overview of related research projects on the development of agricultural exports
According to Ngo Thang Loi (2013), when analyzing Adam Smith's economic thought, each country has its own resources and its resources are: land, labor, capital, science and technology, and experience in production and business Thus, countries need to conduct specialized production of certain commodities they have the absolute advantage of the resources, then the exchange with other countries, the two sides are beneficial. He said that the two countries trade with each other on the basis of voluntary and mutual benefit, the benefits of trade originates from the absolute advantage of a country. From that point of view, Adam Smith advocates free business because every individual and business has the goal of maximizing profits. David Ricardo said that each local economy would benefit from the specialization of one or more comparable products Comparative advantage can be achieved when nations focus on specialization and exchange of the smallest commodity or the most profitable commodity, all nations are profitable. Although each country may have higher absolute or relative efficiency than the other, each country has comparable advantages over other production conditions
Trang 8Giovanni Capannelli (2014) points out that ASEAN needs an ambitious plan for integrating AEG economies into achieving economic development goals.
ASEAN designates the agenda after 2015 with a view to the role of ASEAN as a dynamic center in Asia, where members need to adapt their policies in a consistent manner, including reform deep domestic structure and aggressive action to make AEG a truly economic community.
Le Bo Linh (2010), has provided a theoretical framework for the study of regionalism, the integration process and the formation of a "community" of countries in Southeast Asia; presenting the practical basis for the formation of the ASEAN Community, some implications and orientation for Vietnam's participation in the ASEAN Community building process
1.3 Overview of research projects related to the development of agricultural exports in Lao PDR
Phongtisouk SIPHOMTHAVIBOUN (2010) has systematically studied Lao PDR's policies in the context of international economic integration. To provide some ideas and solutions to improve this policy in Laos; The thesis deals with the systematization of theoretical issues, focusing on the development
of an analytical framework; study the status of Lao PDR's policy improvement; Point out the limitations of the export policy, reviewing the experience in improving this policy in some countries.
Khamphet VONGDALA (2011) explored the basic theoretical issues of policy. Export of strategic commodities and strategic export items analyzing the situation of organization and implementation of export policy of strategic commodities of Lao PDR in the last period (20062010), results are the shortcomings and weaknesses and the causes of shortcomings and weaknesses need to be overcome and propose methods to improve the formulation and implementation of strategic export policies in the period 20112020
1.4. Gaps from the study overview
An overview of the current research situation of the domestic and abroad research projects can be found in:
Trang 9involved in export of agricultural products such as export market development, international trade policy, export promotion and export policy in and outside the country , but these studies are stopping at the research on the export development of individual items and research on each export market.
Secondly, the research works discuss the concept. of commodity exports
and generally focus on general analysis of commodity exports but less in depth analysis of indepth analysis about group of agricultural products. Therefore, this thesis, the author indepth analysis and evaluation of the development of agricultural exports mainly consists of three items such as coffee, rice and vegetables.
Third, there is research on Agricultural exports, but mainly indepth
analysis and evaluation of state policies and market analysis, have introduced the orientation, solutions for agricultural products, little or no insects the factors that mainly affect the development of agricultural exports
Fourthly, in the newest context, after the formation of the AEC, there has
not been much research on the impact of the AEC on agricultural exports.
Fifth, these studies have not built up comprehensive indicators of
agricultural exports In the study of this thesis, the author will analyze the development indicators of agricultural exports
Conclusion (Summary), although there have been many researches related
to agricultural exports, agricultural exports until now there have been no studies
to evaluate the overall status of export development. Agricultural products of Lao People's Democratic Republic, give the views, orientations and solutions to promote the competitive advantage, promote the export of agricultural products
of Lao PDR, especially in the international Integration Context.
Actually, the participation of Lao PDR in the process of forming the AEC. It can therefore be argued that PhD thesis is nonduplicative and has both theoretical and practical relevance in enhancing the ability to participate and improve the efficiency of agricultural exports (Coffee, vegetables and rice) of Laos
Trang 10In addition, the development of the indicator system for evaluating the export of agricultural products under the conditions of AEC formation is a necessary, which helps the dissertation to analyze the achievements.
For these reasons, in view of PhD students, there is a need for indepth studies, to provide theoretical explanations, analyze the situation of export situation. On the basis of this, we propose basic and feasible solutions for the development of Lao PDR's export of goods when participating in AEC activities set and ensure novelty for research
CHAPTER 2THE THEORETICAL BASIS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF
NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS IN THE ASEAN
FRAMEWORK AGREEMENT ON THE ASEAN ECONOMIC
COMMUNITY
2.1. Formation of the ASEAN Economic Community and aspects of influence to the development of agricultural markets of member countries
2.1.1 Overview of agricultural products and the development of agricultural exports
From the point of view of Vietnam: With a simple understanding, agricultural products are products of the agricultural sector, including agriculture, farming and agricultural services in broad agricultural terms. However, there will be both forestry and fisheries, in the new view, in the agricultural sector that excludes the value of forestry and fisheries. Nowaday, the understanding of agricultural products is narrower, concentrating mainly on products obtained from land, and then agricultural products are understood as products made from the material production of land
On the basis of the concept of agricultural products and exports, agricultural exports can be defined as: Agricultural exports are activities of exchanging agricultural products of one country with other countries in the world in the form of a sale through market relations, in order to exploit the
Trang 11That export development is Export transformation in all aspects from quantity to quantity, including the increase in production scale and export turnover as well as changes in product quality, export structure in the direction of Optimized to improve the quality and efficiency of export in a certain period
Thus, it can be understood that: The development of agricultural exports
is a process of transforming agricultural exports in all aspects, including the increase in size, output and export turnover and changes in the quality of agricultural products, the structure of exports in the optimal direction, to improve the quality and efficiency of agricultural exports in a certain period
2.1.2. Formation of the AEC and the commitment made by the Member States to participate in the AEC
Commitments of the Member States when participating in the AEC Economic Community:
Agreement ASEAN Free Trade Area Agreement (AFAS)
ASEAN Maneuvering Agreement (MNP)
ASEAN Comprehensive Investment Agreement (Asean) ACIA)
2.1.3. Impact aspects of the AEC on the development of agricultural exports of member countries
The impact aspects of the AEC on the development of agricultural exports
of member states are considered including: scale, growth rate; structure and type
of export goods
Trang 122.2. Contents and system of criteria for evaluating the development of agricultural exports in the context of the formation of the ASEAN Economic Community
2.2.1. Content of agricultural exports in terms of AEC formation
*) Developing agricultural product exports in a Wide Dimension
Growing exports of agricultural products on a broad scale means concentrating resources on improving the size and output of agricultural exports through increased export turnover, the export market is expanding.
*) Developing agricultural exports in depth
Developing agricultural exports in depth means making a change in the quality of export by improving the quality the export of agricultural products, the change of export methods, the restructuring of export agricultural products, the export market, the improvement of the capacity to use resources in order
to create stable and continuous development and gain greater value
2.2.2. Evaluation Criteria for assessing the development of agricultural exports under AEC conditions.
2.2.2.1. Evaluation Criteria for development of agricultural exports by width
+ Export output
+ Export growth rate
+ Export market expansion by area