Water treatment processes on how to reduce, remove, and disinfect water contaminants

Objectives  Conduct bench-scale experiments on the treatment of anaerobically pre-digested swine wastewater  Develop and prototyping of house hold and community based water filter sys

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICUTURE AND FORESTRY

MANUEL VICTOR ALVIAR RAMIREZ

TOPIC TITLE: Water Treatment Processes on how to Reduce, Remove, and Disinfect Water Contaminants

BACHELOR THESIS

Thai Nguyen, 25/9/2018

DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT

Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management

Thesis Title Water Treatment Processes on how to Reduce, Remove,

and Disinfect Water Contaminants Supervisor (s) PHL, Ms Rochelle L Retamar / VN, Nguyễn Văn Hiểu

Supervisor

Signature:

Abstract: Piggeries small or industrial are one of many contributors

to waste water pollutants, from the urine, droppings, feeds, and excrements produced by swine With technology as advanced as now, Department of Science and Technology (DOST) created a device called a biogas digester Which gets rid of common pollutants such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) total phosphorous (TP) total suspended solids (TSS) and total volatile solids (TVS), but the biogas digester does not have the capability to eradicate some pollutants such as (TP) and (TS) completely Environment and Biotechnology Division (EBD) has come up with an Aerobic treatment of Anaerobically Pre-digested Swine Wastewater Using Activated Sludge and subsequent polishing using Biological Filters/Trickling Filter System, this treatment removes chemicals the digester cannot

Arsenic is a highly toxic in its inorganic form, and can be found in natural water wells, and also from human practices such as irresponsible mining Arsenic is a heavy metal that can be found in water sources, typical boiling does not remove arsenic Arsenic removal treatability was conducted by EBD, chemicals such as Ferric Chloride were used to coagulate with arsenic to be removed completely

Floods put people vulnerable to disease which came from domestic, industrial, and commercial wastes Lack of access to drinking water during

floods are mostly a common problem This study attempted to develop a portable accessible emergency disinfection system to address the common drinking water shortage during the flood A treatability study was conducted using a common house hold known as “Tawas” or alum, and a chemical called Ferric Chloride For the past months precipitation was nowhere, as a substitute

to flood water, water from a commonly overflowing lake was used

Keywords: Biogas Digester, Aerobic treatment, Arsenic removal,

Ferric Chloride, Emergency Disinfection, Treatability Number of

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

To everyone who supported me from the beginning until now, I would like take this opportunity to express my gratitude and greetings to my EBD Family who supported me with this experience, taught me how to work with other people, and opened my mind about the world of being employed, contributing to projects and specially about responsibility To the whole EBD Division, for the experience and knowledge from a diverse group of people To my Father, for making this OJT possible, for everything he ever taught me which no other person can, and for his never-ending support and care For my Mother, who was always there for me no matter what life throws at me, for being the one I can always talk to, and for being the one you can always count on To my Siblings, that never left my side and their continuous love and support To Charm for her love, her support, and for always being there to push me to become a great person, but especially for her time But most of all, I would like to thank God, for everything he had ever done for me, for the people

I met, for the blessings, and mostly for giving me a gift which with a thousand words cannot explain, my Family

Sincerely,

Manuel Victor Alviar Ramirez

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iv

LISTS OF FIGURES v

LISTS OF TABLES vi

LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS vii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Rationale 1

1.2 Objectives 2

1.3 Contents of work 2

1.4 Profile of the cooperating agency 3

1.5 Description of your activities 6

1.6 Timeline 6

Chapter II LITERATURE REVIEW 8

2.1 International Literature Review 11

2.2 National Literature Review 15

Chapter III STATUS OF THE CONSIDERED ISSUE AT THE TRAINING AGENCY 17

CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION AND LESSON LEARNED 42

4.1 Discussion 42

4.2 Lesson learned 42

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION 45

REFERENCES 46

APPENDICES 49

LISTS OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Swine Situation Report 9

LISTS OF TABLES

Table 1 Activities 6

Table 2 Swine situation report 9

Table 3 Results of ETV on DOST IV Biogas Digester 16

Table 4 Pre Chlorination Test 32

Table 5 Ferric Chloride Dosage Test 34

Table 6 Pre-Chlorination Test 36

Table 7 Pre-Chlorination and Jar Test with Ferric Chloride as a Coagulant 38

Table 8 Ferric Chloride Dosage Test 39

LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS

R & D Research and Development

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale

The Environmental Biotechnology Division is one of DOST’s Research and Developement section EBD has separate sections which are in charge of different projects and Sciences Cleaner Production section or CP aims to supports local businesses to be globally competitive by applying Cleaner Production Assessment

CP assists a work force to be efficient and be more productive, Cleaner Production relay on standards which are: Pollution prevention, waste minimization, Eco-profitability, Green production, Low and non-waste technologies, and Zero waste emissions (CP Manual, 2009) CP is also concern about waste water treatments which also involves another branch of Government known as DENR (Department of Environment and Natural Resources) DENR is concerned about the well-being of the environment and is also in charge of environment related projects ETV or the Environment Technology Verification is needed for every projects which concerns about environment relations CP section was assigned to Conduct ETV for applicants and to produce a statement about their technology which was studied by CP’s ETV team DENR shall allow DOST technical support as deemed necessary From the DENR-DOST JOINT ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO 01 ADOPTING ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY VERIFICATION PROTOCOL (ETVP) (DENR-DOST, 2006)

One of a few main project CP has taken over was the Aerobic treatment of Anaerobically Pre-digested Swine Wastewater A biogas Digester digests effluent from swine farms with digested nutrients using an aerobic process which then passes through another aerobic system eradicating chemicals, solid waste, and smell to swine farms The three main projects done had one similarity, these three projects were all part of a common water problems in the Philippines

1.2 Objectives

 Conduct bench-scale experiments on the treatment of anaerobically

pre-digested swine wastewater

 Develop and prototyping of house hold and community based water filter

systems for heavy metal removal in affected areas

 Conduct sampling and assessment of flood water and test the physiochemical

parameters (TSS, COD, BOD, TC/FC etc.)

 Conduct Swine Site Visits regularly to maintain the Technology Installed

o Employee safety assurance

o Healthy and Safe work Environment

o Energy Efficient

o Emergency disinfection of flood water

o Arsenic Removal from drinking water

1.4 Profile of the cooperating agency

The (ITDI) Industrial Technology Development Institute is powered by (DOST) Department of Science and Technology entitled to the Government Located within the facilities of the DOST Compound, Gen Santos Avenue Bicutan, Taguig Metro Manila.ITDI started from a wide range of Institutions and since 1901 the 1st of July, The Bureau of Government Laboratories (BGL) came

into existence through the Philippine Commission Act No 156 From the given time it composed of biological and chemical laboratories, a science library, and the Serum Laboratory of the Board of Health And served as a stepping stone to success with steps that changed their filled their history on the way up After decades of changes in studies, organization title shifts, ownership, and a number

of Executive orders, by the year 1987 - The NSTA was reorganized into the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) by virtue of Executive Order Number 128 dated 30 January 1987

Under this reorganization, NIST was renamed Industrial Technology Development Institute (ITDI) and remained one of the R&D institutes under the DOST All centers were abolished and ITDI now has ten (10) technical divisions with (MSRI) now absorbed by ITDI Seven (7) divisions to undertake R&D activities, three (3) to render technical services and two (2) support divisions were created On the year 2009 to present - 26th of August, the ITDI Rationalization Plan was approved and immediately implemented The new structure consisted of the merger of some divisions / sections while the other divisions remained as separate divisions with minor internal restructuring (ITDI, 2018)

The Environment and Biotechnology Division (EBD) is ITDI's R&D group working on environmental concerns and specializes in applied microbiology This division is the merger of the Environmental Division, Microbiology and Genetics Division and the Integrated Program on Cleaner Production Technologies of ITDI

CP has developed ample proficiency when it comes to the management of

domestic and industrial wastes generated from various sources, it tackles collaborative R & D activities with industry, government and academe, non-government organizations (NGOs), international organizations, and international agencies, undertakes R & D activities to develop new processes, techniques, options, training, procedures, and novel products from indigenous raw materials

It also provides technical services for a wide range of applications in the food, energy, chemical, pharmaceutical, and other industries Moreover, its impact from their activities on environmental protection has been increasingly felt in recent years and continues to do so (ITDI, 2018) The EBD is an internationally recognized center of excellence for Research and Development (R & D) on biotechnology and environmental protection with competent staff of high integrity providing quality service and state-of-the-art technologies for industries Vision

of ITDI -EBD section “The EBD is an internationally recognized center of excellence for Research and Development (R & D) on biotechnology and environmental protection with competent staff of high integrity providing quality service and state-of-the-art technologies for industries” (ITDI, 2018)

Philippine Supervisor

Mrs Rochelle L Retamar finished her college BS Chemical Engineering and continued to achieve MS Environmental Engineering She’s currently the Senior SRS of Resource Efficient and Cleaner Production Section (CPS) Once every last working day of a week a simple meeting is held to discuss the status of the ongoing projects the team is currently undertaking and to record a week’s worth of work

data Contents of the meeting are composed of the work done within the week, and a work plan for the next upcoming week Data from field works are collected along with pictures that will serve as a validation, and travel reports are done every time after a field work is completed

1.5 Description of your activities

Table 1 Activities Activities

MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE

Orientation/ Familiarization (EBD Functions,

research projects, equipment and Laboratory

apparatus, health and safety in the workplace

Resource Efficient and Cleaner Production

Environment Technology Verification

Biodegradable Plastics

Waste to Energy Technologies

Fuel and Energy Saving Devices

Wastewater Treatment Systems

Solid Waste Management

Wastewater Treatment

Sludge Maintenance and Propagation

Start-up and Acclimation

Quick Service Restaurants (QSRs)

Swine Industry with nutrient removal

Sewage Treatment Systems

Water Treatment Systems

Heavy Metal Removal

Emergency Drinking Water

Solid Waste Management- Waste Analysis and

Characterization Study (WACS)

1.6 Timeline

A total of 4 consecutive months working at the (DOST-ITDI-EBD), see

Certificate of Completion in (Appendix 1) Department of Science and Industrial Technology Development Institute, Environment and Biotechnology

Technology-Division Initiated on March 1st 2018 which was the first day of the (OJT) Job-Training Until the month’s end of June year 2018, which will tally a total of 4 months in total A log book was used for recording time of arrival and work days completed In order to be considered as one working day, a total of eight hours a day should be observed during the duration of four months Field work activities are to

On-The-be counted as a working day, same with (OB) Official Business travels that is part of

a project or an order which allows an employee(s) to leave the office and continue to undertake errands outside of the office OB excursions can be able to finish the day earlier if the destination is rather far and may end up consuming time and money

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

Swine Project

The Philippine Swine Industry

As of January 1, 2018, the country’s total swine inventory reached almost past 12.600,000 million heads This was 1.42% higher than last year’s inventory of 12.47 million heads Stocks in backyard farms went down by 0.33% On the other hand, stocks in commercial farms grew by 4.73% against the 2017 level About 65% of the total stocks with all types of swine ranging from (Sow, Fattener, and others.) were raised in backyard farms and 35% were in commercial farms Classified as “others” Piglets, weanlings, and boars contributed about 22.99 percent to the total swine population (Refer to table 2) Their combined inventory of 2.9 million heads was up

by 9.11% from the January 1, 2017 level (PSA 2017)

Table 2 Swine situation report

(PSA Swine Situation Report 2017)

(In percentage)

Figure 1: Swine Situation Report

(PSA Swine Situation Report 2017)

(From Figure 1 Swine Situation Report) The top contributors to the country’s total swine population were Central Luzon also known as Region III with 7 main Provinces contributes 16.76% of share; CALABARZON or Region IV-A is composed

of 5 Provinces which makes up the acronym of CALABARZON of South Luzon with 12.67%; Western Visayas or also known as Region VI consists of six provinces in the Visayas Islands with 9.83 % A total of 39% of the country’s total swine population can already be found in these three regions (PSA 2018) The Philippine Swine Industry is where one can open up jobs and economic opportunity which provides guarantees for the next decade to people whom that are willing to commit to a personal career or invest in modern piggery farm production With a growing demand from population increase, income, and local specialties (tourism), meat consumption is expected to grow faster than we can produce On the other hand, supply has a deficit

in pork and pig meat which results to price increase Local production and backyard farms are becoming more common, and with major businesses, and international companies based in the Philippines demands reliable and competitive power supplies

to support their growing meat processing operations Swine production will surely have a positive effect on local producers Philippines is one country where we can expect plenty of action for the swine industry in the years ahead (Strak, 2017)

Swine Waste Water

Most backyard farmers dispose effluent along the lake watershed have the potential to contribute to the pollution of the tributaries or the lake itself due to failure

of these practices in adopting pollution mitigating methods and technologies Effluents

from the piggeries will eventually contaminate aquatic plants and marine animals Even with existing laws and policies the local government pertaining to preservation and protection of the Laguna Lake and its ecosystem, the relentless dumping of wastes generated by both poultry and swine farms has continued (Paraso, 2010) Poor compliance could be due to the lax implementation and/or lack of awareness and understanding of these laws particularly by backyard raisers, which constitute a major livestock production sector in the country Such revelations imply the need for further efforts in ensuring the stability, quality, adequacy and efficiency of supply of swine and poultry food products in the province without sacrificing environmental welfare (Paraso, 2010)

Excessive build-up of various forms of nitrogen from swine effluents in surface and ground waters can lead to unfavorable ecological and human health effects One of the major effects attributable to nitrogen that can be traced back from municipal swine wastewater discharges is the direct and indirect depletion of DO in bodies of water from the instream nitrification which directly consume oxygen (EPA, 2018)

2.1 International Literature Review

Swine population growth tends to increase the total waste concentration which eventually results to gas emissions such as nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) Wastes from swine contains a significant amount of nitrogen that evaporates into the air as ammonia (a highly reactive and biologically available form

of nitrogen') and falls back to the land and water bodies when it rains A small portion

of it is lost as nitrous oxide (N2O) which is the "most damaging" greenhouse gas that

depletes the ozone layer 320 times more damaging than carbon dioxide(Delgado, 1999) With rapidindustrialization and increasing population density, domestic and industrial wastewaters in contrast with population growth are large sources of effluents that are then discharged into receiving water bodies daily Effluent wastewater quality is responsible for the degradation of the receiving water bodies with the corresponding impacts of such degradation resulting in the spread of various waterborne diseases, reduced levels of dissolved oxygen, changes of physical aspect

of water bodies, Discharge of toxic substances, bioaccumulation or bio magnification

in aquatic life, and increased nutrient loads To therefore safeguard public health and mitigate negative environmental impacts, guidelines and policies aimed at treating wastewater before discharging into receiving water bodies are being adopted at both national and international levels (Akpor, 2011)

Related Studies for the Treatment of Swine Wastewater

An ongoing adopted swine wastewater treatment practice involves anaerobic digestion of carbonaceous compounds and nitrogen removal from N-rich effluent pre-removal Typically, there are two types of treatment employed for N-rich piggery wastes: (a) biological nitrification- denitrification and (b) physico-chemical processes(Shipin, 2007)

Through the process of bio-degradation under the anaerobic conditions, biogas

is released from bacteria From the process of organic material decomposition, Methanogens, or methane producing bacteria, generates methane gas Raw material such as fruit peels, leftovers, and waste excrements is mixed into the digester where

heat and anaerobic environment encourage the growth of methanogens (CAEEDAC, 1999)

Nitrogen Removal

Total effluent nitrogen comprises ammonia, nitrate, particulate organic nitrogen, and soluble organic nitrogen The biological processes that primarily remove nitrogen are nitrification and denitrification (Jeyanayagam, 2004) During nitrification ammonia is oxidized to nitrite by one group of autotrophic bacteria, most commonly Nitrosomonas (Eddy & Metcalf, 2003) Nitrite is then oxidized to nitrate by another autotrophic bacteria group, the most common being Nitrobacter

Denitrification involves the biological reduction of nitrate to nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, and nitrogen gas (Eddy & Metcalf, 2003) Both heterotrophic and autotrophic bacteria are capable of denitrification The most common and widely distributed denitrifying bacteria are Pseudomonas species, which can use hydrogen, methanol, carbohydrates, organic acids, alcohols, benzoates, and other aromatic compounds for denitrification (Eddy & Metcalf, 2003)

Anaerobic Digestion Benefits

Expanding measures to boost capital revenue is vital to the long term financial capability of a number of farms The abundance of manure resulted to a traditional typical farm resource fertilizer, more products from manure can lead to creating new sources of income and generate new opportunities Using the most of manure increases farmers’ viability which expands their market capability (EPA, 2018)

The process of converting organic waste into biogas reduces the production of the greenhouse gas methane into the atmosphere, as efficient combustion replaces methane with carbon dioxide From the fact that methane is almost 21 times higher in trapping heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide, biogas ignition results to a net minimization in greenhouse gas emissions Moreover, farms having a biogas production can reduce the odors, insects, and pathogens related with traditional manure accumulation (Badurek, 2018).

Limited resources such as fossil fuels are, concentrated only in a few geographical range of our planet Given that fossil fuels can only exist on some countries, some depends on import of energy Russia and the Middle East are some examples of energy abundant sources, in which most European countries depend on, especially fossil fuels Considering and implementing renewable energy sources such

as the anaerobic digester, will surely increase a local up to the national energy security and its dependency to imported energy (Seadi, 2008)

Arsenic Removal

Arsenic is a carcinogenic metalloid that is currently regulated in drinking water The levels of arsenic in finished water in an existing water treatment plant are exceeding the current regulation of 10 µg/L One of the available technologies for arsenic removal from groundwater is adsorption onto coagulated flocs and in this field, ferric chloride is the most commonly used coagulant for arsenic removal

Emergency Disinfection

Chlorine Treatment

Chlorine is known to combine with chemicals which is dissolved in water, microorganisms, small animals, plant material, tastes, odors, and colors These components "use up" chlorine and comprise the chlorine demand of the treatment system It is important to add sufficient chlorine to the water to meet the chlorine demand and provide residual disinfection The chlorine that does not combine with other components in the water is free (residual) chlorine, and the breakpoint is the point at which free chlorine is available for continuous disinfection An ideal system supplies free chlorine at a concentration of 0.3-0.5 mg/l (Oram, 2018)

2.2 National Literature Review

Swine Waste Water

Numerous small to large scale livestock enterprises exist within the lake basin with untreated farm effluent frequently discharged into its tributaries Nutrient loading

in the form of nitrogen and phosphorus from animal by-products from swine and poultry farms have led to eutrophication of the lake, severely reducing its biota (Alcantara & Donald, 1996)

The majority of the surveyed farms still have to comply with DENR effluent standards using better and appropriate waste management solutions to reduce environmental impacts The animal wastes generated by most of the surveyed farms along the lake watershed have the potential to contribute to the pollution of water

systems due to failure of these enterprises in adopting pollution mitigating methods and technologies This makes the water resource unsafe even for its natural inhabitants such as fish and aquatic plants (Paraso et.al, 2010)

ETV Statement of Swine Effluent

Table 3 Results of ETV on DOST IV Biogas Digester

Source: EBD-ETV

Though the treatment efficiency demonstrated by the DOST-IV biogas digester

is considered very significant in reducing the pollutants of swine wastewater, further treatment is still necessary for the waste effluent to comply with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) standards prior to waste disposal Thus, this project proposes to help swine industries, particularly those located in Region IVA, to meet their requirements for compliance with effluent standards through development of treatment system for their anaerobically pre-digested swine effluent (DOST-ITDI, 2004)

CHAPTER III STATUS OF THE CONSIDERED ISSUE AT THE

TRAINING AGENCY

Waste water also known as effluents of a source of water pollution are abundant almost everywhere, majority of water bodies found at major cities are polluted by residents or change in the environment due to imbalance which was probably the result from man-made practices Sources of waste water pollutants ranges from Anthropogenic wastes, Industrial wastes, Agricultural waste, and Residential Wastes These practices comes from different activities but ends up in the same place which is the bodies of water One major contributor which is not a commonly discussed topic of pollutants to waste water are from Piggeries Piggeries produces effluent from their droppings; urine, body tissues, excess water from baths, and cleansing of pens A common concept in removing contaminants from swine effluents is also known as a Biogas Digester Biogas Digesters have the ability to remove chemicals produced form swine wastes, and also have a by-product which can power a small stove on a small scale (Alcantara & Donald, 1996)

Emergency Disinfection Experiment Preparation March 6, 2018: Flood water is

the results of water bodies or water catchments that overflow due to natural disasters

or man-made events Flood makes it difficult for people to reach clean drinking water, pipelines from water companies are sometimes blocked by debris or contaminated with flood water Emergency Disinfection requires flood water, since there was very little chance of rain precipitation, Water from Laguna Lake was the ideal substitute

for flood water since Laguna Lake is one of the major bodies of water that can be found within the Philippines which commonly overflows causing flood to occur frequently

 Location

o Bicutan, Taguig ; Laguna Lake

 Objectives:

o Collect Lake water as substitute for flood water

o Store water for further Lab Tests

o Five (5) gallon water containers were thoroughly washed with clean water

o Local public transportation were used to reach Laguna Lake

o Local small boat operators were hired to collect water samples from the Lake , took water samples from a distance from shore

o Filled five (5) gallon water containers and brought back to the Laboratory

o Transferred water samples to a larger container and sealed for protection, then stirred before extraction for testing to even out flocs

 Result:

o Water samples taken from the Lake will be stored for Lab testing as flood water substitute

Emergency Disinfection Experiment March 7, 2018: Emergency Disinfection is

going to be used in times of crisis or calamities Majority of cities are vulnerable to flooding, and with these clean water is difficult to attain And because flood water can

be found freely during drizzly weather, it can be a source of water and this led to the idea of emergency disinfection Ease of access, abundant, and low-cost are one of the factors for Emergency Disinfection Whereas Alum, or locally known as “Tawas” was chosen mainly because of its multiple usage such as medicinal benefits, and its accessibility to people through small stores Alum with a proper dosage has the ability

to purify tap water, after going through the alum process further laboratory tests will still be done to ensure the quality and safety of the flood water

 Location

o DOST-ITDI Environmental Biotechnology Division(EBD) Laboratory

 Objectives:

o To find the right dosage of alum to disinfect water

o To know under what dosage flocs settle with the least amount of time

 Materials and Equipment

o phipps and bird jar tester (Appendix 3)

o SensoDirect 150 (for checking ph level) (Appendix 4)

o Beakers

o Clean Plastic Bottles

o Microgram weighing scale (Appendix 5)

o Small containers

o Gloves, Lab Gown, and Face Mask

o Filter (containing: small rocks, pebbles, sand, activated carbon ) (Appendix 6)

 Methods

o Take Lake water from the collection samples did on March 6th

o One full bucket of water from the 100L container was collected and filtered through the made filter consisting of different size particles, pebbles, small rocks, and activated carbon to remove some quantity of pollutants

o Five (5) 2L Beakers placed and filled up with Lake water

o Microgram weighing scale and pH;Ion measurer were calibrated before usage

o Alum were weighed and measured using a small light weight container and

a plastic spoon to have a more accurate reading based on past tests, alum increases gradually in each beakers in order to find the optimum amount of alum needed

o Take samples and measurement of pH and its Ion concentration from raw untouched Lake water later for tests

o Beakers placed properly jar tester

o Start trials, slow rotations/ low rpm are required to dissolve alum, then measured pH and Ion concentrations

o After a minute of stirring, alum in each beakers are inserted with different concentrations of alum

o After it dissolves high rotations/high rpm are required based on the concept

of emergency disinfection meaning it should be quick or accelerated, test

pH and Ion concentration for later comparison of data

o Five minutes later of low rpm stirring process, pH is then measured for pH adjustment using Caustic Soda or NaOH After pH adjustment high rpm stirring is set for about 15 minutes

o When the stirring process ends, a settling time with a duration of 30 minutes

is adequate for flocs to settle

o Jar tester beakers are placed near a drain source such as a sink where ordinary beakers will catch water with less flocs and sludge left over will settle down the jar tester

o Recalibration of pH and Ion concentration before storage to avoid , beakers thoroughly washed and left to dry

o Counters and tables wiped with cloth and chemicals used are properly disposed

o Face Masks, and Gloves are thrown away in appropriate bins