The objectives of this dissertation are to examine the theoretical issues on reverse Logistics in the product supply chain and to make some suggestions and recommendations on developing reverse Logistics in Vietnam plastics supply chain by 2020, a vision to 2025.
Trang 1HAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY1.1 RATIONALE
Over the past decades, with the strong economic development, expanding population and increasing living standards, the amount of waste to be treated in the world has gone up sharply. Shorter product life cycle leads to faster product replacement Many governments have issued regulations on corporate responsibility for the environment. The rapid development of ecommerce has also increased the rate of product recall as customers have no direct access to the goods like traditional trade. Therefore, reverse logistics to effectively recall and recycle used products and waste has drawn increasing attention in theoretical studies as well as business practice in many nations worldwide
In theory, theories on reverse logistics have been established in developed countries like the U.S., European nations since 1990s, but it is still a fresh concept in Vietnam Studies on reverse logistics in Vietnam have mainly focused on the state management of solid waste in terms of legal regulations, planning and recycling technology. There have been a few studies on reverse logistics with the concentration on used electronic devices, home appliances and batteries. Therefore, in academics, the research and development of theories on reverse logistics in Vietnam is of significant importance
In practice, there has been an official system for controlling and recovering solid waste operated by the State in Vietnam. However, while the nationwide volume of solid waste is approximately 28 million tons per year with the annual increase of 10%, the collection rate of around 83 – 85% in urban areas and 4050% in rural areas, the rate of recycle and reuse is only at 1012%.
It is partly attributed to the lack of awareness of Vietnamese enterprises of reverse logistics in generating corporate competitive advantages and sustainable development. Moreover, limited management capability and poor infrastructure and technology have hindered Vietnamese enterprises from organizing, operating and controlling reverse logistics thoroughly Thus, it is vital for enterprises, sectors to develop reverse logistics nationwide Particularly in plastics industry, the development of reverse logistics is among the important solutions for the following reasons:
First, plastics are one type of materials which can be effectively
recovered, recycled and reused. The study of Graczyk and Witkowski (2011) showed that the average recovery rate of plastic products in European nations was 54%; especially in Switzerland (99.7%), Germany (96.7%) and Denmark (96.6%). Besides, plastics have replaced other traditional materials in most economic sectors. Therefore, plastic waste recovery, recycle and reuse are
Trang 2as well as for other business sectors using plastic products
Second, the consumption of plastic products per capita in the domestic
market has surged in recent years from 30kg in 2010 to 35kg in 2015 and 45kg in 2020 as estimated. Moreover, Vietnamese plastic products have been exported to 159 markets with the turnover of over USD2.5 billion in 2017 and forecasted to reach USD4.3 billion by 2020. Strong domestic consumption may lead to an increase in disposal and serious environmental pollution. Higher export turnover may result in the scarcity of resources. Thus, reverse logistics to recover, treat and recycle is essential for the sustainable development of Vietnam plastics industry
Third, one of the greatest challenges to Vietnam plastics industry now is
its strong dependence (7080%) on imported input In order to solve the insufficient input problem, the plastics industry has to better collect and treat plastic waste by developing the centralized hubs for recycling plastic waste for the sector with a closed loop model to minimize negative effect of uncontrollable import of plastic waste on the environment. However, the success
of this model can only be achieved with the coordination of all participants in the plastic product supply chain in Vietnam in the recovery management.
From the above analyses, theories on reverse logistics have not been widely applied in Vietnam; and it is vital to develop reverse logistics for plastic products which are highly beneficial from recovery, recycle and reuse in the coming time. Therefore, the dissertation entitled “Developing Reverse Logistics
in Plastic Product Supply Chain in Vietnam” can provide both theoretical
framework and practical application in the current context in Vietnam
1.2 PREVIOUS STUDIES AND RESEARCH GAP
During the 1990s, reverse logistics was a fairly new concept in logistics and supply chain management Studies on reverse logistics have been undertaken in either of the following directions:
Theories on reverse logistics: present different viewpoints and
definitions of reverse logistics; the differences between reverse logistics and logistics; advantages and functions of reverse logistics; functional activities in reverse logistics flows such as collection, transportation, warehousing, packaging and costing; drivers and barriers to its implementation, etc. However, most studies in the world have yet to examine reverse logistics in product supply chains, especially the roles, functions and relationship of participants in supply chains in managing reverse logistics flows
Application and implementation of reverse logistics: describe attempts
of reverse logistics application of many companies in automobile, steel, electrical, electronics, personal computer and commercial aircraft
Trang 31.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES, TASKS AND QUESTIONS
The objectives of this dissertation are to examine the theoretical issues
on reverse logistics in the product supply chain and to make some suggestions and recommendations on developing reverse logistics in Vietnam plastics supply chain by 2020, a vision to 2025. In order to achieve the stated aims, the dissertation has to fulfill three main tasks by answering seven research questions. The tasks consist of (1) Establishing theoretical background on developing reverse logistics in product supply chain; (2) Examining, measuring and evaluating the development of reverse logistics in Vietnam plastics supply chain; (3) Providing feasible solutions for all members of Vietnam plastics supply chain in reverse logistics
1.4 RESEARCH SUBJECT AND SCOPE
Research subject: is the reverse logistics in plastic product supply chain. The dissertation particularly studied reverse logistics parties, processes and flows in the product supply chain; participants in reverse logistics flows; factors affecting the development of reverse logistics in product supply chain and models to manage reverse logistics flows in plastics supply chain
Research scope: In terms of research space, actual data in the
dissertation was collected in 5 cities and provinces such as Hanoi, Hung Yen, Danang, Binh Duong and Hochiminh City accounting for over 80% of
Trang 4Vietnam. In terms of research time, the author studied the current situation of
reverse logistics in enterprises in Vietnam plastics supply chain during the period of 2013 – 2018; solutions to the development of reverse logistics in Vietnam plastics supply chain by 2020 were suggested, with a vision to 2025 based on the master plan for Vietnam plastics industry approved by the
Government In terms of objects in reverse logistics flows, the dissertation
only focused on reverse logistics for solid objects, liquid and air objects are out of the scope of the study. Besides, the dissertation centered on studying reverse logistics in the plastics supply chain in domestic market
1.5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
For comprehension, objectivity and accuracy, the dissertation combined
both primary and secondary data collection methods Secondary data was
collected from printed and online resources of Ministry of Industry and Trade, Natural Resources and Environment, General Office of Statistics, Vietnam
Plastics Association. Primary data was collected by two methods (1) Indepth
interviews with General Secretary of Vietnam Plastics Association and leaders of plastics production and recycling enterprises; (2) Questionnaires on the sample of 156 plastics production and trading businesses and 62 recycling enterprises. From the collected data, the author applied both quantitative and qualitative methods to evaluate the situation of reverse logistics in Vietnam plastics supply chain.
1.6 NEW POINTS
(1) In methology, the study combined both primary and secondary data
collection, quantitative and qualitative research methods The dissertation presented a quantitative research model on factors affecting reverse logistics results in enterprises with 3 additional variables to ensure the reliability of the
previously. (4) In applicability, the author provided 3 highly feasible solutions
for members of Vietnam plastics supply chain and 1 solution for external entities
to facilitate the development of reverse logistics in Vietnam plastics supply chain.
Trang 5In addition to Acknowledgments, Table of Contents, List of Abbreviations, List of Tables and Figures (8 pages); General Conclusions (2 pages); References (6 pages) and Appendices (33 pages), the dissertation
consists of 155 pages with 4 following chapters: Chapter 1: Overview of the Study; Chapter 2: Theoretical Background on Reverse Logistics in Vietnam Plastics Supply Chain; Chapter 3: Evaluation on Reverse Logistics Situation in Vietnam Plastics Supply Chain; Chapter 4: Solutions to Development of
Reverse Logistics in Vietnam Plastics Supply Chain
CHAPTER 2THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ON REVERSE LOGISTICS DEVELOPMENT IN PRODUCT SUPPLY CHAIN
2.1 OVERVIEW ON REVERSE LOGISTICS IN PRODUCT SUPPLY CHAIN 2.1.1 Reverse logistics
2.1.1.1 Definition
There have been different definitions on reverse logistics since its initial stage. Based on the analysis of the existing concepts, the author defined reverse logistics as “the process of optimizing the movement flows of material objects
in the opposite direction to ordinary logistics processes, i.e. from consumption destinations to starting points to recover remaining value or for the proper disposal of the products.”
2.1.1.2 Some concepts related to reverse logistics
a. Reverse logistics and green logistics
“Reverse Logistics” is often seen identical to “Green Logistics” because both concepts have many similarities, even partially overlapping. That is, reverse logistics and green logistics also address the issues of reuse, recycle and waste disposal which are part of the green supply chain. Green logistics, however, only focuses on the environmental aspects of downstream logistics activities and attempts to minimize the impact on the ecological environment of logistics rather than trying to recover the value of the goods as
in reverse logistics
b. Reverse logistics and waste management
Reverse logistics and waste management are fairly similar in stages such as collection, sorting, transportation and recycling, reuse However, there are differences between them in the aims, the responsible entities for implementation, material objects to be treated and the time
2.1.2 Product supply chain
2.1.2.1 Definition
Trang 6definition of product supply chain of Mentzer et al. (2001, p.4): “Supply chain a
set of three or more entities (organizations or individuals) directly involved in the upstream and downstream flows of products, services, finances, and/or information from a source to a customer.” This concept is chosen as the basis for
the research problem of the dissertation because in this concept, Mentzer and his colleagues specifically mentioned the reverse flow of products and services, information, and finance in the supply chain. In other words, the concept of Mentzer et al. describes the reverse logistics flow in the chain's operations
2.1.2.3 Structure of the supply chain
a. Flows in the supply chain
According to Christopher (2005), any supply chain, whether simple or complex with development at high or low levels, consists of three basic flows
throughout the chain, namely, materials, information and cash flow. These are
core business activities conducted continuously among members to support trading transactions in the supply chain, resulting in seamless connectivity throughout the entire chain
b. Members in the supply chain
The supply chain is created by the connection and collaboration between member organizations from suppliers to retailers; to resonate the power, high specialization of the members to create the competitive advantage for the chain.
In the supply chain, each member has different roles and responsibilities for the stages of the reverse logistics process. Their level of responsibility is divided
into three categories: primary, partial and unrelated. In particular, in the reverse
supply chain, there are many members who are not involved in the downstream logistics
2.1.3 Reverse logistics in the supply chain
2.1.3.1 Definition
Based on the concepts of reverse logistics and the position of reverse logistics in the supply chains, the author proposed the fundamental concept in
Trang 7the dissertation as “Reverse logistics in the supply chain is logistics activities
to manage the reverse flow of physical objects sent from one member to any member in front of it in the supply chain in order to restore product value and reduce the amount of waste to be treated.”
The concept of reverse logistics in the supply chain proposed in the
dissertation emphasizes on the following issues: (1) Material objects of the
reverse logistics flows are quite diverse (collectively referred to as “recovered products”) including raw materials, fuels; parts, components or products that fail meet the requirements, need to be repaired, or disposed; packaging, etc.
(2) Scope of the reverse logistics flow in the supply chain is only from the
retailer to the distributors, producers or suppliers as the end users are not
considered a member of the chain. (3) Objectives of reverse logistics in the
supply chain are to mostly restore the economic and environmental value of the products and to minimize the amount of waste disposal so as for the chain members to achieve cost reduction goals, better meet the needs of customers
as well as fulfill their corporate social responsibility
2.1.3.2Roles
a. Roles of reverse logistics for the whole supply chain
Before reverse logistics, traditional supply chains had developed into Closedloop Supply Chain (CLSC). The closed loop supply chain is an attempt
to coordinate the downstream and upstream operations of the product, thus ensuring sustainable development goals while achieving both effectiveness and efficiency in the supply chain. In other words, the emergence and development
of reverse logistics has promoted the development of reverse supply chain, then combined with traditional one to create closed loop supply chains with many advantages
b. Roles of reverse logistics for members in the supply chain
Reverse logistics gives the supply chains more benefits and superior advantages. Therefore, as a supply chain member, reverse logistics is considered one of the most important ways for businesses to (1) facilitate the process of downstream logistics; (2) better satisfy customer requirements; (3) save costs; (4) create a “green” image for the business. This requires businesses to make adequate investments in this activity
2.1.3.3 Basic characteristics
In comparison with downstream logistics, reverse logistics has seven basic characteristics as (1) Push mechanism; (2) Convergent flow direction; (3) Limited speed; (4) Difficulties to forecast; (5) Nonidentical quality and value
of recovered products; (6) Complex process with the involvement of many members who are not included in downstream logistics; (7) Costs more difficult to calculate and higher
Trang 82.2 REVERSE LOGISTICS DEVELOPMEN IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN
2.2.1 Definition
The dissertation stated “Reverse logistics development in the supply chain
is the completion of the reverse logistics organization among supply chain members and the increase of reverse logistics flows and activities to optimize the reverse movement of material objects from one member to any member in front of it in the supply chain.”
Development of reverse logistics activities: Increasing the deployment of reverse
logistics activities which can restore the maximum value of products, particularly to limit landfill and incineration but enhance reuse and recycling.2.2.2 Issues
2.2.2.1 Development of reverse logistics organization in the supply chain
a. Definition
The study defined the reverse logistics organization as “a process of designing, arranging and using resources of the supply chain to achieve the strategic reverse logistics goals of member enterprises as well as the whole chain in certain period.”
b. Organization plans
Reverse logistics organization in enterprises: Reverse logistics can be
organized in enterprises in the supply chain in two ways, namely (1) Inhouse operating reverse logistics, i.e. using internal resources to implement reverse logistics; (2) Outsourcing reverse logistics, i.e using external resources to implement a part or the whole reverse logistics process. The current trend is the development and diversification of reverse logistics outsourcing
Basis for plan selection: Each plan of reverse logistics organization has
certain advantages and disadvantages. It is important for enterprises to take into consideration the following factors: (1) Characteristics of recovered products; (2) Volume and continuity of collection; (3) Core competitiveness; (4) Policies and resources of enterprises; (5) Complexity and uncertainty of logistics flows; (6) Collaboration among members of the supply chain
Trang 9c. Options of reverse logistics organization in the supply chain
Models for return channel in the supply chain: It is commonly accepted
that producers are mainly responsible and capable of implementing reverse logistics. Therefore, the first important decision is to select a model of return channel for product returns to producers There are three typical return channels such as (1) Direct return from consumers; (2) Returns through
retailers; (3) Returns through the third parties.
Models for treatment of returned products: The recent studies have
divided reverse logistics network into two models including (1) Centralized reverse logistics, i.e. creating a center for returning and treatment of the whole network for the economy of scale to reduce costs; (2) Decentralized reverse logistics, i.e initial collectors perform the testing, evaluating and sorting products instead of the treatment center and then deliver returned products to relevant treatment points for time advantage
2.2.2.2 Development of reverse logistics flows and activities in the supply chain
a. Development of reverse logistics flows in the supply chain
Each reverse logistics flow is predetermined by a certain material object. In the supply chain, there are 5 common reverse logistics flows as follows: (1) Reverse logistics flow for endofuse products; (2) Reverse logistics flow for commercial goods, i.e the returns between any two members in the supply chain that are in a direct business contract; (3) Reverse logistics flow for guaranteed goods, i.e. the returns of defect products during the use of consumers; (4) Reverse logistics flow for production scraps and byproducts; (5) Reverse logistics flow for packaging
b. Development of reverse logistics activities in the supply chain
Reverse logistics activities take place in the flows Thus, the implementation of the activities can have great influence on the operation of revers logistics flows. Previous studies described four major reverse logistics activities such as (1) Collection; (2) Testing, sorting; (3) Treatment and (4) Redistribution
2.2.2.3 Evaluation on the development of reverse logistics in supply chain
a. Levels of reverse logistics development in the supply chain
The study used “Reverse Logistics Maturity Model” (RLMM) jointly built by Craneld University and Deutsche Post DHL and CE100 companies. RLMM model describes 5 development levels of reverse logistics such as (1) Informal reverse logistics; (2) Project reverse logistics; (3) Standardized reverse logistics; (4) Quantitative reverse logistics and (5) Optimizing reverse logistics
Trang 10b. Evaluation criteria for reverse logistics development in the supply chain
Based on the features of levels presented in RLMM and the results of indepth interviews during the primary research, the author developed indicators
to measure and evaluate the development of reverse logistics in the supply chains based on the following aspects:
Organization of reverse logistics: The organization of reverse logistics
in the supply chain is evaluated based on two criteria such as (1) management (formal and informal) and (2) network (structure, collaboration among members). Reverse logistics organization in member companies is evaluated
in two ways (1) Inhouse operation and (2) Outsourcing.
Implementation of reverse logistic flows and activities: (1) Structure of
returned objects in reverse logistics flows; (2) Volume and rate of returned and treated products; (3) Ratio of disposition methods for returned products 2.2.3 Factors affecting reverse logistics development in supply chain
Based on reviewing previous studies, the author extracted 3 group factors affecting the development of reverse logistics in the supply chain
including (1) Environment (Legal regulations on environment, financial
policies, environment management certificates, extended responsibility of producers; Globalization and environmental pollution; Information
technology); (2) Market (Customer awareness and demand; Competitive supply chain); (3) Supply chain (Collaboration among members; Support of
top management, corporate policies, crossintegration of functional department, current resources for reverse logistics)
2.3 EXPERIENCE IN REVERSE LOGISTICS DEVELOPMENT IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN
2.3.1Experience in reverse logistics development in the supply chain
On the basis of the collected secondary data, the dissertation analyzed the experience in developing reverse logistics in the supply chains for plastics (the research subject) and electronics (composed of plastics components) The
context of research was in three country groups including (1) Developed
countries which lead the application of reverse logistics in Europe; (2) Developed countries in Asia which got reverse logistics models transferred from
Trang 11logistics network; Forming alliance of producers to develop the network; Promoting active participation of supply chain members other than producers in
reverse logistics system. (2) Two lessons on development of reverse logistics
flows and activities, namely, Enhancing integration between downstream and
upstream flows; Prioritizing treatment of plastic products and waste with
maximum recovered value Besides, there are conditions for successful
application of the lessons such as (1) Developing reverse logistics based on the
extended responsibility of producers; (2) Building and enforcing a legal framework to closely control lines of disposed products; (3) Boosting communication and education to raise people’s awareness of the importance of revers logistics
Failures to avoid include (1) High costs for reverse logistics operation; (2)
Irrelevant financial incentives; (3) Overlapping management, competition among private organizations, poor infrastructure, lack of attention to secondary demand and market of informal collectors and recyclers
CH
APTER 3 EVALUATION ON SITUATION OF REVERSE LOGISTICS IN
Trang 12in 2014 During the period of 20152016, Vietnamese plastic enterprises pushed up production. Vietnam plastics industry has now been one of 10 key industries prioritized by the Government and one of the four fastest growing export items in the country
3.1.2 Overview on Vietnam plastics supply chain
Trang 13(Source: Author’s research findings)
Participants of Vietnam plastics supply chain include material suppliers (domestic and foreign), producers (housewares, packaging, construction, and industrial plastics), distributors and retailers, individual customers (consumers) and corporate customers (enterprises in electronics, automobile, etc.)
3.1.3 Overview on solid waste collection and treatment system in Vietnam
At present, Vietnam's solid waste collection and treatment system
be the most effective solution in Vietnam today. The integration of these two systems can be seen as an opportunity to develop formal reverse logistics in Vietnam
3.2 ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION ON SITUATION OF REVERSE LOGISTICS IN VIETNAM PLASTICS SUPPY CHAIN
3.2.1 Case studies on reverse logistics at typical enterprises
In this section, the author studied the reverse logistics situation in two enterprises representing two important groups of members in the reverse supply chain for Vietnam plastic products, namely plastic production and recycling enterprises. These two case studies formed an important foundation for the author to continue with more generalized studies of the overall situation of reverse logistics in Vietnam’s plastic product supply chain
3.2.2.2 Reverse logistics network in Vietnam plastics supply chain
Network structure: Plastic waste collectors and recyclers play important
role in the reverse logistics network in Vietnam plastics supply chain with