Evaluation of current solid waste management in xuan luong commune, yen the district, bac giang province and propose appropriate measures for sustainable management

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY NGO THANH HUONG EVALUATION OF CURRENT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN XUAN LUONG COMMUNE, YEN THE DISTRICT, BAC GIANG PROVINCE

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

NGO THANH HUONG

EVALUATION OF CURRENT SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT IN XUAN LUONG COMMUNE, YEN THE DISTRICT, BAC GIANG PROVINCE AND PROPOSE APPROPRIATE MEASURES FOR SUSTAINABLE

MANAGEMENT

BACHELOR THESIS

Study Mode : Full-time

Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : Advanced Education Program Office

Batch : 2014- 2018

DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT

Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry

Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management

Thesis Title Evaluation of Current Solid Waste Management in Xuan

Luong commune, Yen The district, Bac Giang province and Propose Appropriate Measures for Sustainable Management

Agriculture and Forestry Supervisor’s

Signature (s)

Abstract:

With the rapid economic development, Xuan Luong commune, Yen The district, Bac Giang province is currently facing the environmental degradation One of the factors causes this problem is domestic solid waste generated from households There have been a number of interventions introduced to the community to improving the environmental quality and reduce pressure of solid waste to the nature, but the efficiency was relative low To have a clear perspective on solid waste situation in Xuan Luong commune, this study was conducted under the

purposes of evaluating the current status of solid waste management and perception

of local community on solid waste situation, thereby proposed a number of appropriate measures to promote the solid waste management of local authority, contributing to sustainable development of the commune The results showed that the rate of solid waste generation in Xuan Luong commune, in overall, was relatively high but not at alarming rate, about 0.32 to 0.36 kg/person/day and the

amount of solid waste generated in the commune was 2.33 tons/day

Keywords Solid waste, Xuan Luong commune, Waste collection,

Management

Date of Submission 01/09/2018

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This thesis has been greatly conducted by the support and assistance of many people whom I wish to extend my grateful appreciation to their valuable contribution in order to make this research possible

Firstly, I would like to say thanks to the school board Thai Nguyen University

of Agriculture and Forestry, faculty of Advanced Education Program, thanks the teachers that have imparted to me the knowledge and valuable experience during the process of learning and conducting the study

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Duong Van Thao for his enthusiasm, patience, knowledge and immense He provided me his useful comments, remarks, and encouragement through the implementation and completion of this graduated thesis

My sincere thanks send to all of the officers and managers from Xuan Luong People’s Committee and Yen The Urban Environment Company for the enthusiasm

It was absolutely that I could not complete my study without their assistances Particularly, I would like to thanks Mr Ngo Quang Do, Vice president of Xuan Luong People’s Committee for his suggestions, guidance and inspiration during my internship duration

Also, I would like to express my deep gratitude and motivation to my family, classmates and friends for their encouragement throughout my studies

Ultimately, due to time budget and research skill limitation, so this study is inevitable defectiveness Therefore, I would like to kindly receive the contribution and feedbacks from reviewers and friends in order to complete my study with the best results

I sincerely thank you!

Author

Ngo Thanh Huong

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES vii

LIST OF TABLES viii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix

PART I INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Research rationale 1

1.2 Research's Objectives 4

1.2.1 General objective 4

1.2.2 Specific Objectives 4

1.3 Research questions 5

1.4 Limitations 5

1.5 The significance of research 5

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 Overview of solid waste 6

2.2 Environmental pollution caused by solid waste 11

2.2.1 Water pollution 11

2.2.2 Air Pollution 12

2.2.3 Soil pollution 13

2.2.4 Human health 14

2.3 Solid waste management in some countries around the world and in Vietnam15 2.3.1 Waste management in some countries around the world 15

PART III METHODS 19

3.1 Material 19

3.2 Methods 19

3.2.1 Sampling Size and Sampling Techniques 19

3.2.2 Method of secondary data collection 20

3.2.3 Methods of primary data collection 20

3.2.4 Method of determining the waste volume and composition 21

3.2.5 Methods of data analysis 23

PART IV RESULTS 24

4.1 Natural condition and socio-economic development of Xuan Luong Commune 24

4.1.1 Natural condition 24

4.1.2 Socio-economic development situation 25

4.2 Current situation of solid waste generation in Xuan Luong commune 28

4.2.1 Solid waste sources in Xuan Luong commune 28

4.2.2 Amount of solid waste generated in Xuan Luong commune 29

4.2.3 Solid waste composition in Xuan Luong commune 31

4.2.4 Solid waste collection, recycle and reuse in Xuan Luong commune 34

4.3 Solid waste management in Xuan Luong commune 37

4.4 Proposed appropriate measure to sustain the solid waste management in Xuan Luong commune 41

4.4.1 Enhance the dissemination and awareness of local community on domestic solid waste management 41

4.4.2 Establish garbage collection teams in remote villages 41

4.4.3 Promote collaboration with scientific units to transfer advanced technology to process solid waste and enhance rural environmental quality 42

4.4.4 Issue policies and regulations to encourage the public participation on solid waste management 42

PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 43

5.1 Discussion 43

5.2 Conclusion 45

5.3 Recommendation 46

PART VI REFERENCES 47

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Map of study area 24

Figure 2 Economic structure of Xuan Luong commune in 2017 26

Figure 3 Solid Waste Components in Xuan Luong Commune 34

Figure 4 Solid waste classification and burning in Xuan Luong commune 38

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Component table of some basic gas emissions in landfill 13

Table 2 Amount of solid waste generated in communes of Yen The district 29

Table 3 Amount of domestic waste generated in Xuan Luong commune 30

Table 4 Types and source of solid waste in Xuan Luong commune 32

Table 5 Solid waste components in Xuan Luong commune 33

Table 6 Survey result on solid waste source classification in Xuan Luong commune 35

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

BOD5

COD CPC LEP MARD

World Bank

PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale

Human life is being improved in high standard, following high demands of items for daily life that increase in the types of items and going to larger It still tends to rise in number and variety Therefore, service sector and production service have much more increase dramatically to support the needs of human beings Base

on the use and disposal after using production in wrong way, the problem on types

of waste were generated by production, business and daily activities which have emerged and must be considered and found the correct and efficient interventions

According to confirm of the materials Cyclopes Institute (Chalmin, 2012) and Veolia Propreté, the second largest waste management company in the world: The amount of trash collected worldwide is between 2.5 and 4 billion tons a year, the world now have the amount of trash similar with amount of cereal production (2

tons) and steel (a billion tons) The World Bank (WB, 2015) had warned of a waste

crisis was becoming more serious, and created huge burden on finance as well as the environment for governments (Daniel et al., 2012) The study was conducted by Blacksmith Institute and Green Cross Switzerland in more than 3,000 locations in

49 countries shown that more than 200 million people worldwide were at risk of exposure to hazardous wastes (2013) Meaning that, they have to fight with these public health threats caused to serious social disease, especially for children (WHO, 2007) If there are no preventive measures to minimize the number of trash, amount

of trash will get bigger and bigger threat to security problems, social issue, and

million tons of solid waste per day in 2100, its number get high as 5 times as the amount of grain produced in a whole year (World Bank, 2015)

Today, environmental problems including treatment and management solid waste have been concerned by both government and local community But it has not been properly inspected, so that, pollution levels in places are at alarming rate as well as the perception on environmental protection of the local is low, especially in rural areas

Rural areas in Viet Nam have significant changes along with economic transition towards industrialization and modernization of the country Along with the process of New technologies have been applied to agricultural production such

as livestock and crop production Besides that, the handicraft sector is also interested in and developed

However, when the economic is not rich, the farmer life has to face to a lot

of difficult things People concern about environmental protection as a marginalized and it is trivial, which issue difficult to take a good resolve for the environmental management in rural areas The main sources of waste in rural areas are the packaging of plant protection, the abuse and the use of chemicals unreasonable in agricultural production, the handling of waste from the craft village, the treatment

of waste from the craft village is inefficiency and unsatisfactory, beside that the sense of responsibility of the people in protecting the environment is not high, with inadequate attention and loose management from state agencies

According to statistics in 2014, there were about 90.7 million people in the total Vietnam population, in which 67% of the people living in rural areas Meanwhile, the total national area was 330951 km2, 262805 km2 of agricultural

land include cultivation land was 101511 km2, 153731 km2 of forest land,

aquaculture land was 7120 km2 and rural residential land was 5496 km2 (accounting

for 79.5% of the total land area of the country) The process of the economic and labor restructuring are relatively slow, but the structure of the production sector in rural areas is increasing diversely and promoted directly

Farm household sector structure is shifting to increase gradually in the number and the proportion of households participate in non-agricultural production such as industrial, handicraft and service (MONRE, 2011) Along with the positive changes in rural, Vietnam also expressed limitations and shortcomings: developing infrastructure in lack of planning, and spontaneous, around 23% of commune have planning but not high quality (MONRE, 2014) Technical infrastructure and social infrastructure is backward Each year, in rural areas, it is about 6.35 million tons of household waste released, equivalent to each person released average around 0.3 kg/person/day (Chi D.K, 2011) Environmental pollution has caused of serious consequences that bringing negative impact on agricultural ecosystems, affecting human health Meanwhile rural sanitation is poor and many shortcomings so protected rural environment is a matter of urgency because the pollution state in the rural environment is at an alarming rate in many places

Xuan Luong is a commune in Yen The district, Bac Giang province The total land area is 2522.4 ha and having 1746 households living in 14 villages (2017) Due to require problem solving narrowing down land fund and utilize recycled and reused materials, waste management in Xuan Luong should be

• Firstly, limits the minimum amount of waste generated

• Secondary, limits the minimum amount of waste buried and increases maximum amount of waste to recycle and process

The first requirement, the minimum amount of waste generated can rely on scientific and technological progress if it is generated by industrial production However, for waste arises from households (household waste), it is a difficult problem; the reality is not feasible because of the following reasons:

• Firstly, population growth in the city are increasing, so the quantity of waste generated will be drastically increased

• Secondary, people's lives have been increasingly, the amount of waste generated will be increased

Therefore, we should focus on solving requirements" restrictions at the minimum amount of landfilled waste and increase the maximum amount of recycled and processed wastes "

1.2 Research’s objectives

1.2.1 General objective

This study was to assess the overall solid waste management in Xuan Luong commune, of which focus on the evaluation of domestic solid waste generation in the commune Thereby, propose appropriate measures to sustain solid waste management in the communal area

1.2.2 Specific Objectives

- To study the current solid waste management in Xuan Luong commune

- To evaluate the perception of the local people on solid waste management and environment

- To propose appropriate measures to sustain the solid waste management in Xuan Luong commune

1.3 Research questions

The following are the research questions:

1 What kinds of solid wastes have discharged into the environment and how have solid wastes processed?

2 What is the awareness of local community on solid waste management?

1.5 The significance of research

- Research indicated clearly solid waste problems in Xuan Luong commune

- Provided the direction to manage the solid waste clearly in rural areas

- Rated the positive side and pointed out the drawbacks in the work of solid

waste management, thereby withdrawing lessons from experience to apply to other rural areas

- The results of this study may be used as a model for solid waste recycling in communes

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Overview of solid waste

Environment refers to a system of natural and artificial physical factors

affecting the existence and development of human beings and creatures

Environment components refer to physical constituent elements forming an

integral part of the environment such as land, water, air, sound, light, organism and things in other physical forms

Environmental protection refers to the environmental conservation, and the prevention and control of harmful impacts on environment; the response to environmental emergencies; the mitigation of environmental pollution, degradation, improvement and remediation; proper extraction and consumption of natural resources for the purpose of maintaining a pure environment

Environmental pollution means the status that environmental components have been changed to the extent beyond environmental technical regulations and environmental standards and adversely affect human beings and living organisms

Economic growth in the past five years has had adverse impacts on the environment, not only in cities but also in rural areas which are home to 70 percent of the population Environmental pollution has become a serious problem in many rural areas, caused by a number of reasons including weak management, lack of specialized environmental observation and supervision equipment and dedicated employees Moreover, most rural localities are meeting with difficulties in fulfilling the criterion on the environment under the programmer on building new-style rural areas (Tuyen B.C, 2014)

Under Clause 10, Article 3 of the Environmental Protection Law 2014:

"Waste is waste material in the form of solid, liquid and gas from manufacturing, trading, services and daily life, or other activities." Thus garbage is all material things from food, utensils, waste manufacturing, and service, medical that people do not use anymore and left

Pursuant to Article 3 of the Decree on the management of waste and scrap, Decree No.38/2015/NĐ-CP on: Waste management including hazardous waste, domestic waste, ordinary industrial solid waste, the liquid waste, wastewater, industrial emissions and other special wastes; environmental protection in scrap imports:

• Solid waste management means activities of planning, managing, investing

in building solid waste management facilities, separating, collecting, storing, transporting, reusing, recycling and disposing of solid waste in order to prevent and minimize adverse impacts on the environment and human health

• Solid waste means waste in a solid form, discharged from production, business, service, daily life or other activities Solid waste includes ordinary solid waste and hazardous solid waste (MONRE, 2011)

• Hazardous solid waste means solid waste containing substances or compounds that exhibit any of the characteristics of radioactivity, ignitability, explosiveness, corrosiveness, infectiousness, toxicity or other hazardous characteristics

• Scrap means products and materials discarded from production or consumption and recovered for reprocessing or reuse as input materials for the production

• Solid waste from craft villages: The waste is generated from manufacturing

activities of the village

• Agricultural and rural Solid waste: the waste is generated from agricultural

production and animal husbandry such as animal waste, poultry, and packaging of plant protection

• Rural areas are part of the territory outer zone of cities, towns and township which are managed by the CPC (Decree No 41/2010 / ND-CP on credit policies for agricultural and rural development) Along with the process of national innovation, rural development is an inevitable process for economic and society development and also improving the quality of the rural population life This development brings huge benefits but also brings many environmental consequences Rural environment are under pressure by pollution increase from the human activity, the use of fertilizers, pesticides indiscriminately Besides that, the vacant on the waste

processing from the livestock sector, craft villages bring a big pressure on the rural environment (MONRE, Rural Environment, 2014)

Pursuant to Decree No 38/2015/NĐ-CP on management operations of solid waste:

• Solid waste management activities include management planning activities investment in the construction management facilities of solid waste, classification activities, gathering, storage, transportation, reuse, recycle and solid waste disposal

to prevent and mitigate the harmful impacts on the environment and human health Planning on solid waste management is the work of investigation, survey, forecasting total emissions sources and types of solid waste; determining the location, the size of collection sites, transfer stations, transport lines and facilities of solid waste; identifying methods to gather and treat solid waste; building the plan and human resources to thoroughly treat solid waste (Article 7 the planning content

of solid waste management)

• Waste classification is the activities of waste separation (already delimited), in facility, the aim of dividing into categories or groups in order to manage more effective with different processes

• Collection of solid waste means activities of gathering, separation, packing and temporarily storing solid waste from different collection depots to a place or facility recognized by a competent state agency

• Storage of solid waste means the keeping of solid waste for a given period

of time at a place recognized by a competent agency before solid waste is transported to a processing facility

• Transportation of solid waste means the process of carrying solid waste from a place of generation, collection, storage or transfer to a place of processing, recycle or reuse or to a final landfill

• Waste treatment means the process of using technological and technical solutions (different from pre-processing) in order to reduce, eliminate, isolate, burn, destroy or bury waste and hazardous elements in such waste

• Solid waste sanitary bury in landfill operation is suitable with the

requirements of technical standards for solid waste landfills

• Solid waste classification helps to identify different type of Solid waste generation When performing Solid waste classification help us to increase recycling and reuse of waste materials, as well as offering appropriate technological methods for the processing, thereby bringing economic benefits and environmental protection

 Classification can be divided into the following ways:

Rural hazardous solid wastes are toxic wastes such as packaging of pesticides, chemical fertilizers, the rotting biological waste, contaminated wastes as determined poultry, cattle infection Non-hazardous solid waste is the waste does not contain substances or compounds containing one of the direct hazardous properties or interactive components

The nature of the solid waste related to the application of the gathering method, arranging collection frequency, deciding how to collect and the treatment technology Physical and chemical properties of solid waste such as specific weight, moisture, gasification, thermochemical have major impact on the selection and operation of equipment, analysis and design of treatment systems Physical and chemistry factors of solid waste such as specific weight, moisture, gasification, thermochemical have a major impact on the selection and operation of equipment, analysis and design of treatment systems thereby reached the highest effect after the end of the treatment process and ensure that environment is protected Biological factor of solid waste are analyzed in various types of solid waste containing organic components Most of this section have capable of biological conversion creating into gas, inert organic solids and inorganic solids Besides that, it can estimate and provide some biological treatment methods by using microorganisms to achieve environmental efficiency as well as economic savings (Tram N et al., 2012)

2.2 Environmental pollution caused by solid waste

2.2.1 Water pollution

Special waste is organic matter in water environment will decompose

form to water waste Water waste will move in landfills and promote the ability of biological degradation as well as transport of pollutants into the environment around them Overall, the level of pollution in wastewater is very high, COD indicator is from 3000 - 6000mg / l, N-NH 3 is from 10 to 800 mg / l, BOD5 is from 2000 to

20000 mg / l, TOC (total organic carbon) is from 1500 to 20000 mg / l, phosphorus

is from 5 to 100 mg / l, and the large variety of microorganisms and other contaminants (Tram N et al., 2012)

2.2.2 Air Pollution

Ordinary solid waste can easily evaporates, and carry the bad smell causes of air pollution (Craig, 2012) The organic waste such as fruit, vegetables and some other ordinary waste are easily decomposed in normal condition by microorganism metabolic activities which release the stench and pollution gases to disperse potentially in the air cause of air pollution that impacts on the environment and human health (Feachem et al, 1977)

In addition, landfills also create a clear and obvious threat to human health as well as a threat to the environment from the hazardous contaminated air emissions emitted from the landfill biodegradation (Meyer J, 2012)

Table 1: Component table of some basic gas emissions in landfill

Source: Handbook of solid waste management, 1994

2.2.3 Soil pollution

Organic waste in the soil will be decomposed by microorganisms in aerobic

or anaerobic conditions create simple humus mineral such as H20, C02, CH4 (Craig

C, 2012)

Besides that, waste water from landfills move into soil cause soil contamination If the amount of wastewater too much beyond the capacity of the soil purify so that soil environment will be overwhelmed and serious pollution (Meyer J, 2012) The contamination substances with heavy metals, toxic substances, and microbes in the water flow will go down through the groundwater and make pollution (Olawoyin R et al, 2012)

Some wastes difficult to degrade such as plastic, rubber, plastic bags if have

no suitable methods on collect and treat that the cause of degradation and reduction

of soil fertility (Vamsi K et al., 2010)

2.2.4 Human health

Solid wastes arising from human activities, if not collected and processed correctly that will cause environmental pollution causing serious consequences to public health Moreover, solid waste components are complex which contains pathogens from humans, livestock, organic waste created good conditions for flies, and mosquitoes breed and spread disease to humans (Takele T, 2004) Such as some bacteria, viruses, parasites exist in the rubbish can cause human diseases such as malaria, skin diseases, plague, diarrhea, parasites, typhoid (Njoroge G et al., 2016) Besides that, Collecting and processing wastes improperly can endanger to sanitation worker At the open landfills, wastewater and stench can spread out into water, soil, air, which creates good conditions for the intermediate hosts cause for human disease as well as chemicals substances can affect negatively on human health (International Finance Cooperation, 2007)

Pollution from rural craft villages cause increased incidence of some diseases, especially in children Children living in weaving families had some disease by cotton dust as sore throat (22.9%), stuffy nose (19.1%), wheezing (15.5%), incessant coughing (9.9%), itchy eyes (7.6%), rashes, and allergic urticarial (2.3 to 7.6%) (Tram N et al, 2012) According the eighth national scientific conference and the fourth international scientific conference for labor medicine and environmental sanitation in 2012: In handicraft villages, there are

65.9% of children had a pulse rate higher than standard according to age and 17.6%

of children have maximum blood pressure a higher than standard by age Children also had the manifestations of the impact of noise, such as tinnitus (22.9%), ear pain (12.2%), and hearing loss (9.2%) (Phong L, 2015)

2.3 Solid waste management in some countries around the world and in Vietnam

2.3.1 Waste management in some countries around the world

Waste management in Nuremberg - Germany

Nuremberg government has launched a local law in 1990, it requires to divide household waste and business waste into many different types Putting paper, glass, and organic waste in the same barrel are illegal (Tram, 2012)

Purchase and sale policies: local authorities encourage consumers to buy products that generate less rubbish, items can be recycled that are made from recyclable materials Paper is recycled from postal paper which is using in offices widely The cleaned products are sold and has benefitted from tax incentives (Global Time, 2014)

Consultancy services: local authorities have established an advisory team related to waste problem These counselors guide people buying items having less rubbish, composting household rubbish, and using reusable products (Tram N et al., 2012)

Waste Management in Singapore

With a small geographical area and a dense population density, the development of collecting and treating waste system is very important To achieve

minimum land use In Singapore, 92% of the waste volume has been burned, and the rest were buried in waste treatment facilities located offshore (International Enterprise Singapore, 2012) Four waste incineration plants in Singapore have operated under a waste management method to save the land These facilities provide 3% for electricity demand of the entire Singapore (Chan E et al., 2012)

In general, the waste management system of Singapore focuses on three fields: Gathering, regeneration and waste disposal (Hwa T et al., 2007)

The core strategy of sustainable development of the waste management system in Singapore includes:

• Minimize the volume of waste by reducing, reusing and recycling (over 50% of waste is recycled in Singapore)

• Aiming to eliminate forms of landfill

• Develop waste management industry and transform Singapore into a technology center of waste management in the region

Waste Management in Japan

In Japan, the collection and classification domestic solid waste at source is concerned particularly Household waste is divided into six major categories: burnable garbage, non burnable garbage, resourceful rubbish, harmful rubbish, bulky garbage and uncollectible waste (Christine Y, 2015) Burnable garbage (e.g food shred, rice, diapers, fruit shell) are given quite strictly as kitchen garbage must

be squeezed out of water, then use the paper to pack; wood and branches must be fragmented into small piece, then using rope to tie them up before dumping to the garbage collective point Resourceful garbage (e.g paper, aluminum cans, and

plastic bottles etc.) must also be arranged neatly or washed cleanly Hazardous material (e.g batteries, bulbs) or dangerous items (e.g glass) must be wrapped in newspaper and provided the warnings outside (Hwa, et al., 2007)

- Collection points:

Generally, each waste collection point serves just 10 to 20 households The different types of waste will be collected on different days People cannot dump the different wastes in the same bin at specified date The city government has announced to everyone and encouraged people to follow the rules (Ministry of Environment 2012)

- Do not collect the waste that is categorized wrongly:

A number of cities decide to not collect garbage from those who do not comply with the regulations In this case, the waste is not being collected and is labeled a warning message on garbage bins (Ministry of Environment, 2014)

- Disseminate the benefits of the regulation and encourage people to obey: When someone violates this regulation, the employees of the city government will come to their home to warn about such violations and promote the understanding on importance of environmental protection By this method, the Japanese 3R project was successfully launched to generate financial, socio-economic and environmental benefits for not only the government but local people

as well (Ministry of Environment, 2014)

2.3.2 Situation of environmental management in Vietnam and shortcomings need to learn

In recent years, the Environmental Protection Law is the highest normative

(Articles 69, 70) on environmental protection in rural and some other provisions relating directly or indirectly (Articles 71, 78, 80, 82, and 83)

However, so far, there is no specific documents which provided a systematic rural environmental management and protection Regulations were scattered in many sectors with the lack of coherence, and more contents are not completed In the bylaws, there is still lacks of the content to guide the implementation of rural environmental protection

Some environmental protection related regulation for rural areas sometimes could not be applied in practice or applied inefficiently Typically, the content of solid waste management, Decree No 59/2007 / ND-CP on solid waste management applies to both urban and rural areas with the objective of waste classification at the source However, the classification of solid waste at the source is only done as trial

in some large urban areas

The management of solid waste in rural areas is also overlapped and has not attracted corresponding attention and investment According to the division of responsibilities, the Ministry of Construction takes the responsibility in solid waste monitoring, while the management of solid waste generated from agricultural activities is assigned for the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) Furthermore, hazardous wastes (e.g hazardous waste from agricultural production and handicraft villages) are monitored by the Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment (MONRE) It is interwoven in the division of responsibility for solid waste management that makes the lack of consensus, and difficulties rose once determining the agencies responsible for certain waste categories Besides, the management of solid waste in rural areas is occasionally neglected (Viet Nam Environment Administration, 2013)

PART III METHODS 3.1 Material

Gloves, face mask,

Pens, Notebooks, Questionnaires

Laptop, Computer Software (Excel, Word)

3.2 Method

3.2.1 Sampling Size and Sampling Techniques

The initial survey of the research was built and completed by the consultancy

of supervising team After a discussion with the People’s committee and supervisors, the survey was decided to focus on 04 villages, Mo, Tam Kha, Lang Duoi and Dong Gia, which are representatives for 14 villages in the commune The study also used a simple random sampling technique to select the interviewees This technique ensured that each person in this area has an equal opportunity to become part of the sample Sets of questionnaires and key informant surveys were also given to the people based on the scope of the study

In detail, there were 98 households in 04 villages were randomly selected for the questionnaire based-interviews, of which 60 percent was assigned for the female selection It is because the women directly handle daily activities that generate most domestic household waste in the locality, for instance, cooking, and agricultural production The survey also included people with various occupations such as farmers, primary and secondary teachers, local governmental officers and business households to ensure the diversity of the survey results Furthermore, in

selected 40 households in 04 villages to measure the amount and components of domestic solid waste component generated in a day To do that, the study provided the sample households plastic containers to classify solid waste at home, the study team came to weigh and measure the amount and categorize the solid waste component The investigation was implemented in 02 concessive months, June and July and solid waste was collected and weighted twice a week

3.2.2 Method of secondary data collection

- Collect and analyze waste management related-documents such as natural conditions and socio-economic development of the commune; current status of domestic waste, collecting, transforming from communal management agencies, urban environmental enterprises, waste burning factories and among others

- Seek additional information from other sources as newspapers, newspapers, Internet and so on

e-3.2.3 Methods of primary data collection

Field survey method will be implemented to evaluate the general situation of solid waste management in the study area

Interview and questionnaires

- Using questionnaires to collect data about solid waste management in the locality from selected households

Interviewees: Individuals, households and waste collectors living in the commune

- Quantity: 98 questionnaires will be prepared for interview activity It means that there are 90 individuals and households will be randomly selected to complete

the mission Due to of geographical difficulties, the study decided to conduct the interview in 04 central villages with the most amount of solid waste discharged daily compared to other ones, including Mo, Tam Kha, Dong Gia and Lang Duoi villages

Key informant interview

- The study organized meeting with local authorities, and supervisors to solve unknown things

- Organize meetings or discussions with managers, officers of Urban Environmental Enterprise in Xuan Luong commune to collect more information related to collecting, transforming and processing solid waste in the area

- Also conducting meetings with local authorities from Communal Environmental management office and Natural Resource and Environmental Division of the district to discuss and gather related reports, documents related to general solid waste management in the study area

3.2.4 Method of determining the waste volume and composition

Method of determining the waste volume collected

Supervise the collection of waste at respective waste disposal sites to count the number of garbage carts daily, weekly and monthly Trash carts are pushed to the waste collection site at the designated time and loaded onto the dedicated truck of the collection team With the method of truck counting and weighing, it is possible to know the volume of solid waste collected daily As the discharge volume is relatively stable from the discharge sources, less fluctuated, so the waste volume could be calculated by its mean values

Method of determining the average volume of waste discharged per head per day and its composition in villages:

a) For households in the communal center (Kg/day): Select 04 sampled villages in the commune, including Mo, Tam Kha, Dong Gia and Lang Duoi villages Then decide 40 households from those villages, 10 households in a village,

to survey the waste volume discharged by weighing trash twice a month

- Provide these households 2 plastic bags with different color to classify and weigh trash at the home

- From the actual results of trash weighing, the daily average volume of trash discharged of a households and per head could be computed

b) For trash discharged from local markets, trading sites (Kg/day): Based on the survey and study on characteristics, scale and opening frequency and duration, the daily average trash discharged would be calculated as below:

- After the markets open, and trash is gathered by workers, we could weigh or count the number of trash carts, and then calculate the average trash volume per day, per month

- This activity is repeated twice a month and implement in 02 successive months c) For trash discharged from public offices, schools, medical station, and service places (Kg/day): Similarly to other trash discharge sources, the study also weigh and measure the trash volume discharged daily in two successive months and find out the average value