Solid waste management and environmental compliance of historic hot spring resorts in calamba city laguna, philippines

27Table 3: The Status of the Solid Waste Management Practices of the Historic Hot Spring Resorts in Calamba City, Laguna, Philippines in terms of Waste Generation.... 29Table 4: The stat

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

MARK VIXEN V GLODO

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE OF HISTORIC HOT SPRING RESORTS

IN CALAMBA CITY, LAGUNA, PHILIPPINES

BACHELOR THESIS

Study Mode: Full-time

Major: Environmental Science and Management Faculty: Advanced Education Program

Batch: 2015 – 2018

Thai Nguyen, 25/09/2018

DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT

Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry

Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management

Student Name Mark Vixen V Glodo

Student I.D DTN1454290111

Thesis Title Solid Waste Management and Environmental Compliance of Historic

Hot Spring Resorts in Calamba City Laguna, Philippines Supervisor (s) Dr Maricris G Unico Mrs Ly Thi Thuy Duong

of the people concern about this is solid waste management Calamba City also known as resort capital of the Philippines because of its hot spring resorts With the rapid constructions of resorts in Calamba City it also increases the generation of waste The study will determine the solid waste management practices and environmental compliance of the selected hot spring resorts in Calamba City It will also assess the current solid waste status

of the hot spring resorts in terms of waste generation, waste disposal, waste collection and waste handling and sorting The study will also assess the extent of environmental compliance of the historic hot spring resorts The study aims to increase the knowledge of people in solid waste management to help the community and environment to decrease the level of pollution With the help of proper solid waste management practices and environmental ordinances by the local government, it will decrease the generation of solid waste in one area meaning it will also decrease the health risk and disaster in the community

Number of Pages

Date of

submission

September 25, 2018

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researcher wants to express his utmost gratitude and deepest appreciation to his wonderful, loving, and supportive family Rodolfo M Glodo Jr., Teresita Aya Ay Villarica, Everett Lloyd V Glodo who keeps on supporting him through his ups and down moments Thank you for the unending love, and prayers To his cousins for giving him all the supports

To the two beautiful and understanding thesis advisors Mrs Ly Thi Thuy Duong of Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry for giving giving ideas and assistance as the author conducted her research study and deepest appreciation to Dr Marcris G Unico of Laguna College of Business and Arts for giving me lots of words of wisdom that became his inspiration as the author conducted his research study

Sincerest thank you to all respondents who invest a little time answering the structured questionnaire and interview specially the owners of the resorts for letting the researcher conduct a survey in their facilities for his research study

To Advance Education Program, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry together with the staffs for giving him opportunity to study abroad

To the batch K46-AEP, for sharing beautiful memories, knowledge and food along his journey in Vietnam

To all friends especially Anne Gillyn Raymundo, Camhil Lacap, Manuel Victor Ramirez, Saintly Ghia Sarmiento Jeanne Corpuz, Nicole De Castro, Hannah Ayson, and Jefferson Vivas

The author got this far because of you all, w`ho pushed him to pursue his goals, who relieved his stresses, who enlightens his mood, who gives his positivity in life, and who keeps

author is All the author can do is to take a new step with all the lessons, laughers and memories you have shared with him May the Lord bless all of you

Mark Vixen V Glodo

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS vi

LIST OF FIGURES viii

LIST OF TABLES ix

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS x

PART I INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Research Rationale 1

1.2 Research’s Objectives 4

1.3 Research Questions and Hypotheses 5

Hypotheses 6

1.4 Significance of the Study 6

1.5 Scope and Limitation 7

1.6 Definition of Terms 8

1.7 Research Paradigm 9

CHAPTER II: LITERETURE REVIEW 11

2.1 Solid Waste Management Practices 11

2.2 Environmental Compliance 13

2.3 Waste Generation 14

2.4 Waste Collection 16

2.5 Waste Disposal 18

2.6 Waste Handling and Sorting 20

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY 23

3.1 Research Design 23

3.2 Population and Sampling 23

3.3 Respondents of the Study 24

3.4 Data-Gathering Procedure 24

3.5 Validation of Instrument 25

3.6 Ethical Considerations 25

3.7 Treatment of Quantitative Data 26

CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 29

5.3 Recommendations 42 REFERENCES 43 APPENDICES 50

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: The Research Paradigm 10

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Arbitrary Scale for the Solid Waste Management Practices 27Table 2: Arbitrary Scale for Extent of the Environmental Compliance 27Table 3: The Status of the Solid Waste Management Practices of the Historic Hot Spring Resorts in Calamba City, Laguna, Philippines in terms of Waste Generation 29Table 4: The status of the Solid Waste Management Practices of the Historic Hot Spring Resorts in Calamba City, Laguna, Philippines in terms of Waste Handling and Sorting 31Table 5: The Status of the Solid Waste Management Practices of the Historic Hot Spring Resorts in Calamba City, Laguna, Philippines in terms of Waste Collection 32Table 6: The Status of the Solid Waste Management Practices of the Historic Hot Spring Resorts in Calamba City, Laguna, Philippines in terms of Waste Disposal 33Table 7: The Environmental Compliance of Historic Hot Spring Resorts 35Table 8: Test of Significant Difference on the Assessment of the Resort 1 and Resort 2 Respondents on the Status of the Solid Waste Management Practices and the Environmental Compliance of the Historic Hot Spring Resorts 37Table 9: Regression Analysis on the Impact of Solid Waste Management Practices to the Environmental Compliance 38

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources

GDP Gross Domestic Product

MRF Material recovery facility

MMDA Metro Manila Development Authority

SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences

SWM Solid Waste Management

UNEP United Nations Environment Programme

PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research Rationale

One of the main problems that the world is facing right now is pollution Pollution has been a problem from the last centuries until now One of the areas

of concerns in pollution issues is waste management Such concern is now becoming a major and global environmental issue Waste is generated daily by performing various human activities, social and economic

Many factors can contribute to the accumulation of waste Population movements due to birth, migration and travel which include tourism as well as economic development have greatly contributed to the rapid generation of solid waste By 2050, the world is expected to generate 3.40 billion tons of waste annually, increasing drastically from todays 2.01 billion tons (Kaza et al., 2018)

In a sense, this equates to a comparable increase of solid waste within the coming fifteen years amounting from 1.2 kilograms per individual to 1.42 kilograms, on

a day to day bases (Rajan et al., 2016)

Tourism as factor to solid waste management accumulation has been observed in many places all around the globe Since such is a common human activity, countries all over the world benefitted and suffered from the effect of tourism The World Tourism Organization has estimated revenue of £950 billion from this activity in 2014 While this means positive promotion and development

to those areas and countries that were often frequented by tourist; it likewise entails issues on pollution and even energy consumption The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) stated that tourism contributed 4.8 million tons

of solid waste, globally The increase on solid waste is seasonal and is often due

to unfamiliarity of the tourists with the various waste systems adopted by an area and littering which is found out to have significant contribution to the tons of plastic wastes that lead to the sea each year (McDowall, 2016)

Philippines, with its beautiful beach hubs and other tourist attractions, have a thriving tourism industry attracting both local and foreign tourists As of the present, this industry contributed 8.6 % of the country’s GDP It becomes a major economic contributor when local governments started promoting local tourists areas of their zones Indeed, every locality wanted to have a slice of this thriving industry to: 1) help citizens rise from their impoverished states; 2) it is a potential investment; and 3) attract and justify developmental projects (CNN.com, 2018)

Calamba City is known as the resort capital of the Philippines and it is one of the most promising places in Laguna Calamba is a 1st class city with 54 barangays Its lands are majorly used for agricultural activities and residential development but many industrial sites are also located in the area It is also the birth town of the country’s famed national hero Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda Adding to its tourist attraction its proximity to Manila – the capital city of the country- is only 54 kilometers away from it, south bound It is noted that the city generates an income of Php 400 million or $8.6 million every

4 years (Baltazar & Seki, 2017)

of the considerations is the abundance of hot spring resorts in the area (Bavarian, 2015) Most of the hot spring resorts are located in two barangays of Calamba City which are Brgy Bucal and Brgy.Pansol Due to the fact that both barangays have natural water source such as springs, resort owners do not have any problem regarding their water supply for the business Lots of people are enjoying the hot spring resorts because of its warm and relaxing water that are said to reduce stress Some old sayings claim that historic resorts in the area can cure some illness or disease; hence, one can observed the number of people who have recently underwent surgeries or recovered from heart attacks to soak in the warm waters of Calamba City’s hot spring resorts

Tourism, again, has its own negative impacts especially towards the environment regardless of its positive contribution to the economy (McDowell, 2016) As such, it is necessary to understand and accept that socio-economic activities are manifested in the generation of solid waste Waste materials are among the fastest spreading pollutants Without the proper structure and program

of managing solid waste it could contribute to the decrease of available lands for agriculture, residential and other economic developments; declining health of the population; polluting the sea and other bodies of water; and later on, decreased in economic progress

No matter how natural waste generation is in all human activities, improper solid waste management remains a concern of everyone It is absolutely considered to be a crucial utility mostly in urbanized and populated areas Most importantly, it is a human need and a human right The absence of proper waste

regulation leads to throwing of solid waste in improper places that may have direct and indirect effect to the population and of course- the environment San Diego, 2007)

In general, solid waste management intends to avert the effect of solid waste

to human health (Reyes, 2013) This is reiterated in the work of San Diego (2007) by stating that the ignored solid waste degrades the environment and leads

to diseases

This study would investigate the solid waste management practices of historic hot spring resorts in Calamba City and determine the environmental compliance effort of resorts owners to environmental laws and ordinances of the barangay and city Likewise, the study aims to increasing the knowledge of people towards waste management practices as a factor that may help the environment and community to decrease the level of pollution

1.2 Research’s Objectives

General Objective: Mainly, this study will look at the solid waste

management practices and environmental compliance of historic hot spring

resorts located in Barangay Pansol, Calamba City, Laguna, Philippines

Specific Objectives:

 To assess the status of Solid Waste Management practices of the historic hot spring resorts in Barangay Pansol, Calamba City, Laguna, Philippines

 To determine if there is a significant difference in the assessment of the respondents to the SWM practices and the extent of environmental compliance of historic hot spring resorts

 To proposed inputs to further improve the present compliances practices

of hot spring resort

1.3 Research Questions and Hypotheses

Main question: What are the existing solid waste management and

environmental compliance practices of historic hot spring resorts in Barangay Pansol, Calamba City, Laguna, Philippines?

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1 What is the status of the Solid Waste Management practices of historic hot spring resorts in terms of:

1.1 Waste generation;

1.2 Waste handling and sorting;

1.3 Waste collection; and

4 Do the assessed status of SWM practices singly or in combination significantly impact the extent of environmental compliance of historic hot spring

5 Based on the results of the study, what inputs may be proposed to further enhance the present practices?

Hypotheses

1 There is no significant difference in the assessment of the respondents

on the status of the SWM practices and extent of environmental compliance of historic hot spring resorts Barangay Pansol, Calamba City, Laguna, Philippines

2 The assessed status of SWM practices does not significantly impact the extent of environmental compliance of historic hot spring resorts

in Barangay Pansol, Calamba City, Laguna, Philippines

1.4 Significance of the Study

This study holds significance to various stakeholders and community members in relevance to solid waste management and environmental compliance The researcher found this study beneficial to the following stakeholders:

Local government: The local governing unit of the area would have

insight on the current status of the historic hot spring resorts in its area and would have a basis to further improve the development and implementation of the existing environmental ordinances for further socio-economic progress

Residents: People living around Barangay Pansol would have an idea on

how the existing historic resorts in their barangay positively and negatively affect their environment

Resort owners: Resort owners will be provided with insights on the status

and level of their compliance in the environmental acts or laws of the barangay, city and national government

Researchers: This study may be used as future reference by other

researchers who intend to investigate or review issues relevant to this paper

Tourists: Tourists, whether local or foreign, would have an idea of the

current solid waste management system or policy and environmental practices as adopted by the resorts, barangay and the city

1.5 Scope and Limitation

 Scope

This study aims to investigate the current solid waste management status and environmental compliance practices of the two historic hot spring resorts in Calamba City namely Cuyab Hot Spring Resorts and Laguna Hot Springs These two resorts were chosen since they already have 60 and 69 years of business establishment respectively

 Limitations

This study will only cover the historic hot spring resorts located in Barangay Pansol, Calamba City, Laguna, Philippines Moreover, it will only focus on the solid waste management practices and environmental compliance of such resorts This study included the respondents from the selected hot spring resorts in Pansol Calamba City, Laguna particularly Laguna Hot Spring, and Cuyab Hot Spring Resort Only two (2) resorts were included in the study since it was required to have resorts with twenty (20) and above years of business establishment and that other resorts refused to be interviewed Moreover, the two (2) resorts interviewed also refused to be photographed due to business confidentiality

1.6 Definition of Terms

To guide the readers in the discussion and clarity of the terms used, the conceptual and operational definitions of the terms are hereby presented:

Compliance - It refers to the act or process of doing what you have been

asked or ordered to do: the act or process of complying (Merriam-Webster’s, 1828)

Commercial waste – the waste coming from business sometimes it is also

waste from the costumers (e.g food wrappers and containers) (Y Mongtoun et al., 2014)

Environmental Ordinances - Law to protect and maintain or improve the

current environmental status (R Martella Jr & J B Grosko 2014)

Historic Hot Spring Resorts - These refers to the resorts that are considered

old in the business set-up and have been in existence for more than twenty (20) years

Solid waste - This refers to all discarded household, commercial,

non-hazardous, institutional and industrial (J G San Diego 2015)

Solid Waste Management Practices - This refers to the systematic

administration of activities which provide for segregation at source, segregated transportation, storage, transferring, processing, treatment, and disposal of solid waste and all other waste management activities

Waste Generation – Waste produced from residential, commercial,

institutional and industrial areas (J G San Diego, 2015)

Waste sorting and handling – It refers to the core procedure that follows

after the separately collected packaging waste from municipal, commercial and industrial waste collection has reached the recycling facilities (CEE Group)

Waste collection – This is the collection of solid waste from point of

production (residential, industrial commercial, institutional) to the point of treatment or disposal (WB, 2015)

Waste disposal – The process of putting waste into a landfill for the purpose

of final burial, destruction or placement for future recovery (Y Guangyu)

1.7 Research Paradigm

The research paradigm will serve as guide in the development of this study Independent and dependent variables would be considered to determine if

there is a relationship between the solid waste management and environmental compliances practices of historic resorts in area of concern The literature of related topic will also be bases for the further validation and justification of this paper and would be effectively used for sound comparisons of concepts, ideas and theories this paper would work on

The figure above is composed of independent and dependent variables considered in this paper The box on the left contains the independent variables which are the solid waste management practices These variables become independent as they will be implemented regardless of the existence of the other box The other box contains the dependent variable since the handling of this variable would rely on the existing solid waste management practices of the

historic resorts as well as the available environmental practices in the area

Solid Waste Management

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

Figure 1: The Research Paradigm

CHAPTER II: LITERETURE REVIEW 2.1 Solid Waste Management Practices

Calamba City has a total land area of 149.5 km2 which occupies 12.66% of the whole Laguna province Expansion in its population is attributed partly to in-migration The Department of Tourism has recognized the key role of Calamba City in promoting the tourism industry mainly because of two factors: 1) being the hometown of the country’s national hero and 2) through its popular hot spring resorts and spas recognizing it as the “Hot spring capital of the Philippines” Tourist coming from the capital city of the country as well as those from nearby and further provinces visit this City to enjoy the historic hot spring resorts in the place (Jago-on et al., 2017)

Businesses under the tourism industry must recognize that “solid waste management is a critical aspect of their environmental management” (Pirani and Arafat, 2014) Businesses should always remember that their operation does not just rely on the generation of income They must look at the possible effect of their operation in the environment, in general, since there would always be a corresponding effect Hester et al (2002), as cited in the work of Pucino (2016) stated that the ultimate by-product of the societies is the solid waste generated in every aspect of individual and population growth Contrary to what many deemed, municipal waste management is merely a puny fraction of the total solid waste In terms of generation of solid waste, many factors influence waste production including population and economic development In Pucino’s study, major resort hubs all over the world were mentioned and how much solid waste

built up tourism activities have contributed In the long run, if wastes are not properly managed, the economy would consequentially suffer

As defined by Rajan (2016), solid wastes are those rubbishes or items that are non-liquidated and no longer have any value to a person responsible for it or owning it It is both the organic and inorganic waste materials generated from the various activities of the society Pirani and Arafat’s study (2014) critic the tourism-related businesses’ practices way back 1990s for being insensitive with the environmental impact of their activities

It was acknowledged that tourism created job and generated income for the economy, but as repercussion, it also contributes to the massive generation of

solid waste as emphasized by Hevera (n.d.) Vasquez et al (2015) showed how

some resort and restaurant owners in the area of Laguna manage their wastes Based on this research, generated wastes from tourism-related industry are in the forms of metal, leftover food, paper, and plastic In view of the foregoing IRR of the RA 9003, segregation is observed and each solid waste classification are provided with individual bins

Orpia in 2016 has reviewed the solid waste management practices of areas where resorts populate in the country and shared that generally resorts owners are aware of the existing policies on solid waste management and hereby complies with them As a matter, those interviewed by Orpia claimed that certain factors influence the manner they comply with the Solid Waste Management Policy of

2.2 Environmental Compliance

Recently, the Philippine government shut down the operation of one of its famous island and tourist destination- Boracay The main reason being the intention of salvaging the beauty of the island from the effect of its economic activity As part of this project, government agencies were tasked to review and inspect the environmental compliances of those involved in tourism-related businesses (abs-cbn.com) Primarily, Local Government Units, business owners, local entrepreneurs are responsible for the strict implementation of policies on sanitation code, such as RA9003 (Garcia, 2016)

Localized initiatives are developed and observed by both community-based and private sectors Mostly, these initiatives gained success in terms of creating awareness Through DENR and MMDA, sanitary landfills are being surveyed so that generated and collected wastes will have areas for their dumping (worldbank.com) Basically, waste segregation has been widely observed too but collection and dumping of segregated wastes

All industrial sectors in the Philippines are required to comply with the solid waste management practices existing and implemented in the country Whether a business operates as part of the tourism industry or any other industry, the government counts on it to strictly observed waste management implementation Solid waste management does not end in segregation alone or ensuring awareness which have been religiously observed by historic resorts in Pansol Evaluation Classification and proper waste disposal are likewise necessary

Transforming wastes into resources through recycling is also another thing (Gequinto, 2017)

2.3 Waste Generation

Waste generation and disposal is one of the environmental problem that have

a great impact to municipalities and government, generally in the worl (Efe 2013) This study is supported by the study of Hoomweg and Bhada-Tata (2012) yearly, world cities produces 1.3 billion tons of solid waste and expecting to increase to 2.2 billion tons by 2025, which means the waste generation of the lower income countries will be doubles over the next twenty years

According to a report released by the World Bank (WB) cited in NG J (2012) study, from 29,315 municipalities waste generation in Manila, Philippines will increase by 165 percent to 77,776 tons per day Furthermore, according to SEPO (2017) the increase of waste generation of the Philippines is because of increase in population, improvement of living standards, rapid economic growthm and industrilization especially in the urban areas This is supported by

the report of World Bank (n.d) income level and urbanization are the factors in

increase of waste generation As the living standard increase, consumption of goods and sevices correspondinglt increases, as does the amount of waste generated On the other hand according to Abazeri (2014) stated that rural areas tend to generate much lower quantities of waste due to lower income and consumption levels and higher reusing and recycling rates In the past few

waste management systems in place inadequate to handle the overwhelming quantity

In the study of Oblak (2017) stated that on of the fastest growing industries is tourism, with Europe contributing with half of international arrivals and abou the same in income The increasing number of tourism in the world means also the increase of waste generated in a country This means more tourists more waste, and more waste inevitablu translate into a larger environmental footprint

Similarly, one of the waste contributing factor in Europe is tourism producing 6.7 percent of total waste generation that arises from the wider services sector in the EU27 EEA (2010) cited in the study of Styles et al (2013)

In every resorts there must be a proper waste management strategy specially

in the construction of the resorts, constructing a resort and any oter infrastracture produce waste due to the materials that are already been used and ready for disposal Furthermore, resorts should implement a waste management system that implies waste seggregation and minimisation of waste generation in their facilities Management should decide what are the things that can be brought in their property that can lessen the production of waste In addition, Waste should

be transported by the resort operator (or appointed waste service provider) from the point of generation directly to the centralised waste storage area where it can

be safely stored prior to offsite disposal For efficiency it is permissible to establish intermediate storage areas/collection points; this would be at the discretion of the resort management, and all such areas would have to comply with safe storage requirements Minimisation the generation of waste is the first

option that should be considered, refers to the prevention of wastes from arising and optimising material usage This approach promotes the efficient use of resources and minimises the volume of waste material that must be handled by employees and hauled away from the resort’s property Responsibility for the minimisation of waste generation generally lies with management, who decides what is brought into the property and, thereby, determines what eventually leaves the property as waste WSP (2011)

2.4 Waste Collection

Waste collection is the collection of solid waste from an area of production which is residential, industrial, commercial, and intitutional to the waste disposal site World Bank (2015)

Republic Act 7160, otherwise known as the Local Government Code of

1991 Mandates that it is the duty of the municipality or city to collect waste produced by their barangays, and it is the duty of the barangays to segregate the waste before the municipal collect their waste Similarly, DENR (2015) Republic Act 9003 requires segregated collection by the LGUs Waste segregation and collection are to be conducted at the barangay level specifically for biodegradable and recyclable wastes while disposal and collection of non- recyclable/residual and special wastes are the responsibility of the city or municipality

Residents are required to separate waste into three categories: (1) recyclables

On the other hand based on the study of Enayetullah et al (2006) cited at the study of Sin-Yee et al (2016) most of the residents in Uttara, Bangladesh don’t segreggate their waste due to some reasons Some of the reasons are it takes additional time and effort in seggregating the waste One of the respondents in the study prefer to put all the garbage in one recycable bin rather than using several recycle bins which for them are utilizing more space

Due to the increase of waste production in the barangays and municipalities there are several ways to collect the produced waste: 1.) House-to-House: collectors must visit individual houses in a barangay to collect waste or garbage The residents is required to pay in the service or method 2.) Community Bins: Residents must bring their waste or garbaged to community bins of their baranggay, collectors are collecting the waste in the community bins by the schedule given by the municipality 3.) Curb-Side Pickup: this is a method which

is the collectors are collecting the garbage of the residents outside their homes Residents should put the garbage their garbage outside their homes according to the collection schedule 4.) Self-Delivered: Generators deliver the waste directly

to disposal sites or transfer stations, or hire third-party operators (or the municipality) 5 Contracted or Delegated Service: Businesses hire firms (or municipality with municipal facilities) who arrange collection schedules and charges with customers Municipalities often license private operators and may designate collection areas to encourage collection efficiencies

Proper education of the public, the provision of more communal trash bins, and the collection of waste by private contractors could help prevent exposing the public in municipalities to diseases Yoada et al (2014)

2.5 Waste Disposal

According to Y Guanyu (n.d.) waste disposal means to put waste into a

landfill for the purpose of final burial, destruction or placement for future recovery As the terminal action for pollution control of solid waste, the final target of disposal is isolating solid waste and its environmental impact from biosphere and to keep humankind and environment from any unacceptable hazard from the infection of hazardous components in wastes The object of final disposal is that the wastes can not be processed and used further

According to Momodu (2011) cited in A Chengula et al (2015) population growth, not enough good infrastructure, non-implementation of existing environmental sanitaion laws, irregular and unplanned dumping of solid waste, and urban growth becuase of rural-urban migration, insufficient funds to implement solid waste management and lack of new technology are the cause of improper solid wate disposal in urban areas

In the Autonomous Province of Trento (PAT) which is located in the Northern Italy, citizens are required to put waste in the dedicated bins which is given by the municipality The bins are meant to seperate the waste of citizens like food waste, paper and cardboard, lightweight, packaging glass, and residual

equipment waste, spray cans, etc.) so it will be easy for the collectors to collect the grabage in the municipality Rada et al (2016)

In the report of United Nations Environment Programme (2012) tourism is another cause of forms of pollutiions like air emmision, noise, solid waste, and littering in the sewage, oil and chemicals, and even archtectural/visual pollution

In areas with high number of tourist specially to those places with many tourist attractions waste disposal is a serious problem and improper disposal can be a major despoiler of the natural environment – rivers, scenic areas, and roadside Proper waste disposal will be achieved if the people will coordinate with the government or municipalites According to Yoada et al (2014) it is based on the peoples perception and attitude to achieved a proper waste disposal management Out of 364 respondents in teir study, 61 percent of the respondents disposed their waste at the appropriate disignated sites, which include the big communal bins and the dump trucks of the paid collection services, while 39.0% of the respondents practiced indiscriminate (crude) dumping (on the streets, in a bush, nearby gutters, or in a hole)

Improper solid waste disposal can cause serious problem in the environment based on the study in Morogo, Tanzania respondents report the indicators of improper solid waste disposal such as: (a) scattered waste in the sideroads and other areas can block the drains or sewage canal which can cause flood during rainy seasons.(b) disposal sites is another place for the insects (e.g flies, mosquitoes, etc.) which is good place for them to breed just like what we see in the dump sites during day time (c) Waste disposal sites like in Mawenzi market

(fruits market) where the site was wet most of the acted as good source for mosquito breeding (d) olid waste disposal sites are usually the home of rats because of the food waste (e) Improperly disposed wastes put the municipal environment in unattractive appearance (f) Respondents new that waste collection workers who did not use protective gears were at risk of occupational health hazards, including injuries from sharp objects which may results to cancer, tetanus and contracting diseases A Chengula et al (2015)

The perceptions and attitudes are learned response and can therefore be modified or changed through education George (2004) cited at A Chengula et al (2015) It wass stated in the study of Lomoco et al (2013) Proper waste disposal

is very important in making sure that your place and environment is free from any waste that can cause health risks If you want a clean and healthy environment, then you have to constantly clean your area, and put some tools and equipments like a garbage disposal to help you in keeping that area clean and free from harmful bacteria

2.6 Waste Handling and Sorting

CEE Group (n.d.) defined waste sorting as the core procedure that follows

after the separately collected packaging waste from municipal, commercial and industrial waste collection has reached our recycling facilities The aim is to minimize the amount of waste from businesses, local authorities and households that ends up in landfill and transform it into valuable resources

Furthermore, Waste sorting partly depends on the waste collection services available in different locations, and this may partly explain the large differences

in unsorted waste generation Styles et al (2013)

Waste sorting is a method where different waste materials like glass, paper, wood, metals and plastic are seperated from other wastes, this process is usually use to know what waste can be recycled or not Olafsson (2016) According to Lomoco et al (2013) recycling or 3R’s method is another method before the waste disposal Recycling is a process to reduce the amount of waste through recycling for a better use Furthermore, recycling can help other business or bigger institutions that produces lots of waste per day By recycling the right waste it can be benificial to the institutions Olaffson (2016)

Based on the study of Abagale et al (2012) in Tamale Metropolis in Ghana the challenges in solid waste sorting and handling are the attitudes of the citizens However, Specialist in behavior or attitudes found out that human handling and sorting of waste can be changed for better environmental protection Olafsson et

al (2016)

According to Henry et al (2005) cited at Abagale et al (2012) waste sorting and recycling have numerous benefits for the citizens which is also environmental friendly so this method is safe than the other methods of waste disposal It is also stated that the seperation and sorting of Municipal Solid Waste

is gainging importance in various sectors

Even though rules and procedures for waste sorting are provided, it does not guarantee that people sort waste according to them Waste sorting behavior needs

to be examined directly to observe if the guidance and procedures are effective,

as well as to discover ways to make them more effective An important factor in improving waste sorting behavior is decreasing effort by locating recycling bins closer to consumption Olafsson et al (2016)

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

This study will use a descriptive-method with the intension to investigate and describe the existing compliance practices of the respondents in terms of solid waste management and environmental ordinances Relevant data will be gathered for the purpose of this study to verify the truth about the hypotheses

According to McMillan and Schumacher as used by Camacho 2018, descriptive research is a method to answer question raised in the study and report things as they existed in the concurrence of the study It is majorly concerned with the present and does not manipulate independent variables

Likewise, Zulueta (2008) as found in the work of Camacho (2018) defined descriptive research as an approach which offers answers to real facts relevant to the current conditions, characteristics, nature components and aspects of phenomena and provides significant knowledge on the nature of objects and persons Further, it presents information on one or more variables without changing the conditions of independent variables Moreover, this investigation is also a correlational since it determines the extent to which variables relate to one and the other Through this study, the relationship between two variables can be disclosed and how the effect of the independent variables

3.2 Population and Sampling

Random sampling method will be used in selecting the respondents since the sample must be chosen based on the availability and openness to this type of activity of the historic resorts According to Gravetter and Forzano, as cited by Camacho (2018) simple random sampling (also referred to as random sampling)