Identify cciential fundamental on emission trading scheme development. Study status and potential of emission trading scheme development in Vietnam. Propose ETS’s model and its design to Vietnam.
Trang 1 The dramatically changes of both global climate change and Vietnam climate change policies show that it is time to take a consideration of Vietnam’s ETS. In 2017, Vietnam has signed Paris
Agreement on Climate Change with a pledge of mitigation 8% of national GHGs emission in 2030 compared to 2010 baseline and up
to 25% under internaional supports. On the other hand, the country has released National Green Growth Strategy in the period of 2011
2020 and a vision to 2050, National Climate Change that bring with them national climate change mitigation targets which the ETS was employed to achieve
Establishing the ETS will possible support Vietnam to transfer the economy towards lowcarbon economy as well as competitiveness capacity enhancement. Vietnam’s structure economy
depends deeply on high intensive GHGs emission industries such as energy, steel, cerment, construction and transportation sectors which play important roles of economic growth. So that, the country needs
to consider establishing an ETS to mitigate GHGs emission with least cost in order to reduce the adverse impacts on competitiveness
However, the country should take into account several factors before establishing the EST to reduce its negative effects on the ecomony such as the carbon price stability, the cost effectiveness,
Trang 2impacts on enterprises competiveness, low income groups, available ETS infastructure Therefore, it is nesscery to carry out the thesis
“Establishing an Emission Trading Scheme in Vietnam”.
2. Targets
Clarifying theoretical and practical issues on establishing emission trading scheme and propose an ETS model and design to Vietnam in order to mitigate GHGs emission
3. Objectives and scopes
General objective: The thesis focuses on emission trading scheme contents related to Vietnam in the period of 2007 up to now
The thesis provides a full scenically fundamental of emission trading scheme and suggest both solutions and recommendations that match with Vietnam’s condition to mitigate GHGs emission target
The thesis systematizes fundamental theories and practices on emission trading scheme (ETS) development; the design and operation of ETS, international experiences and lesson learn to Vietnam
The thesis reviews current state of Vietnam’s climate change and policies; the status of the carbon market development in Vietnam. It also provides assessments on ETS development potential and condition requirement to establish ETS in Vietnam
Trang 35. Methodology
There are several methods employed to implement the thesis, concerning: Desk research, modelling method (SWOT analysis), deep interview method, comparing method, historical and logical method, and workshop method
6. Thesis’s structure
Beside of parts including: introduction, conclusion, general summary of international and national researches, list of author’s publish and references, the thesis was divided into three parts: Part one: Sciential fundamental on emission trading scheme development; Part two: The status and potential of emission trading scheme development in Vietnam and Part three: Propose ETS’s model and its design to Vietnam
Trang 4“International public goods without international government”; Pizer (2012) with “Combining price and quantity controls to mitigate global climate change”; Nordhaus (2007) “To Tax or Not to Tax: Alternative Approaches to Slowing Global Warming”; Weitzman (2011) with “Fattailed uncertainty in the economics of catastrophic climate change”; Stavin (2008) with “Addressing climate change with a comprehensive US cap‐and‐trade system”
Emission Trading Scheme was chose to price carbon due to its flexibility comparing to carbon tax. There are some remarkable researches, such as: Goulder (2006) with “The economics of climate change”; Neuhoff (2008) with “Tackling carbon, How to Price carbon for Climate Policy”
The ETS cause costpressures on enterprises and give market signs to enterprises to choose a mitigation solution with least cost. There are some remarkable researches, such as: Smale (2006) with
“The impact of CO2 emissions trading on firm profits and market prices”; Garnaut (2008) with “The Garnaut Climate Change Review”; Diekman (2013), with “EU Emissions Trading: The Need for Cap Adjustment in Response to External Shocks and Unexpected Developments”
Trang 5 Although the ETSes have the same impacts on the economy but they are different in term of the models and design through economies. There are some remarkable researches, such as: Fuessler (2012) with “Chile PMR Activity 1 MRV, Compliance and Registry”; Kachi (2013) with “Carbon Market Oversight Primer”; Goes (2010) with “New and old marketbased instruments for climate change policy”; Aldy (2012) with “The promise and problems of pricing cácbon: theory and experience”; Haites (2013) with “Lessons learned from linking emissions trading systems: General principles and applications”; Kachi (2015) with “Linking Emissions Trading Systems: A Summary of Current Research”; Schneck (2011) with “Financial Market Reform and the Implications for Carbon Trading”; Kindleberger (1986) with “International public goods without international government”; Gilbert (2014) with “CapSetting, Price Uncertainty and Investment Decisions in Emissions Trading Systems”; Ellerman (2010) with “Pricing cácbon: the European Union emissions trading scheme”, reports containing: “An Introduction to Emission Trading Schemes” and “Emissions Trading Worldwide ICAP Status Report” from ICAP (2015, 2016, 2017).
The ETS development has contributed to GHGs emission mitigation globally. There are some remarkable researches, such as: Newell (2012) with “Carbon Markets: Past, Present, and Future. Resources for the Future”; Kopp (2015) with “Allowance allocation: Assessing U.S Climate Policy Options”; Lopomo (2011) with “Carbon Allowance Auction Design: An Assessment of Options for the U.S”, Scotney (2015) with “Carbon Markets and Climate Policy in China”
The ETS establishment should be employed with a policy package including renewable energy policy, energy saving policy,
Trang 6climate change regulation and standards in order to provide an effective legal and policy framework to mitigate GHGs emission and prevent unintented impacts of the ETS There are some remarkable researches, such as: Pizer (2008) with “Scope and point of regulation for pricing policies to reduce fossil fuel CO2 Emissions. Resources for the Future”; Nordhaus (2001) with
“Climate change: Global warming economics”
However, there are no perfect ETS’s model and its design that fit with all all countries. There are some remarkable researches, such as: Laing (2013) with “International Experience with Emissions Trading Climate Strategies”; Schneck (2011) with “Financial Market Reform and the Implications for Carbon Trading”, Trotignon (2011) with “Combining capandtrade with offsets: Lessons from the CER use in the EU ETS in 2008 and 2009”; Fuessler (2012) with “MRV, Compliance and Registry, Infrastructures and Perspectives”.
B. The current national researches related to ETS:
The national researches on ETS has developed slowly comparing to international researches There are some related remarkable researches, such as: Pham Huong Giang (2011) with
“Assessement of current participantion of Vietnam into international emission trading scheme; trend, market potential of Vietnam’s ETS under postKyoto scheme”; Tran Huu Buu (2013) with “Assessement
on potential of carbon credit project in waste treatment sector and propose solutions to support”; Pham Thi Nga (2014) with “GHG trading mechanisms in the world”; Bui Hoai Nam (2015) with
“General issues on Emission Trading Scheme”; Pham Thi Hien (2016) with “Essential required factors to establish Emission Trading Scheme in the future”; Vi Thuy Linh (2017) with “Emission Trading
Trang 7Scheme and its development potential in Vietnam”; Tran Hoan (2017) with “International experiences in ETS development and learnt lessons to Vietnam”.
C. Assessment on current ETS publishes related to the thesis:The international and national publishes related to ETS are important references to the thesis, however, they were employed for different research purposes that not clearly related the whole content
of the thesis. On the other side, those publishes are out state of art under current trends of global climate change context as well Vietnam context Therefore, the thesis, namely, “Establishing Vietnam Emission Trading Scheme” contributes new issues on idea, scope, methodology and results both theories and practices. It does not overlap with old international and national publishes
Trang 8SCIENCE FUNDAMENTAL ON EMISSION TRADING
SCHEME1.1. Theoretical and practical fundamental of Emission Trading Scheme
Concept and history of Emission Trading Scheme development: Emissions trading is a marketbased instrument for
climate change mitigation. In an emissions trading scheme (ETS), a regulator defines an upper limit (cap) of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that may be emitted in clearly defined sectors of an economy (scope and coverage). Emission permits or allowances are given out or sold (allocated) to the entities that are included in the ETS. By the end of a defined timeperiod, each covered entity must surrender a number of allowances corresponding to their emissions during that period Installations that have emitted less than the number of allowances they hold can sell any excess to other participants in the scheme. Entities with low abatement costs thus have an incentive to reduce their emissions, while those facing higher costs can elect to comply by purchasing allowances from the market.Emissions trading provides greater environmental certainty in controlling overall emissions compared to an emissions tax, which defines a fixed emission price without restricting the quantity of GHG emitted from industries. In both cases, rules for compliance and enforcement (MRV & enforcement) ensure that polluters pay for the environmental costs of their actions Allowing installations to determine when and where to reduce emissions makes ETS a flexible and costefficient policy instrument The institutional and legal framework in place should enable price discovery by fundamental market forces free of fraud and manipulation (market oversight)
Trang 9The first ETS was developed in American of United State which was applied from theoretical issues into practice in the 80s. However, the year of 1997 is a turning point of ETS development when the Kyoto Protocol on climate change was signed globally where climate change mitigation target was pledged by 37 developed countries for the period 2008 – 2012 Since the introduction of the first regional ETS for GHGs emission in the European Union in
2005, many other systems have emerged in North America, Asia and the Pacific region at the regional, national, and local levels. Several other jurisdictions are currently considering implementing their own domestic ETS, while some established ETS have taken steps to reform and, in some cases, link their systems
So far, ETS developments bring the global ETS count to 21 systems in operation, 5 systems in scheduled implementation and 9 systems under consideration at different levels of government and geographies, including 4 continents, 40 countries, 13 states and 7 cities/provinces. With the launch of the Chinese national ETS, the share of global emissions covered by a domestic ETS has reached almost 15%. Now, economies with an ETS in place produce more than 50% of global GDP and are home to almost a third of the global population. These figures reflect the steady expansion of ETS policy and the strengthening of implementation around the world
The ETS operations will generate a common price for each carbon unit and therefore provide market signals to firm's decision to take an investment in longterm emission reductions where to invest into lowcarbon technology to increase energy efficiency or switch to clean energy, create energyefficient products Moreover, carbon pricing brings with its an increase in price of carbonintensive goods and services, therefore, consumers will move to lowerpriced substitutes and motivate firm to reduce emission in order to reduce production costs Thus, the government must identify longterm
Trang 10emission reduction targets and develop lowcarbon economydriven policies to bolster business confidence to switch their business strategies towards lowcarbon strategies.
1.2. Emission Trading Scheme Models and their operation
ETS Model: Thus far, there are two ETS models employed
by subnational, nationals, regional and global, including:
(1) The uniform ETS Model: A model in which the
determination of carbon allowances and trading activities are established and operated from the beginning This is the general model adopted by almost countries and regions in the world such as EUETS, US RGGI, ChinaETS
(2) The hybrid ETS Model: This is a twostage ETS, in which
the first stage of ETS acts as a carbon tax that the government setting
a fixed tax rate per carbon emissions unit and after that when the market operates stably, the ETS will shift to “cap and trade” model
Required components of the ETS: (1) Set Emission Target
(cap): (2) Select the scope, including the type of gases and the size of total emission form each enterprises; (3) Establish emission allowance allocation mechanism: free allocation or through auction,
or a combination of both; (4) Set up sstock exchange rate market; (5) Selection flexibility in the operation of the ETS: allow emission deposit, borrow and loan emission; Set ceiling price, floor price; allow using of emission credits obtained from outside the ETS; (6) Form of MRV and Enforcement system (MRV & E); (7) Linking among ETSs
Conditions for operating the ETS: The conditions for the
successful operation of the ETS include: (1) must have MRV system; (2) be fair in implementation; (3) connected between policies and objectives; (4) be stable and predictable; (5) costeffectiveness; (6) be practicality and integrity of the environment; (7) be flexibility; (8)
Trang 11match with the conditions of specific markets; (9) be compatibility with other systems in the economy and (10) be transparency in design and implementation.
The sequence of steps to establish an ETS: There are 10
steps as follows: Step 1: Determine the sector scope / type of emissions included in the ETS; Step 2: Identify emission target (cap); Step 3: Determine allowance allocation method; Step 4: Consider using the offset emission rate implemented from outside the ETS; Step 5: Select flexible operating mechanism for ETS; Step 6: Dealing with price and cost of emissions in the market; Step 7: Control and monitor the implementation of enterprises within the system; Step 8: Encourage stakeholder, communication and capacity building; Step 9: Consider linking to external ETS; and Step 10: Implementation, evaluation and improvement
1.3. International experiences in establishing Emission Trading Scheme and lesson leant to Vietnam
EU ETS: This is the second largest carbon emissions
market in the world (behind China) with 31 participants from EU member states and 11,000 energy intensive companies. According to the European Environment Committee, CO2 has fallen by approximately 19% between 2005 and 2013, closely to the EU target
of 21% by 2020. There are a number of features of construction, operation and improvement of the EUETS model as follows: (1) EUETS model and allowance: Total allowance emission was designed to decrease annually in order to allow enterprises adjust their business strategy accordingly to meet an increase in emissions permit; (2) Auctions and price control mechanisms: trading activities can take place directly between buyers and sellers, either through a stock exchange, or through intermediaries in the stock market. The (3) adjustment of cap: Allow the backdrop emissions in case of supply surpluses and allow for the release a certain allowance in case
Trang 12of deficit; (4) MRV system design and market oversign: The stock exchanges take this process; (5) Establish flexible mechanism: allow lending and borrowing emissions mechanism; drawback and and reserve emission limits mechanism, allow use external emission credits outside the system to achieve targets.
China: So far, China is the largest greenhouse gas emitter
globally. The country is also the first developing country in the world establishing ETS in order mitigate climate change. China has set up ETS pilots for seven provinces/cities nationwide and has officially established a national ETS for the power sector by the end of 2017. There are a number of the remarkable features of operation, construction and improvement China ETS pilots containing: Each ETS is designed differently which depend on the specific characteristics of each locality and built by local authorities. (2) Set cap and allocate emission allowances: combine between free