Ma thesis in English language: Conceptual metaphors of love in lyrics by ED Sheeran

Studying this thesis, that gets a lot of knowledge to understand more about the items of cognitive linguistics. Studying, applying, using cognitive linguistics is of large significance with us in dealing with numerous problems of linguistics that was not explained by classic theory. Especially with foreign language learners like me, cognitive linguistics opened a new view so that they can approach foreign language easier.

COVER PAGE 2

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

DECLARATION BY AUTHOR

I declare that this thesis “Conceptual Metaphors of Love in Lyrics by

Ed Sheeran” is created by my own findings and I am the sole author of this thesis To the best of my knowledge, with the exception of the indication of reference, this thesis is carried out without using any other author’s work and

is submitted after a carefully checking progress in order to fulfill the requirements of the M.A degree

Author’s signature

Đặng Thị Tuyết Nhung

Approved by SUPERVISOR

Phạm Hiển, Ph.D

Date:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This thesis is completed with lots of working hours and is contributed

by a large amount of enthusiasm, effort and assistance from many people

Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Phạm Hiển, Ph.D for the all support of my research, for his patience, motivation, and immense knowledge His guidance helped me in all the time

of research and writing of this thesis

I also would like to send my special thanks to Đặng Nguyên Giang, Ph.D who gave me important help with some ideas and documents

Additionally, I am so grateful for Ed Sheeran who wrote wonderful songs which is loved by fans all over the world and me too His lyrics are filled by deep feelings in the different ups and downs motions, especially in Love It is the source of inspirations for me to do this thesis, giving data for this work

Finally, I want to grateful to my family for all, who are always supportive and enthusiastic to me during the progress of making this thesis

ABSTRACT

This thesis studies on the Conceptual Metaphor of Love in the song’s lyrics of Ed Sheeran in the framework theory of Lakoff and Johnson (1980/2003), Kovecses (2002) Who also claimed that Love is an abstract concept which is often understood via conceptual metaphors to find out the meaningful, not just being meaning First of all, I want to show some main views of Cognitive Linguistics which is basic theory to understand the concept of conceptual metaphor From that I want to research classifications

of conceptual metaphors, each kinds of these are understood following the points of conceptual metaphor of Lakoff & Johnson and Kovesces, and then looking at their examples, throughout to get comprehension about them Second, I want to mention to classical metaphor and its history’s definition in order time to be defined by famous researchers in this time, this work is to improve that the difference between classical metaphor and conceptual metaphor, which is, makes us not misunderstand between conceptual metaphor and metaphor Third, I study the lyrics of Ed Sheeran’s songs to find out how Ed SHeeran used metaphors through fifteen songs which I chose

to research Finally, I found that conceptual metaphor is not just classical metaphor and it is not feared, like we have thought Following Lakoff and

Johnson in Metaphors We Live By, metaphor is being in everyday life Thus,

we are not difficult to meet somewhere in life without metaphor Studying conceptual metaphor or conceptualization and using it in life is important with English learners, especially with us who learn English as foreign language in get knowledge

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS USED IN THE THESIS

S: Fifteen songs of Ed Sheeran in ordered number (following Table 1)

SM: Structural Metaphors in lyrics of Ed Sheeran’s fifteen songs (following number sections of chapter 3)

OM: Ontological Metaphors in lyrics of Ed Sheeran’s fifteen songs (following number sections of chapter 4)

: having metaphor

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Fifteen songs of Ed Sheeran in ordered number ……… …04

Table 2: List of Structural Metaphors in lyrics of Ed Sheeran’s fifteen songs

……….41 Table 3: Structural Metaphors in lyrics of Ed Sheeran’s fifteen songs …… 43

Table 4: List of Ontological Metaphors in lyrics of Ed Sheeran’s fifteen songs

……… 54 Table 5: Ontological Metaphors in lyrics of Ed Sheeran’s fifteen songs … 56

TABLE OF CONTENTS

conceptual metaphor of love in lyrics by ed sheeran ( ĐÃ SỬA 1).doc - _Toc526894934

DECLARATION BY AUTHOR i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii

ABSTRACT iii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS USED IN THE THESIS iv

LIST OF TABLES v

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Rationale 1

1.2 Aims of the Study 2

1.3 Research Questions 3

1.4 Scope of the Study 3

1.5 Significance of the Study 5

1.6 Methodology 6

1.7 Structure of the Study 6

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 8

2.1 Cognitive Linguistics 8

2.2 Metaphor Theory 9

2.3 Conceptual Metaphors 10

2.3.1 Conceptual Metaphor Theory 10

2.3.2 Conceptual Metaphor Domain 13

2.3.3 Classifications of Conceptual Metaphors 15

2.3.3.1 Orientational Metaphors 16

2.3.3.2 Structural Metaphors 18

2.3.3.3 Ontological Metaphors 19

2.4 Love 21

2.4.1 What is Love? 21

2.4.2 Conceptual Metaphor of LOVE 22

2.5 Ed Sheeran and His Song Lyrics 23

2.6 Chapter Summary 24

CHAPTER 3: STRUCTURAL METAPHORS OF LOVE IN THE SELECTED LYRICS BY ED SHEERAN 26

3.1 LOVE IS A JOURNEY 26

3.2 LOVE IS FIRE 29

3.3 LOVE IS PAIN 31

3.4 LOVE IS WAR 32

3.5 LOVE IS POSSESSION 33

3.6 LOVE IS MADNESS 34

3.7 LOVE IS FUTURE 34

3.8 LOVE IS SAFETY 35

3.9 LOVE IS CLOSENESS 36

3.10 LOVE IS ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF TIME 37

3.11 LOVE IS HAPPINESS 37

3.12 LOVE IS AN UNITY 38

3.13 LOVE IS A DESIRE 39

3.14 Chapter Summary 40

CHAPTER 4: ONTOLOGICAL METAPHORS OF LOVE IN THE SELECTED LYRICS BY ED SHEERAN 44

4.1 LOVE IS AN OBJECT 44

4.2 LOVE IS A PERSON (GIRL, WOMAN, DOCTOR) 46

4.3 LOVE IS A CONTAINER 48

4.4 LOVE IS FLUID (IN A CONTAINER) 50

4.5 LOVE IS A SOURCE OF WARMTH 51

4.6 LOVE IS FOOD 52

4.7 Chapter Summary 54

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 57

5.1 Recapitulation 57

5.2 Concluding Remarks 58

5.3 Implications 59

5.4 Limitations and Suggestions for Further Studies 61

REFERENCES 63

SOURCES OF MATERIALS USED 66 APPENDIX 1: CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS SELECTED FROM ED SHEERAN’S SONGS I APPENDIX 2: ED SHEERAN’S FIFTEEN SONGS USED IN THE THESIS X

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale

Nowadays, English becomes the most popular and universal language

to be used in different countries Because they said that English is easy for people to learn, it is also proper flexible, has concern with numerous languages and you can say an affair by about hundred ways, although in each country English is different Furthermore, change is often going on the trend

of developing global language in the world As the result, they learn and use English everywhere of the world such as: business, film, etc

Metaphor is an infinite enjoyable phenomenon of linguistic, in particular: literature and poetry, where metaphor is to be used as indispensable tool, so it is not astonished at figurative language is regarded as literature and poetry language However, it is extensively, universally and automatically used in social life today Together with developing change of English, metaphor also has tendency at profoundly Not only it is compare, transfer (which is transferred unknown thing into known thing) but also it is regarded as the mode of thought helping human to have cognition about the world by the way, which moves concept from a morpheme domain to another,

it is so called: conceptual metaphor

Love is the topic for all time, not only in literature and poetry but also

in social life How many colors are in life then how many colors are in love, Love is multivarious and it has much different levels of human emotion, which musicians always try to transmit to the hearers On another hand, it is said that the concept of Love is difficult for understanding but via metaphor

So understanding the metaphor of love this means that understands the meaningfulness of concept “Love”

Ed Sheeran is a success in English music As other songwriters, love is the indispensable subject, being endless inspiration to bring succeeding for his songs To wind out the motion into the songs, Ed Sheeran makes listeners feel his emotion following the way that: each audience has different feelings when they listen the same song by using a lot of metaphor in his work

With all these reasons, author of this thesis hopes to find out the conceptual metaphors to be use in Ed Sheeran songs’ lyrics to help the audiences and English learners can firstly understand, then they can comprehend abstract meaning in English song Thereby, we can understand more about English thought, language, mind in common and Ed Sheeran in particular Besides, to some extent we can see how is metaphor used flexible

so that we can apply these in learning and using English language in life? It may be not bored if English learner would like study English by music

1.2 Aims of the Study

To answer for the research question “How are conceptual metaphors of LOVE described in Ed Sheeran’s song lyrics?”

First, I want to study some of theories such as: Cognitive Linguistics, Metaphor, Conceptual metaphors, Love, Conceptual Metaphors of LOVE, etc which help me have accurate knowledge of conceptual metaphors, and to find out the difficulties between classical metaphor and conceptual metaphor, these help me understand metaphor precisely

Second, I want to study fifteen songs of Ed Sheeran (one of the best famous song writer) for my greatest purpose: to find out the way he used conceptual metaphors in his lyrics: what kind of metaphors he used in his songs, how and why he used; combined them to show his feelings Here is also the most important target of this research From that, we view flexible method of using metaphor to emerge the beauty in English culture, language,

motion to help audiences accessing to English cognitive linguistic or cognition such as: culture, thinking, etc via music

1.4 Scope of the Study

Metaphor in cognitive linguistic is regarded as new in recent But it is studied by multiple researchers in various perspectives Because of a large studying scope to be researched by researchers in the past that is over my time

so this thesis concentrate on the conceptual metaphor of cognition which grew

out of George Lakoff & Mark Johnson’s theory in the points of Metaphors

We Live By (1980/ 2003) and Kovecses (2002) in Metaphor A Practical Introduction Basically, the view of conceptual metaphor of LOVE is written

by them having the same ideal, so study all of authors made me have more examples and knowledge of conceptual metaphor of LOVE

The scope of the research is mainly viewed on two kinds of conceptual metaphor of LOVE in Ed Sheeran’s song lyrics which is classified by Lakoff and Johnson (1980/ 2003) and Kovecses (2002) These kinds of conceptual metaphors are: Structural Metaphor and Ontological Metaphor

Ed Sheeran has numerous songs until now, and Love is main theme of his works But in this research only studies his fifteen songs (see Table 1) which belong to three albums of Ed Sheeran: Plus (+), Multiply (x), Divide (÷) (getting more in the 2.5 Ed Sheeran and His Song Lyrics)

Hearts Don’t Break

11 How Would You Feel ÷ (Divide) 17/02/ 2016 2016

12 Thinking Out Loud

X (Multiply) 24/09/2016 2014

15 Shirtsleeves

X (Multiply) 20/06/ 2014 2014 Table 1: Fifteen songs of Ed Sheeran in ordered number

Because of structure of song, there are repetitious words and line in songs many a time such as: chorus, breakdown, melody, etc therefore, in case

of LOVE metaphors presented in the thesis do not include every single occurrence, for example: different conceptual metaphors are only counted once even though the same group of words or line many times in the same song text Furthermore each line of one song can has more than one kinds of conceptual metaphor of LOVE, so in this research I will view a part of them

so that I can get all perspectives of this metaphor complexly

1.5 Significance of the Study

Studying this thesis, that gets a lot of knowledge to understand more about the items of cognitive linguistics Studying, applying, using cognitive linguistics is of large significance with us in dealing with numerous problems

of linguistics that was not explained by classic theory Especially with foreign language learners like me, cognitive linguistics opened a new view so that they can approach foreign language easier

Studying conceptual metaphor to help us to understand our mind and thought in the matter of conceptualization Conceptual metaphor is defined by Lakoff and Johnson; Kovecses in cognitive linguistics which give us open-minded comprehend about the matter of conceptualization Knowledge of metaphor and metaphor’s role in linguistics are important, the way it is being

in life, how it is used to help us to evaluate right conceptual metaphor in linguistics commonly, in life especially

Summary, this thesis has important significance to learn how metaphor

is used in everyday language Lyric is one of ways that people are often used language in life To find out how Ed Sheeran used metaphor in his fifteen selected songs’ lyrics, when you find out the ways metaphors are used in life

1.6 Methodology

This study is a qualitative analysis of conceptual metaphors of love in

Ed Sheeran’s fifteen songs, and Lyrics in these songs which used conceptual metaphors are used to make the data of this research

This thesis is belonged to Linguistic field so it depending on empirical experiences, so this thesis uses qualitative method mostly to choose the data for Conceptual Metaphors of LOVE Besides, in the chapter 3 and chapter 4 use quantitative analysis for studying this data to show frequency of using metaphors and how many times Ed Sheeran used in his songs

1.7 Structure of the Study

 The thesis begins with Declaration by Author, Acknowledgements, Abstract, List of abbreviations and symbols used in the thesis and Table of Contents

 The main body of this research paper is divided into five chapters:

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

In this chapter includes:

Rationale

Research questions,

Aims of the Study

Scope of the Study

Significance of study

Methodology

Structure of the study

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter is all basic theory: consisting of five parts:

 Part one: cognitive linguistic This part mainly introduces about Cognitive Linguistics which is defined by some researchers in different aspects of Cognitive Linguistics

 Part two: Metaphor This part has studied about classical metaphor by Aristotle and some researchers in order of time

 Part three: Conceptual Metaphor and conceptual metaphor classifications, in this part the research want to study conceptual metaphor definition, domain, and classification

 Part four: Love This part is study: meaning of Love in common and conceptual metaphors of Love

 Part five: Ed Sheeran and his song lyrics, this part gives several main points of view of Ed Sheeran and his three albums

CHAPTER 3: STRUCTUAL METAPHORS OF LOVE IN THE SELECTED LYRICS BY ED SHEERAN

In this chapter is the study of Structural Metaphors of love which is used in fifteen songs of Ed Sheeran

CHAPTER 4: ONTOLOGICAL METAPHORS OF LOVE IN THE SELECTED LYRICS BY ED SHEERAN

This chapter studies Ontological Metaphors of love in fifteen song’s lyrics of Ed Sheeran

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Cognitive Linguistics

The term of Cognitive Linguistics maybe came from the term of

Linguistics and Cognitive Science (which Lakoff said in Woman, Fire and

Dangerous Things, 1987, pp.270-271) was regarded as including many

academic disciplines: psychology, linguistics, anthropology, philosophy) In

Metaphors We Live By, Lakoff and Johnson (1980/2003) said that Cognitive

Linguistics was, included central subdisciplines of the field of cognitive linguistics: Metaphor Theory, the semantics of closed-class elements such as spatial relations (Talmy 2000), studies of category structure, including basic level categories, prototypes, and radial categories (Lakoff 1987), mental spaces (Fauconnier 1985; Fauconnier and Sweetser 1996), frame semantics (Fillmore 1982, 1985; Sweetser 1990), blended spaces (Fauconnier and Turner 1998, 2002), cognitive grammar (Langacker 1986, 1990, 1991), cognitive construction grammar (Goldberg 1995; Lakoff 1987, Case Study 3)

Langacker (2008, p.7) said about Cognitive Linguistics: “Cognitive Grammar belongs to the wider movement known as cognitive linguistics” He also claimed that, important strands of cognitive linguistics include construction grammar, metaphor theory, the study of blends and mental spaces, and various efforts to develop conceptualist semantics Evans and Green (2006, p.5) considered cognitive linguistics as one of the most innovative and exciting approaches to the study of language and thought Talmy (2000, p.4) referred the term “cognitive linguistics” as his own body of work as “cognitive semantics” So we see there are many definitions of cognitive linguistics, it depends on what aspects of linguistics that researchers want to study on the cognitive perspective

Commonly, cognitive linguistics is a branch of linguistics It is the studying linguistics on the cognitive perspective, the way language interacts with cognition and how language forms our thoughts In other words, it is the studying of relationship of human language and the mind, socio-physical experience

2.2 Metaphor Theory

They said that Metaphor is origin of Greek and starting by Aristotle, who had seen Metaphor as powerful rhetorical and poetic devices of language, conspicuously it is used of ornate and flowery words by the poet, literature for a long time In Aristotle’s time, some people Metaphors are most regularly compared with similes (Similes is most famous by Homer, who sometimes calls metaphor side by side with similes), but as Aristotle is considered simile as a specific type of metaphor, simile uses the words "like"

or "as" in comparing two objects While a metaphor is identical on the point

of comparison, simile merely is a similarity

In this classical tradition view, Quitilian (was born in c.35 and died in 95/6 C.E.) is considered metaphor as a member of tropes, then inheriting this view Augustine (was born in 354 and died in 430) is regarded metaphor as trope For a long time, the term of trope had been together with Metaphor

until Locker (was born in 163 and died in 1704), he found the term Ideal in

language which is evoked by tropes and figures, and Nietzsche (was born in

1844 and died in 1900) who viewed Metaphor and reality are so entwined as

to be synonymous The appearance of Lakoff and Johnson's "Metaphors We Live By" in 1980 also marked an important development of metaphor In this work they found that Metaphor is in everyday life, not only in language but also in thought and action Thought and act are metaphor in natural, and it is

in our ordinary conceptual system (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980/2003, p.3) By

the proofs of fact in everyday life they have had the view of metaphor in the cognitive linguistics and they called conceptual metaphor

From Aristotle’s, through the centuries Metaphor always has been a matter of argument by scholars, researchers, who studied language, poets, writers and event philosophers, politicians, scientists and so on Metaphor had been defined as comparison by Aristotle firstly, then for a long time Metaphor

is considered as trope and it is used in poetry, art, teaching Christ, etc., together with the developing of social life, Metaphor changed little by little, it

was not only language but also concerned with Ideal, and then the thought,

act Thus, metaphor associates with language, not only “poetic imagination

and the rhetorical flourish-a matter of extraordinary” (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980/2003, p.4) but also other disciplines in everyday life So which discipline has language more or less it has metaphor too, simply metaphor is perhaps: using one word to refer other word, profoundly metaphor can be: using word to refer non-word (the things that cannot be describe, and having

no word to describe this, it is often abstract); using limited thing to refer unlimited thing

2.3 Conceptual Metaphors

2.3.1 Conceptual Metaphor Theory

The term “conceptual metaphor” was arguably mentioned the first time

in 1980 by Lakoff and Johnson in Metaphors We Live By, as they shared with

each other about the views on “meaning” in western philosophy and linguistics and the “meaningful” in life (see more in the Preface of this book) Here metaphor is named and writing them in capital letters, examples: ARGUMENT IS WAS, HAPPY IS UP, INFLATION IS AN ADVERSARY, etc., on their view, Metaphor is not just a matter of language, it is being in

“the way we think, what we experience, and what we do every day” (Lakoff

and Johnson, 1980/2003, p.3) In other words, Conceptual metaphor is the studying metaphor in cognitive linguistics In this case, Metaphor is: one concept is understood by other concepts or we are understood one domain of experience by others’ (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980/2003, p.117) So conceptual metaphor is not only the means for poetry, it can be used in everyday language We still use conceptual metaphor every day and everywhere but we perhaps don’t realize that Conceptual metaphor is not comparison or trope because conceptual metaphor is not only the matter of language it is also matter of our thought, mind, etc (which belong to cognition) or we can say that our thought and action is the matter of conceptualization

Kövecses , one of the famous researcher on metaphor, he defined the

term of “conceptual metaphor” in the Metaphor: A Practical Introduction

(2002): “A convenient shorthand way of capturing this view of metaphor is the following: CONCEPTUAL DOMAIN A IS CONCEPTUAL DOMAIN B, which is what is called a conceptual metaphor”, “A conceptual metaphor consists of two conceptual domains, in which one domain is understood in terms of another” (Kovesces, 2002, p.4)

Following Lakoff and Johnson (1980/2003), Kovecses (2002), studying metaphor need do in cognitive science because the matter of metaphor not just linguistics, but in cognition or cognitive linguistic science In other words, conceptual metaphor is the transference of meaning from one domain to other domain, or in the way that we concetptualize one mental domain in term of another Like as when we learn conceptual metaphor, we can understand our mind and thought in the matter of conceptualization These are, Target Domain and Source Domain, the process of understanding target domain through source domain is called conceptual metaphor

We can understand more following Figure 1 Each target domain can be understood by many source domains it depends on the experiences of each person And following Lakoff and Johnson (1980/2003) one target domain is not understood by one source domain only, at least having two or more source domains are mapped

Figure 1: process of conceptual metaphor

Source domain

understanding

Concrete concepts:

JOURNEYS, WAR, ECT

2.3.2 Conceptual Metaphor Domain

As above, to define conceptual metaphor depending on the transfer of conceptual domain, so how is conceptual domain defined by Lakoff and Johnson? According to the view of conceptual metaphor in Metaphors we live

by (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980/2003), Metaphor in cognitive linguistics is a process of cognition that allows us to comprehend one domain of experience (the target domain) in the term of another (the source domain) Two domains both participate in conceptual metaphor as Lakoff & Johnson’ view, the same

as Koveses (2002) asserted that the domain understands another is called the source domain, vice versa the domain is understood that is called the target domain

Domain was defined by Kovecses (2002, p.4) “a conceptual domain is any coherent organization of experience”, the coherent organization of experience depends on organized knowledge of human beings of the field that metaphor refers to, it is conceptualized by concepts He believed that if we have coherently organized knowledge about one thing, we would see that, there are some definitions or concepts in dictionaries so it has characteristic linguistics Besides, they have features of psychology, chemistry, etc., which belongs to nature, then they are also experienced by human feelings, all of these must be coherently organization knowledge to become “domain”

Lakoff and Johnson (1980/2003, p.117) suggested that: “understanding takes place in terms of entire domains of experience and not in terms of isolated concepts” So “concepts arising from our experience are opened-ended” (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980/2003, p.125), domain of experience of concepts are opened-ended too and this infers that domains are opened-ended Domain in process of conceptual metaphor is called domain of experience, which conceptualized and defined as basic domain of experience They

seemed to call domains of experience are organized in terms of natural dimensions to be “natural kinds of experience”, they are also called as

“products of human nature” while others perhaps have changes depending on culture

In the process of conceptual metaphor we see that, understanding a domain A there are some domains which are natural kinds of experiences, (ex: to try to understand the LOVE (domain A) by some natural kinds of experience (domain B): A JOURNEY, MADNESS, WAR, POSSESSION, SAFETY, FIRE, PAIN, UNITY, HAPPINESS, A DESIRE, AN OBJECT, A PERSON, A CONTAINER, A SOURCE OF WARMTH, FLUID etc.,) Lakoff and Johnson called it as “interactional properties”, it were regarded as it is interaction with another and with the world Thus, each domain is not only understood by one other domain, but also can be understood by some of other domains (natural kinds of experience)

Lakoff and Johnson asserted that in a metaphor, there are two domains: the target domain, and the source domain Kovecses also believed that domain

A (in Figure 1) is target domain, and domain B is source domain

Target Domain

Saying about target domain in a conceptual metaphor, Lakoff and Johnson defined “the target domain, which is constituted by the immediate subject matter” (Lakoff and Johnson, 2003, p.265), target domain here is a subject matter which we need to understand or try understand by using source domain, it were made comparison with “as an initial slide on the projector and metaphorical projection” (Lakoff and Johnson, 2003, p.253), projection metaphor starts on the first step: target domain, which is goals of metaphorical projection too If metaphor projection is the give and take process so target domain would considers as an image recipient They also

believed that target domains are often abstract subject matters, which are unintelligible, such as: LOVE, LIFE, ARGUMENTS, etc

Basically, Kovecses had the same idea, he considered that target domain is abstract experiences, he wrote: “conceptual domain that is understood this way is the target domain” (Kovesces, 2002, p.4), conceptual domain He was regarded as “coherent organization of experience”, so we infer target domain as coherent organization of experience (experiences) to be understood via an others

Source Domain

Source domain, which we are used to understand other concept domain (target domain), following Kovesces, Lakoff and Johnson In other words source domain is conceptual domain which is used in reasoning about others Thus, source domains are concept domains (domain of experience) which are typically a more concrete concepts, such as: JOURNEY, WAR, BUILDINGS, FOOD, PLANTS, etc , Lakoff and Johnson (2003) “the source domain, in which important metaphorical reasoning takes place and that provides the source concepts used in that reasoning” (Lakoff and Johnson, 2003, p.265) Source domain roles as image donor in projection metaphor and all of the source domains should be projected onto the target

2.3.3 Classifications of Conceptual Metaphors

According to the function Conceptual metaphor can be divided into three kinds: ontological metaphor, structural metaphor, and orientational metaphor (Kovesces, 2002, pp.33-34), he had the distinct types of conceptual metaphor and possibly to classify metaphors in a variety of way but rely on especially important role of cognitive linguistic view he divided conceptual metaphor in this ways rely on the “conventionality, function, nature and level

of generality of metaphor” (Kovesces, 2002, p.33) Depending on cognitive

function: structural, ontological, orientational, their nature: knowledge-based

or image-based, their conventionality: conventional or unconventional, their complexity: simple or complex, and so forth (Kovesces, 2002, p.310) Lakoff and Johnson: “The division of metaphors into three types—orientational, ontological, and structural—was artificial” (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980/2003, p.264) They claimed that all types of conceptual metaphor are structural and ontological metaphor, and “many are orientational metaphor” (Lakoff and Johnson, 2003, p.264) orientional metaphors are rarely used to

Basically, Conceptual Metaphor is classified into three types: orientational metaphor, ontological metaphor, structural metaphor which divided by Lakoff and Johnson, Kovesces And following them, Structural Metaphor is used in most time vice versa Orientational and Ontological Metaphors are less

2.3.3.1 Orientational Metaphors

Conceptually, spatial orientation is regarded as locating something somewhere in space, Orientational metaphors were said by Lakoff and Johnson (1980/2003) ,that is one concept is organized by a whole system of concepts with regard to one other, most of orientational metaphors have to do with spatial orientation: un-down, in-out, front-back, on-off, deep-shallow, central-peripheral, and so on It is different from culture to culture because orientational metaphors are basic to our physical and cultural experience Following Lakoff and Johnson, physical and cultural basic here are human point of view in one culture or physical characteristic of human beings, in a vertical position we rise from “DOWN” to polar opposition “UP” It is Clearly that HAPPY IS UP (happy is good emotion, feeling, they are rising higher), GOOD IS UP (the same as happiness, health, life and control the principle characteristic of what is good for a person are all UP), MORE IS UP

(quantity and number of a substance or physical objects are rising, or their container goes up), VIRTUE IS UP (a point of human view about the human nature, is good in the society), HIGHT STATUS IS UP (status is correlated with social and physical power, status up mean more social and physical power), have different means in our experience so it gives rise to many different metaphors They recognized that most of their fundamental concepts are organize with respect to one or more spatialization metaphors and metaphor has many possible physical and social bases, but which is chosen that depending on a part of the coherence in overall system, this is the reason that why one concept structure in vertical orientation is not breadthwise orientation, this is found that in some circumstances spatialization is an important part of a concept that is so hard to take place of metaphor that it might structure the concept, examples: “STATUS IS UP” , “HAPPY IS UP”, etc

Kovecses defined orientational metaphors “the name “orientational metaphor” derives from the fact that most metaphors that serve this function has to do with basic human spatial orientations such as up-down, center-periphery, and the like” (Kovesces, 2002, p.40), “Orientational metaphors have primarily an evaluative function They make large groups of metaphors coherent with each other”, he also call orientational metaphor as “coherence metaphor”, and claimed that it is in accordance with the cognitive function in performing metaphors “Coherence” meant that certain target concepts were tendentiously conceptualized in a uniform manner He gave the examples about orientations such as: “upward” orientation and opposite orientation

“downward” so he found that Upward orientation were consider with positive evaluation, vice versa downward orientation is negative evaluation He

pointed out that lot of spatial image schemas are “bipolar and bivalent”, having two evaluation such as positive-negative evaluation

2.3.3.2 Structural Metaphors

Most of metaphors are used in everyday life language is structural metaphor, following Lakoff and Johnson (1980), he called metaphors in the cases that one concept is metaphorically structured in terms of another to be structural metaphor In other words, structural metaphors are that: restructuring the target domain in the perspective of sense when receiving new knowledge which to be mapped by conceptual domain Or it is more clearly that: “Structural metaphors (such as RATIONAL ARGUMENT IS WAR) provide the richest source of such elaboration Structural metaphors allow us to do much more than just orient concepts, refer to them, quantify them, etc.” (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980/2003, p.61), this means that we structure one concept by other highly structure and clearly delineated concept

in systematic correlations within our experience “Structural metaphor involves structuring one kind of thing or experience in terms of another kind, […] Structural metaphor involves imposing part of one gestalt structure upon another” (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980/2003, p.178)

More simply, Kovecses (2002, p.37) stated that structural metaphor is which “the source domain provides a relatively rich knowledge structure for the target concept”, in other ways we understand “target A by means of the structure mapping of source B”, most of structural metaphors provide this type of structuring and understanding for their target concept Conceptually, domain B here consists of the complicated and abstract experiences, is used as means to understand domain A (the simple and specific experiences), domain

A here often is the concept that is difficult to imagine if we would not have metaphor, so it is difficult for us understanding

So we see, structural metaphor is defined as using the experience of domain B to understand domain A, or Domain A is often the abstract concept that is difficult to understand which is understood by using the experience of domain B which are often the concrete or physical concepts This means that

we structure one concept by other highly structure and clearly delineated concept in systematic correlations within our experience or structural metaphor is the using experiences of a conceptual metaphor to understand other one

2.3.3.3 Ontological Metaphors

Kovecses (2002) claimed that: ontological metaphor has much less cognitive structuring for target concepts than structural metaphors do (Kovesces, 2002, p.38), “Ontological conceptual metaphors enable speakers

to conceive of their experiences in terms of objects, substances, and containers in general, without specifying further the kind of object, substance,

or container”, it seems that: ontological metaphor is means, that to be structured further structural metaphors He considered that, abstract target in this case is brought new abstract entities This means target domain will become the concept with more experiences than initial one in terms of objects, substances and containers (our experience in objects, substances, containers) And vice versa, personalization, when nonhuman is understood as human

Following Lakoff and Johnson (1980/2003), it always has a consistent set of ontological metaphors in each structural metaphors, so structural metaphors is structured more complicated than ontological or ontological metaphor is sub-parts of structural metaphor They thought that:

“Understanding our experiences in terms of objects and substances allows us

to pick out parts of our experience and treat them as discrete entities or

substances of a uniform kind Once we can identify our experiences as entities

or substances, we can refer to them, categorize them, group them, and quantify them—and, by this means, reason about them” (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980/2003, p.25), thus understanding, experiences about objects or substances, which provide principle for unusual wide variety of ontological metaphor, that is the way we view events, activities, emotions, ideas, and so

on

Ontological metaphors have different diverse purposes in common use, each kind of metaphors reflects the kind of particular target They also asserted that: using personification the physical object as a person that is “the most obvious ontological metaphors” the most popular ontological metaphors which we often use in life and literature Personification here is defined as a

“general category that covers a very wide range of metaphors, each picking out different aspects of a person or ways of looking at a person” (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980/2003, p.34), commonly they considered as extensions of ontological to provide us making sense of phenomena in human terms that can be experience of own motivations, goals, actions, and characteristics basically

Container metaphors is part of ontological metaphor, thus when we use ontological metaphors this means that we use ontological metaphors to understand events, actions, activities, and state which are conceptualized as objects, activities as substances, states as containers metaphorically This one arises from the fact that: “Each of us is a container, with a bounding surface and an in-out orientation We project our own in-out orientation onto other physical objects that are bounded by surfaces” (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980/2003, p.25), each person is a container and all thing (objects, substance), which we can see by sight, they all have boundary That is, considered our

visual field as a container then we conceptualize all thing what we see as being inside it, each can see or not, but all of them can be conceptualize by one boundary of another one, if personification is experiences with nonhuman entities in terms of human motivations, characteristic, and activities, human have boundary to be bounded by the surface of our skins, so by using ontological metaphor activities, actions and states would have imagined boundary that comes from experience of human boundary

2.4 Love

2.4.1 What is Love?

Love is a kind of human emotions that existing pure naturally in life, they said that without love people whether people have true life So what is definition of the term “love”? Following Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary “love” is defined as: “a strong feeling of deep affection for somebody/something, especially a member of your family or a friend […] A strong feeling of affection for somebody that you are sexually attracted to” (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 2010, p.916), and there are various wide range definition of “love”, they can even said that the definition of love

is very variety so that it is uncountable

Love can be your strong liking for or interest in something Examples: when you are interested in work, job, music, etc., it is a kind of human emotions for something to show that, you want to do this events, actions, activities, states, etc in an active mood or you give your undivided attention

to these

Furthermore, Love is marvelous when Love is a strong feeling of deep affection for somebody naturally Thus, examples: a child, when she or he was born, this child is loved by his dad and his mom and other members in his big family because of a blood relative And even you were not, people love

others, they come together and to make your new family It can be said that Love is glue to make people together This kind of Love is often colourful and

it is usually the main theme, subject for most of arts, literature, poetry, etc., in linguistics, which is regarded as the most beautiful, romantic in human life

Commonly, the term “love” is an abstract emotion definition or concept which is considered as the most complicated emotion on all emotions of

“rational animals” human beings, Love lives in soul of each person In all these kinds of Love, Love of lovers (romantic love) has extraordinary various emotional ups and downs at most to describe and express the states of human emotion: “strong feeling of deep affection”

2.4.2 Conceptual Metaphor of LOVE

In cognitive linguistics, the concept LOVE is the main sources of conceptual metaphor “Love” on the objectivist view, having various senses, each of which can be defined in terms of such inherent properties as fondness, affection, sexual desire, etc (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980, p.119) On the other

hand, the concept Love is typical of emotional concepts (emotional concepts

include: concepts about hate, love, anger, etc emotions), that is difficult for us

to understand by usual way directly, that we must be understood primarily directly, via metaphor (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980/2003, p.85), LOVE can be understood via the domains of JOURNEY, CLOSENESS, UNITY, PATIENT, WAR, FOOD, Etc but Love here is not just understood by one of these domains (this means that, LOVE is not understood only via the domain of JOURNEY, or only the domain of CLOSENESS, etc.), LOVE is understood

in-by more than two domains at least

About concept of LOVE, Kovecses (2000, p.7)) supposed that “Love is metaphorically conceptualized in many ways” and “emotions are largely comprehended via force metaphors” (Kovesces, 2002, p.23) so he said that

emotion concept such as love is primarily understood by means of conceptual metaphors In the metaphor of LOVE he called LOVE is domain A, and domain B can be: JOURNEY, NUTRIEN, BOND, UNITY, CLOSENESS, etc., here domain B are less abstract than domain A, “the target of love is not structured independently of any source domains is the following” we see domain A to be LOVE and domain B is source domain, in any way the concept of love is “created” by the source domain

2.5 Ed Sheeran and His Song Lyrics

Edward Christopher “Ed” Sheeran or so call Ed Sheeran (his stage name or his artistic nickname), was born 17 February 1991 in Halifax, West Yorkshire, and raised in Framlingham, Suffolk, he is an English singer, songwriter, guitarist, record producer and actor His music is priority of Pop and Folk Pop He has grown up in an artist family where his brother works as

a composer, his father is an art curator and lecturer who often took him to live concerts that would inspire his musical creation of great works and his mother

is a culture publicist turner jewelry designer Perhaps living up in an artistic environment to make Sheeran take part in artist early, the first time he sang in

a local church choir in fourth ages Furthermore, when he only was a little child Ed Sheeran learned to play guitar in the time he had been at Rishworth School

Ed Sheeran began recording music in 2004 and the fact proved that he has a talent for musician He is a success in music art, looking at the success

of his albums: (+) Plus was released in September 2011, (x) Multiply was released in June 2014, (÷) Divide was released in 2017 On one way, three albums had lot of fans (to be chosen in the music charts) and high commerce (Multiply (x) was the second-best-selling album world wide of 2015, Divide

(÷) was the best-selling album world wide of 2017), on the other way they got

a lot of awards which is chosen by the music therapists

2.6 Chapter Summary

Summary, this chapter includes important theories that help us to study this thesis First of all, the first theory we must mention in this thesis is: Cognitive Linguistics, which is the foundation theory; new trend of theory in linguistics we are used to study in this thesis which Lakoff (1987) claimed that it is known as including many academic disciplines: a psychology, linguistics, anthropology, philosophy, and computer science Or in other words, Cognitive Linguistics is the studying linguistics on Cognitive perspective In this base, this chapter gets some points of view of Metaphor This means that we have main viewpoints of Lakoff and Johnson (1980/2003), Kovecses (2002) about metaphor in the cognitive perspective, which Lakoff and Johnson (1980/2003) called as Conceptual Metaphor It is absolutely different with the points of view of metaphor in the past (which is defined by Aristotle firstly, and then to have been understood by other famous researchers in long times ago) Following Lakoff and Johnson (1980/2003),

we see that Conceptual Metaphor or so call Metaphor is used in everyday language of life not just in poetry or literature like we have ever thought Conceptual Metaphor is used one Domain to understand other Domain, or it is used Conceptual Domains (Source Domain) to understand one conceptual metaphor (Target Domain) In addition, it needs more than one source domains to understand a target domain Next, this chapter wants to deal with some main points of “classifications of conceptual metaphors” It is various ways to classify conceptual metaphors But depending on function, Lakoff & Johnson, Kovecses divided conceptual metaphors into three types: Structural Metaphor, Ontological Metaphor and Orientational Metaphor One more

concept we must mentions in this chapter is Love, a concept that Lakoff and Johnson, Kovecses claimed that, was difficult for understanding but conceptual metaphor to comprehend meaningful, not just meaning And finally, this chapter shows some of information about Ed Sheeran, a famous musician, being success in song writer that his song lyrics are used as data for this thesis

CHAPTER 3: STRUCTURAL METAPHORS OF LOVE IN THE

SELECTED LYRICS BY ED SHEERAN

Love is a principle main theme in Ed Sheeran’s songs Most of them are enjoyed by audiences in over the world Using metaphor of love in his songs is combination of music with lyrics that is the way he sends his profound emotional ups and downs to listeners throughout his songs He often uses structural metaphors in each his works

3.1 LOVE IS A JOURNEY

Journey is understood commonly as long trip and usually taking in long time, following Lakoff and Johnson (1980/2003, pp.44-45), having various kinds of journeys which can be: a car trip, a train trip, or a sea voyage With

Ed Sheeran, journey is intricate trip If LOVE is this journey, you must come and get involve a part of this immediately now (5, 6), to have my lead the

guiding person to you (6) Or LOVE is difficult move in the journey when

loved people try to go through the motions (4) In other word a couple must

be experience go through of difficulties on LOVE, which Ed Sheeran called

motions

-“If you love me come on get involved

(5)

 To come and take part in

-“Let it go until our roads are changed”

(5)

 to go until to have finish

-“Come, come on now

follow my lead […]

We're going out on our first date (6)

 to travel follow other one’s lead

-“Maybe it’s all part of a plan” (12)  to go out to do plan

-“How going through the motions

-“ She is the lighthouse in the night that

will safely guide me home” (2)

-“With just one armband to carry me

home/I'm on the way home” (15)

 to go, to come destination

 the destination

-“We were sitting in a parked car” (11)

-“And I’m captain of this sinking boat

 time to finish journey

-“And go back to the day we fell in love

just on our first kiss” (7)

 to travel back time

-“Took my heart upon a one way trip”

LOVE also is the going of loved people on the roads until one of them

does not love other one: are changed (5), or going somewhere together to play and do something in a plan: date (6) or LOVE maybe a journey which comes from all part of a plan (12), even we can understand the love as a

travel of time, going back past by time (7), in this song LOVE is also comprehended as a travel which has a couple forever, a journey has no destination but in permanent time LOVE is structure of travel that the its

destination is place home (4, 15), or time 70 (12) the end of road that you and

me walk on, two lovers or LOVE is only the journey to come home safely

with the guider of her lighthouse (2), it can event have destination or not LOVE maybe a journey in sinking boat (15), a dangerous journey which you can lose your live but you still want to go, or in a parked car (11) a public

place

Metaphorically, in other way Ed Sheeran imagined LOVE as marvelous journey in discovering LOVE can be that you discover, find out LOVE (5), LOVE right (12) in journey, beside you must be to learn the way you can live in this (15)

Source: JOURNEY

-“Singing we found love in a local rave” (5)

-“But maybe we found love right where we are” (12)

-“So we’ll learn to swim in the oceans you made (15)

Target: LOVE

 to discover the new

 to study

LOVE can be a journey to be sightseeing, or to do something together

in a beautiful place, sight: in front yard, upon our best friend’s roof, the

sunrise replace the moon (11), under the light of a thousand stars (12), underneath this oak tree (8), in fine weather: in the summer, the time for tree

in full flower of love lilacs bloom (11)

Source : JOURNEY

-“And I’m safe now

Underneath this oak tree

With you beside me” (8)

-“In the summer, as the lilacs bloom […]

We were sat upon our best friend’s roof […]

Watching the sunrise replace the moon” (11)

-“Kiss me under the light of a thousand stars” (12)

Target: LOVE

 A journey for sightseeing

LOVE is a journey which is took part in by lovers, to be leaded by others, to have the destination or not, the time is maybe long or short even forever, it can be sightseeing or discovering journey on the road, on the oceans, on trip, in romantic place, etc., or a journey through time Besides, LOVE also is a journey with studying something new, experiencing the difficulties, having the plan or all part of plan, being in vehicle although it is a

sinking boat

3.2 LOVE IS FIRE

Saying the hot and burn of love feeling nothing is suitable than the

term: fire It is need ever more in lyrics where the feeling, emotions are fired

Conceptual metaphors of FIRE here are the burning with love First LOVE

rise from She the lover who makes out the flame (2), and she also is a fuel the

source of this fire Thus, the way that the light rises out, is understood as the way that the LOVE rises out metaphorically and the living of LOVE is the

same way which the flame is hold by flue (she) in the song Heart Don’t Break

Here

“She is the flint that sparks the lighter

And the fuel that will hold the flame (2)

On the other aspect, Ed Sheeran describes deep-lying LOVE in imagine

of fire that not the true fire so we can’t see, view by sight, that is an imagined

fire the flames inside my eyes, by this way we can imagine that LOVE is very fierce, and so hot through the way that the flame is made out burns (14) and color of the flame so bright (4) Or LOVE is the Flames (3) which can be act

create people us such as God

“Flames just create us but burns don’t heal like before” (3)

“See the flames inside my eyes

It burns so bright” (4)

In the song named Sing, Ed Sheeran described a fierce and emotional

Love with a girl who may be first sight (view on Ed Sheeran - 'Sing' Playback

& YouTuber Q&A” YouTube Accessing on Jun 18th 2018), this song is written about ‘a night out of Vegas’, so the LOVE here the same as a flame it seems suddenly and to be on the short time (a couple of days) from “side of the stage” where people can see hardly but author You see that LOVE is not always living forever, it can be taken shape in the first time even and it can be lived for a brief period But there is no doubt that this LOVE is hot and vehement as fire “blaze” (5)

“This love is a blaze