Providing recommendations to improve the AQ of financial statements of FDI enterprises conducted by independent audit firms in Vietnam in terms of professional quality as well as in terms of service quality.
Trang 1THUONGMAI UNIVERSITY
LAI THI THU THUY
RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE OF FACTORS ON THE AUDIT QUALITY OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
OF FDI ENTERPRISES IN VIETNAM
MAJOR: ACCOUNTINGCODE: 62.34.03.01
SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS IN ECONOMICS
Trang 2HANOI, 2018
Trang 3THE THESIS WAS COMPLETED AT THUONGMAI UNIVERSITY
Trang 51. Urgency of the thesis topic
Independent audit plays an important role in the market economy. Independent audit, including financial statements audit, is firstly considered as a tool to protect the stability of the economy through audit opinions and professional recommendations for decisionmaking of interested users However, the bankruptcy of Enron Corporation, one of the leading energy corporations in the US in 2001, resulting in the downfall of Arthur Andersen, a worldclass prestigious audit firm in 2002, raised the concerns about audit quality. A number of scandals about audit quality of independent audit firms were disclosed after that, which leads to the reduction in the confidence of investors in the role of independent audit
in confirming the reliability of financial information and thus the issue of audit quality of financial statements becomes really urgent
In addition to its role as an economic management tool, independent audit is also a form of business service recognized by law. In order to maintain and develop the market, to attract customers, in addition to guarantee audit quality in terms of expertise, independent audit companies also need to improve audit quality in terms of service quality, to meet customer needs. Therefore, it is necessary to study audit quality from the perspective of customers. According to data compiled from final reports of the Ministry of Finance and Vietnam Association of Certified Public Accountants (VACPA), revenue from FDI clients always accounts for the highest proportion, reaching 4050% of the total revenue of the independent audit industry. In terms of average revenue per customer, revenue from FDI enterprises is always superior to other customers and surpasses the industry average. It can be said that FDI enterprises are the most potential customers of the independent audit industry in Vietnam. FDI enterprises have not only made great contributions to the independent audit industry, but also made important contributions to the economic development of Vietnam over the past 30 years: contributing to increase budget revenue, improving payment balance, being an important
Trang 6supplementary source for economic development, modern economic restructuring, upgrading of technical and technological level, developing the market economy in Vietnam, integrating Vietnam's economy into the world economy, jobs creating, training human resources, raising living standards From the significant contributions of FDI enterprises to the independent audit industry as well as to the economic development of Vietnam, it can be seen that the improvement of the quality of audit services to meet the needs of customers (FDI enterprises) not only ensures the maintenance and development of customers for the independent audit industry but also creates favorable conditions for FDI enterprises operating
in Vietnam, thereby contributing to the sustainable development of the national economy
Therefore, the author chooses the thesis topic, namely “Research on the influence of factors on the audit quality of financial statements of FDI enterprises in Vietnam” to assess the audit quality of financial
statements of FDI enterprises in terms of expertise and in terms of service quality, thereby enabling auditors and independent audit companies to make appropriate decisions and adjustments to improve the audit quality of financial statements on both these perspectives
2. Literature review and research gaps
2.1 International researches
2.1.1. The researches on audit quality
Audit quality (AQ) is one of the most important topics in audit studies (Kit, 2005) However, the evaluation of AQ is not easy. Because the process of providing audit services is not observable by third parties (Krishnan and Schauer, 2000), so in the empirical studies the researchers selected two methods for measuring AQ, direct method and/or indirect method
Direct measurement method is the method of evaluating AQ from the audit process of the auditor. This method requires researchers to directly join the audit team as independent auditors, or have direct access to the auditor's working papers and audit documents, or be involved in peer
Trang 7Indirect method of measurement is the method of evaluating AQ through influencing factors. DeAngelo (1981) in the study "Auditor Size and Audit Quality " proposed that the size of an audit firm is a measure of
AQ, as larger firms will have better conditions to conduct the audit. After DeAngelo's study, many empirical studies conducted a test of the relationship between the size of the audit firm and AQ (Krishnan and Schauer, 2000; Ajmi, 2009; Lawrence et al., 2011), as well as the indirect measurement of AQ through influencing factors becomes more common. Thus, the next part of the thesis will systematize factors influencing AQ by indirect method
Groups of factors relating to auditors: Methodology and
professional skepticism of the auditors, Competence and Industry
Trang 8Expertise, Auditor’s independence, Auditor’s Tenure, C ompliance with audit standards and professional ethics
Group of factors related to audit firms: Audit firm size,
professional degree of audit firms, The cost of the audit, Internal Quality Control, Ownership of the Audit Firm, Scope of the audit service.
Providing recommendations to improve the AQ of financial statements of FDI enterprises conducted by independent audit firms in Vietnam in terms of professional quality as well as in terms of service quality
1.4. Research questions
The thesis will answer the following questions:
Trang 9AQ of financial statements in terms of professional quality and service quality?
Question 2: What are influencing factors and their impacts on the AQ
of financial statements of FDI enterprises from the perspective of auditors and audit clients?
Question 3: What are the recommendations to improve the AQ of financial statements of FDI enterprises in Vietnam?
5. Research object and scope
5.1. Research objects
AQ and the influence of factors on the AQ of financial statements of FDI enterprises
5.2. Research scope
Scope of space: The thesis is conducted at independent audit firms in Vietnam and FDI enterprises, including 100% foreign invested enterprises and joint ventures operating in the nonfinancial sector in Vietnam
Scope of time: The thesis collects data on FDI enterprises and independent audit activities in Vietnam from 2011 to 2016
Second, the thesis points out the role of economic theories as the basis for audit and AQ researches
7.2. Practical contributions
Trang 10Firstly, the results of empirical research show that, from a professional perspective, there are 9/11 influencing factors that have statistical significance to AQ with 33 criteria. From the perspective of service quality, there are 5/6 influencing factors that have statistical significance to audit services quality with 21 criteria.
Secondly, the results of the study also show that there is a difference
in the views of the auditors and audit clients on AQ provided by Big 4 and NonBig 4 audit firms
Thirdly, from the results of the empirical study, the thesis provides recommendations to audit firms to improve AQ in terms of professional quality and to improve the services quality to meet customer needs
8. Thesis structure
In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the thesis consists of 5 chapters:
Chapter 1: Fundemental theory on the audit quality of financial statements and the factors affecting the audit quality of financial statements
Chapter 2: Characteristics of foreign direct investment enterprises and independent audit in Vietnam
Chapter 3: Research design and research methods
Chapter 4: Research results and discussions
Chapter 5: Conclusions and recommendations from research results
Trang 11AFFECTING THE AUDIT QUALITY OF FINANCIAL
STATEMENTS1.1. Fundamental theories
Recently, researchers have turned their focus to study the assessment
of AQ by comparing the audit work against the audit standards, or AQ is considered through compliance with professional standards and professional ethics
1.2.2.1. Audit quality of financial statements in services quality aspect
From services quality perspective, the AQ is assessed by the level of satisfaction of the users on the financial statement (Angus Duff, 2004).Discussion and the research viewpoint on AQ of the thesis
According to the author of the thesis, the AQ will be studied and measured not only through the level of compliance with professional standards and professional ethics but also by the level of audit clients satisfaction of the audit service quality
Trang 121.3.1. Factors affecting audit quality of financial statements in terms of professional quality
Factors affecting audit quality of financial are presented in the following frameworks:
Discussion and the research viewpoint on factors influencing AQ of the thesis
In term of professional quality, AQ of financial statements will be studied by examining the level of compliance with auditing standards through inputs, outputs, and context based on the integration of frameworks for AQ of professional organizations (FRC, 2008, IAASB, 2013) and the recommendations of academic researchers on AQ such as Francis (2011), Knechel et al. (2013)
In terms of service quality, AQ of financial statements will be measured through factors that affect service quality based on SERVQUAL model of Parasuraman et al. (1988). And the thesis adds the factor “Nonaudit service”, which was confirmed by many researchers about its impact
on the audit services quality
Trang 13In this chapter, the thesis has systematized, supplemented, and contributed to the improvement of basic theoretical issues about AQ and factors influencing AQ. The thesis has presented and analyzed the content
of fundamental theories as the basis for AQ and the factors influencing AQ researches, including: Agency theory, Stakeholder theory, Stewardship theory and Institutional theory The thesis has also analyzed and synthesized different views on AQ from two perspectives: professional quality and service quality, thus introducing the viewpoint of thesis on the
AQ of financial statement
CHAPTER 2: CHARACTERISTICS OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ENTERPRISES AND INDEPENDENT AUDIT
For joint ventures, depending on the characteristics of the business sector, FDI enterprises may use the accounting documents system according to regulation or other common accounting documents system
Trang 14Companies with 100% foreign capital usually use additional accounts
in addition to the chart of accounts regulated by the enterprise accounting system or using the system of accounts of the holding company
For joint ventures, which mainly operate in the domestic market, the business sector does not have its own characteristics, it usually uses the chart of accounts according to the regulations of the Ministry of Finance. For joint ventures, which attach importance to developing in the world market, they usually add accounts to reflect the arising economic activities which are not regulated by the Vietnamese chart of accounts
The use of these additional accounts is subject to approval by the Ministry of Finance as well as the tax authorities
2.2.2.3. The system of accounting books
FDI enterprises must comply with the general provisions on accounting books, which are prescribed in the Vietnamese enterprise accounting regimes for opening, recording, correcting errors, preserving accounting books, and handling violations
of the country where the holding company is located. However, these financial statements can not be used for financial statements audit in Vietnam Accordingly, the financial statements which are prepared in accordance with the IFRS
and in accordance with accounting standards of the nation where holding company locates, outside the scope of the study In other words, the
Trang 15characteristics of these financial statements do not affect the AQ of financial statements of FDI enterprises.
2.3. Independent audit activities in Vietnam
2.3.1. The formation and development of independent audit in Vietnam 2.3.2. Legal environment for independent audit in Vietnam
2.3.3. Quality control of independent audit activities in Vietnam
2.3.3.1. Regulations on quality control of independent audit activities
Legal documents on quality control of independent audit activitiesVSQC1: Quality control of enterprises conducting audit, financial statements inspection, assurance services and other related services
as the accounting system of these companies
In addition, Chapter 2 focuses on independent audit in Vietnam, including the history of independent audit, the legal environment for independent audit in Vietnam, and the quality control of independent audit
in Vietnam over time. Through this, the thesis has discovered the research gap in AQ on the practical aspects. These findings further reinforce the need to approach AQ in both professional and service quality to meet the requirements of professional standards, the specialized management of the audit firm, but also satisfy the requirements of customers, in the context of the increasingly competitive audit market in Vietnam
Trang 17METHODOLOGY3.1. Research design
3.1.1. Research process
The whole research process of the thesis is as follows:
Trang 19In addition, the author also presents methods of collecting and processing qualitative data, methods of collecting and processing
Trang 20quantitative data, such as sample selection, questionnaire design, data coding and methods of data processing.
Trang 21AQ of financial statements of FDI enterprises, including: (1) Tangibles, (2) Reliability, (3) Responsiveness, (4) Assurance, (5) Empathy, (6) Nonaudit service
Although audit companies have established quality control procedures but have not implemented them adequately, the implementation of the audit has been sketchy with the inspection of the authorities. Compliance with the Vietnamese auditing standards system is generally incomplete and justified to the extent necessary