Assessment quality of domestic water and propose clean water treatment model in dong lien commune, thai nguyen city, thai nguyen province

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY NGUYEN THI VINH ASSESSMENT QUALITY OF DOMESTIC WATER AND PROPOSE CLEAN WATER TREATMENT MODEL IN DONG LIEN COMMUNE, THAI N

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

NGUYEN THI VINH

ASSESSMENT QUALITY OF DOMESTIC WATER AND PROPOSE CLEAN WATER TREATMENT MODEL IN DONG LIEN COMMUNE, THAI NGUYEN CITY, THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE

BACHELOR THESIS

Study mode : Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : Advanced Education Program Office Batch : 2014-2018

Type : On-the-Job Training (OJT)

Thai Nguyen – 21/09/2018

DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT

Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry

Thesis title

Assessment quality of domestic water and propose clean water treatment model in Dong Lien commune, Thai Nguyen city, Thai Nguyen province

Supervisor’s signature

Abstract:

The purpose of this study was to assess the current water quality and propose a clean water treatment model in Dong Lien Commune, Thai Nguyen City Thai Nguyen Province through the practice at Department of Natural Resources and Environment Thai Nguyen Province to provide appropriate solutions to improve water quality

The main tasks of the Department of Water Resources, Hydro-meteorology, and Climate Change include firstly the appraisal of schemes and projects on the exploitation and use of water resources, the transfer of water between river basins submit to the provincial People's Committee for approval The second is the organization that

determines the limit of water exploitation for rivers, reservoirs, water reserves and areas where water is restricted; plan of water distribution and allocation in the area This is a good condition to facilitate the assessment of water quality as the main purpose of this report Besides, there are still many difficulties in the proposed water treatment model for household size

Presently, water supply and rural environment sanitation is playing an important part in the policies of rural development and environmental protection

in industrialization People's awareness about the use of clean water is increasing because the benefits of clean water are immensely practical In addition, one of the most effective models of clean water treatment is the use of filtration

Key words :

environmental standards, models, clean water

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

After practicing at the Department of Natural Resources and Environment of Thai Nguyen province, I have applied much knowledge gained in the field and gained much experience for myself in my later career In order to successfully complete the internship, I would like to express my gratitude to the teachers in the Faculty of Environmental Science and Management for teaching and imparting knowledge and skills to a stable and confident student during the internship I would like to express

my gratitude to my supervisor, Assoc Prof Phan Dinh Binh for his invaluable

useful comments, remarks, encouragement and engagement through the learning process of this graduated thesis I also thank the support of Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, the coordinators and program managers for their support and assistance I am using this opportunity to express my gratitude to my classmates, who supported me throughout this course, by their aspiring guidance, invaluable constructive criticism, and friendly advice I am sincerely grateful to them for sharing their truthful and illuminating views on a number of issues related to my thesis

I also would like to express my sincere thanks to Mr Nguyen Van Lieu

(Deputy Head of Water Resources, Hydro-meteorology, and Climate Change) and his colleagues in the Department of Water Resources, Hydro-meteorology, and Climate Change has helped to create favorable conditions for me to complete my internship

Due to the limited knowledge, the practical experience is not much, so my report still has many shortcomings and limitations So I hope the teachers in the faculty and colleagues in the training organization contribute ideas to complete my report Thank you all very much!

Sincerely yours,

Nguyen Thi Vinh

TABLE OF CONTENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

TABLE OF CONTENT iv

LIST OF FIGURES vi

LIST OF TABLES vii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS viii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Rationale 1

1.2 Objectives 3

1.3 Contents of work 3

1.4 Profile of the cooperating agency 3

1.5 Description of my activities 4

1.6 Timeline 5

CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 International literature review 6

2.1.1 Water resources in the world 6

2.1.2 Water resources and situation of water pollution in the world 7

2.1.3 Scientific background 8

2.2 National literature review 11

2.2.1 Water source of Vietnam 11

2.2.2 The situation of surface water resources in Thai Nguyen province 13

2.2.4 The concept of water resources and water pollution 14

2.2.5 The concept of clean water and hygienic water 15

2.2.6 Water quality parameters 17

CHAPTER III: STATUS OF THE CONSIDERED ISSUE AT THE TRAINING

AGENCY 19

3.1 Object and scope of the study 19

3.2 Location and time conduct 19

3.3 Research contents 19

3.4 Method 20

3.5 Results 22

3.5.1 Water resources and status water use situation in Dong Lien commune 22

3.5.2 Assessment of quality water in Dong Lien Commune - Thai Nguyen City 23

CHAPTER IV: DISCUSSION AND LESSON LEARNED 31

4.1 Discussion 31

4.1.1 Solution of international 31

4.1.2 Solution of Vietnam 35

4.1.2.1 Some models and methods of domestic water supply are applied 35

4.1.2.2 Some water treatment technology and water supply model for household 38

4.1.2.3 Propose clean water treatment model for households in Dong Lien 44

4.2 Lesson learned 48

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION 49

REFERENCES 50

APPENDICES 56

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1: World water distribution 6

Figure 3.1: Type of water for domestic purposes 23

Figure 3.2: People's opinion on status of water surface quality in Dong Lien 29

Figure 3.3: Some problems of surface water source in Dong Lien commune 29

Figure 4.1: Model Community Water Treatment in the United States 34

Figure 4.2: Diagram of clean water treatment technology provided to households 45

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1: Diary of training 4

Table 2.1: Water reserves in the world 7

Table 3.1: The indicators, methods of determining and comparing standards 21

Table 3.2: Groundwater sampling site in Dong Lien Commune 21

Table 3.3: Results of domestic water analysis 24

Table 3.4: Water quality of Cau River flows through Thai Nguyen city 25

Table 3.5: Pond water quality in Dong Lien commune 26

Table 3.6: Results of well water quality analysis in Dong Lien commune 28

Table 3.7: Water quality in Dong Lien commune 30

Table 4.1: General classification of impurities, water quality and technology -

corresponding processing equipment 39

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale

In recent years, the economic and social development of Vietnam has made remarkable achievements, many lives have been improved Vietnam is being in the process of industrialization, development, and modernization and has made great achievements in many fields Along with the rapid progress of the country, the goal of conserving the environment always has been the one of the main interest of different Parties and the entire State Environmental protection is both objectives and one of the basic content for sustainable development concerns However, the population and socio-economic growth rate are growing, people must adapt and their lives should be improved as well as in response to the changes, advancements, and progress

In Vietnam, in recent years environmental pollution situation has become serious and most commonly lead to degradation of land, water, air, especially in the large places like urban areas Vietnam has a total surface water reserve of about 950 billion , of which Mekong River in the Mekong Delta is 520 billion and the Red River is 120 billion (Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 2011) The demand for water in Vietnam is increasing, while the water pollution is more serious Every day, people have to use much more water for their daily activities Each person per day to about 1-2 liters of drinking water, the average demand for the activities of each of 10-15 liters/day for personal hygiene; 20-200 liters/day for bathing; 20-50 liters/day for cooking; 40-80 liters/day for machine wash

Water is a renewable resource but it has to use a balance of reserves and regeneration to survive and develop lifelong Humans, animals, plants will not survive

without water However, water will also be fatal to humans when contaminated Water

is very important to human beings Nowadays, 1.1 billion people are suffered from water shortages and 2.6 billion people are prevented from using clean water services

If the situation does not change, over the next 20 to 30 years, more than half of the Earth's population will be at risk of living in water shortages This is one of the greatest challenges for humanity in the century (Parkin, 2010)

In Vietnam, only about 60% of urban areas have central water supply systems Water supply norms for medium and small urban centers are 75-80 liters/person/day, for large urban centers is 100 -150 liters/person/day About 40% of the urban population suffers from water shortages and only 40-60% of the rural population has access to clean water (Hung, 2015)

Because water is of great importance to life, ensuring clean quality for people to use is a matter of immediate concern The process of urbanization and human activities has had a strong impact on the environment, polluting the soil, water, and air at different levels Therefore, effective measures should be taken to prevent, limit, remedy and minimize environmental pollution in order to develop the socio-economic development in a sustainable manner

To know the quality of the water used by people is polluted or not? Is it safe for people's health? It is important to assess the quality of water that people are using Based on the above issues, with the consent of the Dean of Faculty of Science and Environmental Management - Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry,

and under the guidance of lecturer Phan Dinh Binh, I conducted the topic: ‘Assessment

quality of domestic water and propose clean water treatment model in Dong Lien commune, Thai Nguyen city, Thai Nguyen province.’

- Survey the status; investigate the causes of groundwater pollution

- Interview the local people about the quality of surface water and well water using a set of questionnaires

- Summarize the results obtained from the questionnaire

- Learn about water treatment methods

- Select appropriate water treatment methods

- Learn about the water supply models in the commune is being used

- Give a suitable household water treatment model

1.4 Profile of the cooperating agency

The Department of Natural Resources and Environment of Thai Nguyen province was consolidated under the Decision No 1856 / QĐ-UBND dated 28th July

2015 by the Thai Nguyen People's Committee, Thai Nguyen Department of Natural Resources and Environment is the specialized agency assisting the provincial people's

committee to perform the function of State management over land, water and meteorology, mineral resources, environment and cartography in the province according to the provisions of law

hydro-The Department of Natural Resources and Environment has the legal person status, its own seal and account as prescribed by law Under the direction and management of the organization, personnel and tasks of the provincial People's Committee, and at the same time, the professional direction and management of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

1.5 Description of my activities

Table 1.1: Diary of training

1st

From 01/03/2018 to

31/03/2018

- Came to the practice unit

- Studied materials related to the topic

- Participate in world water day, parade propaganda about world water day

2nd

From 01/04/2018 to

30/04/2018

- Survey the status, investigate the causes of groundwater pollution

- Summarize the causes of water pollution

- Learn solutions to minimize and prevent water pollution

- Summary of mitigation and prevention measures

3rd

From 01/05/2018 to

31/05/2018

- Learn about water treatment methods

- Select appropriate water treatment methods

- Refer to the documentation

4th

From 01/06/2018 to

30/06/2018

- Submission of questionnaires in the commune (100 votes for

100 head of household in commune area)

- Summarize the results obtained from the questionnaire

- Summarize internship

CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 International literature review

2.1.1 Water resources in the world

Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface of which 98% is saltwater and the remainder are fresh water In about 2% of fresh water on the earth, about 3/4 of the fresh water cannot be used because it is so deep in the ground, frozen, in the atmosphere and in the snow on the continent Only 0.5% of fresh water is present in rivers, streams, and lakes that humans have been using However, if we exclude the contaminated water, only about 0.003% is clean fresh water that humans use and each person may be provided 879,000 liters of fresh water to use (Miller, 1988)

According to the calculations, the free water mass over the earth is about 1.4 billion km3, but compared to the water reserve in the middle of the earth (about 200 billion km3), it is not significant just accounted for less than 1% The total amount of natural water in the world is differently estimated by author and fluctuation from 1,385,985,000 (Lvovits, Xokolov - 1974) to 1,457,802,450 (F Sargent - 1975)

Figure 2.1: World water distribution

Table 2.1: Water reserves in the world

Seas and oceans Groundwater Ice and glaciers Freshwater lake Saltwater tank Humid gas in the ground Water vapor in moist air River water

Snow continent

1.370.322.000 60.000.000

26.660.000 125.000 105.000 75.000 14.000 1.000

250

(Source F Sargent, 1974)

2.1.2 Water resources and situation of water pollution in the world

Water pollution is alarming problem in the world today, especially in developed countries Therefore, the research of current state of water is carried out in many countries, the results showed that in Europe rivers, nitrate salt concentration exceeds 2.5 times over the permitted standards (100 mg), while phosphate concentration is 2.5 times higher than the allowed standard Every year, the river carries into the ocean 320 million tons of Fe; 2.3 million tons of Pb; 1.6 million tons of Mg; 320 million tons of Ca; Phosphate 6.5 million tons; 10 million tons of oil; and 700 of Hg (The National Center for science and Technology Information and Materials, 2013)

According to announcement of Ston, hundreds of miles of rivers flow through New York City have no life within: because of the wastes of some plants in many years remain unresolved UDNAY Estimation shows that the food industry, paper

chemicals nationwide annually discharge to rivers an amounts of 94.5 billion

of liquid contaminants with different indicators (The Encyclopedia of earth, 2013)

According to WHO (2013), the river near Baia Mare (Northeastern of Romania) was infected with heavy metals and xyanua kali, damaging flora and polluted drinking water of millions of people In 2012, groundwater in Bhopal (India) was poisoned by pesticides discharged from Union Carbide India factory

China's Huai River is considered the most polluted area by wastes of the industry animals and agriculture River system in Manila (Philippines) was contaminated from waste of skin tanning and metal reining Lead casting areas, causing health problems for humans Pollution also occurs in Malaysia, while 10major rivers are heavily polluted by industrial wastewater, mainly by the oil refinery and processing industry (United Nations, 2012)

2.1.3 Scientific background

Literature of Water quality assessment

Water quality assessed based on the following indicators:

* Physical indicators:

- Temperature: Temperature affects both the chemical and biological characteristics of surface water It affects dissolve oxygen level in the water, photosynthesis or the aquatic plants, metabolic rates of aquatic organisms, and the sensitivity of these organisms to pollution, parasites and disease (Centre for Educational Technologic, 2015)

- pH: As one of the criteria to be checked for water quality and wastewater,

pH value allows determine appropriate treatment method or adjust the amount of

chemicals in wastewater treatment process using biological methods The change in the pH value of water can lead to changes in the composition of the substance in water, or promote a prevent chemical and biological reactions happened the water (Advanced chemical in Systems, 2015)

- Color: The color of water created due to impurities in the water, such as organic matter, inorganic ions, some aquatic species, etc and can greatly affect the value of sense when using water (Song, 2013)

- Turbidity: Turbidity of water is level of preventing light penetrate across the water Many types of dissolve substances can cause the turbidity of the water from colloidal-particle-sized types to suspensions, sandy sediment particles and micro- organisms It also contains many chemical components as inorganic, organic, etc High level of turbidity indicates high level of water contamination (USGS, 2014)

- Solids concentration: Solids affect water quality for domestic use and production, hinder or consume more chemicals in the process Solids in water is caused by inorganic substances in soluble or insoluble form as emulsified soil and organic matter, synthetic organic compounds such as micro-organisms, fertilizers and industrial wastes (Filter and Separation, 2014)

* Chemical indicators

ammonia in surface anaerobic groundwater derived from the organic decomposition by microorganisms in conditions That is a substance used in the disinfection stage

of water; it is use as antibacterial chemicals to produce residual chlorine, which lengthen time of bactericidal effect when water flows in the pipeline (Khoa, 2013)

- Dissolved oxygen (DO)

Dissolved oxygen in natural water and wastewater depends on physical chemical conditions and biological activities of the microorganisms The determination of concentration of dissolved oxygen is a means to control the pollution caused by human activities and examine the consequences of wastewater (NORWECO, 2011)

- Chemical oxygen demand (COD)

Indicator of chemical oxygen demand is use to fully assess the amount of oxygen required to oxidize organic matter in the wastewater In order to determine this indicator, potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is used to complete oxidation of organic matter, then quantitative methods and formulas are applied to determine the amount of COD (Khoa, 2013)

- Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5)

Biochemical oxygen demand is the amount of oxygen needed for microbial oxidation of organic matter in a defined time period is denoted by BOD and

is calculated in mg/L BOD indicator reflects the level of organic pollution of wastewater The greater the BOD of wastewater (or water source) leads to the higher contaminated level and vice versa (Hellawell, 1989)

* Microbiological indicators

- Fecal coliform

Coliform organisms group is widely used as indicator of fecal contamination, characterized by the ability to ferment lactose in culture environment at 35-37 °C with the formation of aldehydes acid and gases within 48 hours (Ashbolt, 2015)

2.2 National literature review

2.2.1 Water source of Vietnam

Water is a particularly important resource and an essential part of life Water determines the existence, sustainable development of every nation On the other hand, water can also cause disasters for people and the environment Water resources include surface water, rainwater, groundwater, and seawater

According to research by some scientists, the amount of water involved in the circulation cycle each year only accounts for about 0.04% of the total water on Earth

fresh water Of the fresh water resources, 68.7% are in the form of snow and ice, 29.9% are groundwater and only about 0.26% is in rivers, streams, ponds, and lakes

We have rainwater resources, surface water resources, groundwater resources, and marine resources

According to the survey data on the status of environmental sanitation and personal hygiene in rural Viet Nam by the Ministry of Health and UNICEF results as follows:

- Only 11.7% of rural population, 7.8% of rural markets, 14.2% of medical stations16.1% of Commune People's Committees and 36.4% of schools have access and use tap water (treated water and pipeline network to consumers)

- Only 18% of total households, 11.7% of schools, 36.6% of commune health stations, 21% of commune people's committees and 2.6% of rural markets have hygienic latrines according to the standards of the Ministry of Health

- Lack of clean water and polluted sanitation are the main causes of diseases such as cholera, dysentery, gynecology, etc., and recent acute diarrhea

Although Vietnam has only entered entrance to industrialization for a few decades, pollution has appeared in many places Along with the increase in population and urbanization rate, water from the production of agricultural, mining and industrial production increased The untreated amount of wastewater flows directly into pond, lakes, rivers, etc., and alters the ecosystems of receiving rivers, pollutes the area of urban and large industrial areas such as Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Dong Nai, Binh Duong, Thai Nguyen, Hoa Binh, etc

All BOD of the dissolved oxygen, , NO2… No, in rivers, lakes, and ditches exceed the allowed regulations For example, according to the survey results of many scientific studies show that currently, Kim Nguu River, To Lich River, Nhue River, Bay Mau Lake, Cau Bay River and even the West Lake and Hoan Kiem Lake contaminated from moderate to serious levels Concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) is low BOD5 is higher than 30 mg/l; NH : 10mg/ l; NO2 also soars Currently, in accordance with the standard of Ministry of Science and Technology the levels

of pollution (particularly BOD5 and suspended solids) in the large lakes are 5 to

20 times higher than allowed levels (VOV, 2013)

In Ho Chi Minh City, water pollution also occurs The total amount of untreated pollutants in water river is more than 2 times in Hanoi of the canals and from into

Saigon River to Dong Nai At Saigon River, pollution levels are in organic (DO 5.5 mg /l; BOD5 10-30mg/l,) grease and microorganisms (Tuyen, 2012) There is no indicator reaches environmental standard for source A The highest pollution is in the center of Ho Chi Minh City In addition, Saigon River was severely acidified by alum

=1.5-in Hoc Mon - Cu Chi section Accord=1.5-ing to the analysis and evaluation, the monitor=1.5-ing parameters exceed standards in the dry season: high organic matter and low dissolved oxygen cause anaerobe process and create stench of H2S, and NH3 (VOV, 2013)

2.2.2 The situation of surface water resources in Thai Nguyen province

 Water sources are rivers and streams

According to Decision No 1989 / QD-TTg / 2010 of the Prime Minister promulgating the list of inter-provincial rivers and Decision No 341 / QD-BTNMT /

2012 issued by the Minister of Natural Resources and Environment on the list of saved There are 58 rivers in Thai Nguyen province with the length of over 10 km, including

02 large rivers, 10 provincial rivers, and 46 provincial rivers There are 02 rivers in Level 1, 13 in Level 2, 36 in Level 3 and the other rivers in lower level

 Water sources are ponds, lakes, lagoons

During the survey, the survey in Thai Nguyen showed that ponds, lakes and ponds in the province are mainly natural, very few, even without ponds, lagoons, lagoons that take water from the rivers flow in the province, but they mainly exist because of the low mountainous terrain surrounded by hills Especially, there is Coc Lake, which is located in the "National Park Development Plan for Coc Lake up to

2025, orientation to 2030" approved by the Prime Minister

In Thai Nguyen city, there are 63 ponds, lagoons and small and large lagoons of all kinds, their common function being to regulate and irrigate agriculture, and aquaculture General characteristics of the reservoir are the majority of which have been built and protected by banks and managed by individuals, local agencies and communes

 Situation of surface water exploitation and use in Thai Nguyen city

Based on the results of the survey on the current situation of exploitation and use of surface water in Thai Nguyen city, there are 37 works; of which 35 pumping stations, 01 dams, 01 culvert serving irrigation for agricultural production for communes and wards in the city

There are 08 pumping stations in Dong Lien Commune: Dong Cao, Thung Ong, Dong Tam, Bo, Dong Van, Dong Ao, Xuan Dam and Tra Vien The commune has a capacity of 15kW for agricultural production In which 4 stations Dong Cao, Ong Chong, Dong Tam, Bo take water from Kenh Dao, the remaining stations get water from Cau River

2.2.4 The concept of water resources and water pollution

* Environmental concept

The environment consists of natural elements and artificial elements that interacting closely with one another, which surrounds the human, influences the life, production, existence, and development of man and nature

The environmental protection provided for in this Law is the activities to keep the environment fresh, clean and beautiful, to improve the environment, to ensure ecological balance, to prevent and overcome bad consequences caused by human and

nature Cause the environment, exploit and use rational and economical natural resources (According to Article 1 of the Law on Environmental Protection)

* The concept of environmental pollution

“Environmental pollution is a change of the nature of the environment, violating environmental standards”

Water is a particularly important resource, an essential component of life and the environment Without water, life on Earth cannot survive It decides the existence and sustainable development of the country

Surface water is water that exists on land and islands

Groundwater is the source of water that lies beneath the surface of the gravel and in the permeable layers

Domestic water is the water that can be used for eating, living, human hygiene

2.2.5 The concept of clean water and hygienic water

Clean water is ensured with the following requirements:

- Clear, odorless, tasteless water

- No strange taste, no impurities

- Contains no harmful solvents

- No germs cause disease

Hygienic water is used directly or after filtration to meet the sensory quality requirements such as colorless, odorless, and does not contain ingredients that may affect human health , can be used for domestic purposes after boiling (QCVN 02 - BYT) Water sources that meet hygienic standards should be sanitized from works such as stations Water supply, deep wells are used regularly, rainwater is collected and

stored in the tank, clean water, river water and streams are not contaminated by human and animal waste, chemical or industrial waste and craft villages

Wells water and bore-wells should be satisfactory requirements such as wells should be located far from the latrine, cattle shed or other pollution sources (including the neighbor's house) at least 10m; Into-wells need to be built of bricks and stones with

a minimum height of 0.6m and a depth of at least 3m from the ground; foundation are paved with brick, stone or concrete pouring, no cracks (avoid washing water, bath wash directly into the well) Public wells are not classified as hygienic water source Rain water is attracted from the roof tile, roof corrugated, concrete ceiling (after being discharged original dust before catching) into the reservoir, storage which was washed thoroughly before collecting and having the lid carefully However, rainwater harvested from fibro-cement roofs containing carcinogenic asbestos recommended not to be used for food, and not classified as water "hygienic" self-running water taken from streams or streams the water from the slope leads through the slit leading to the tanks or taps consumed in residential areas This type of water supply is quite popular in the mountainous province with a large number of works already building from many sources, various programs and projects Based on models, these works can provide drinking water for dozens of visitors thousands of people Water is pumped from wells or rivers, lakes and already filtered through rafts, settling tanks, filter tanks, disinfection and then pumping water into the tower or pushed straight into the pipeline leading to the tank of the collective or family Water taken from the above system is considered hygienic

wells-2.2.6 Water quality parameters

* Physical parameters

- Temperature: Water temperature is the quantity depending on the environment field and climate Surface water usually has the temperature that varies with environmental temperature; the groundwater temperature is more stable

- Color: Usually due to the impurities in water: Iron compounds, insoluble manganese to reddish brown water; Aquatic plants make the water green Water contaminated by industrial or industrial water is green or black

- Turbidity: The turbidity of the water originates from the presence of some of these suspended solids vary from crude dispersion to colloid (size 0.1 - 10mm) In water turbid substances are usually: soil lightning, organic matter, inorganic, botanical and microorganisms including plankton animal

- Odor: The odor in water usually contains chemical compounds, organic compounds or products from the process of decomposition of matter Depending on the composition and content of water-soluble salts can be salty, sweet, bitter

There are also parameters of viscosity, conductivity, radiation Mainly used in wastewater analysis

* Chemical parameters

- Chemical parameters reflect organic and inorganic chemical characteristics of water

- The chemical properties of water are expressed in the process of using soluble oxygen of bacteria and microorganisms to decompose the organic substances Natural water is contaminated, the composition of the organic matter in the water increased the substance is always affected by microorganisms decomposition If the

water-amount of organic matter is increased, the water-amount of oxygen required for the decomposition process is large, so dissolved oxygen levels will decrease, affecting the living processes of aquatic organisms Reflecting the characteristics of the above process, some parameters of BOD (mg/l) and chemical oxygen demand (mg/l) can be used

- The inorganic properties of water include salinity, hardness, pH, acidity, alkalinity, manganese content (Mn), chlorine (Cl), heavy metals such as Mercury Lead, Pb, Crom (Cr), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zinc), Compounds containing Organic Nitrogen, Ammonia (NH, NO) and Phosphate

* Biological parameters

- Including bacteria, the virus causing, protozoa, algae, etc The microorganisms in water analysis include E.Coli and heat-resistant Coliform E.Coli indicator is the amount of E coli containing 1 liter of water The water standard for living in advanced countries stipulates that the E.Coli index is not less than 100mL, meaning that only one E coli can be stored in 100mL of water (E.Coli index is 10) Vietnam standards stipulate the E.Coli index of water must be less than 20

CHAPTER III: STATUS OF THE CONSIDERED ISSUE AT THE

TRAINING AGENCY 3.1 Object and scope of the study

3.1.1 Object of study

The domestic water of the local people at Dong Lien commune - Thai Nguyen city - Thai Nguyen province, and some indicators of water quality

3.1.2 Scope of the study

The situation of water use at Dong Lien commune - Thai Nguyen city - Thai Nguyen province

3.2 Location and time conduct

3.4 Method

3.4.1 Method of collecting secondary information

- Collection of documents and data on natural and socio-economic conditions at Dong Lien commune, Thai Nguyen city, Thai Nguyen province

- Data collection related to topics in books, newspapers, Internet, scientific research, etc

3.4.2 Survey, interview method

- Interview the local people about the quality of surface water and well water by

using a set of questionnaires

- Interviewees: local people at Dong Lien commune, Thai Nguyen city Thai Nguyen province (Randomly selected 100 households in the commune, divided equally among the villages; irrespective of age, sex, ethnicity, occupation, religion …)

3.4.3 Sampling method, the location of sampling, sample analysis

- Analysis was done at laboratory of Department of Natural Resources and Environment of Thai Nguyen province

- Sampling: Sampling in accordance with TCVN 6663-11: 2011 - Water quality

- Surface water sampling sites: water of Cau river flows through Dong Lien commune, Thai Nguyen city

- Water surface was taken sample from household Hoang Anh Thu’s pond

Table 3.1: The indicators, methods of determining and comparing standards

Table 3.2: Groundwater sampling site in Dong Lien Commune

Date of sampling

Depth (m)

Symbol of sampling

1

Water dug well from household

Pham Tien Binh

2

Water drilled well from

household Nguyen Van Kiem

3

Water dug well from household

3.4.4 Fieldwork methods

- Observation of water color, taste, etc The color of water is observed directly

with the eye and measured by the feeling

3.4.5 Statistical methods, data processing

- The research data is calculated and processed on the computer by Excel software and performed on the table, chart

3.4.6 Synthesis method, comparative

- The study results were compared with:

• QCVN 02:2009/BYT - National technical standards on domestic water quality

• QCVN 08:2015/BTNMT- National technical standards on domestic water quality

• QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT- National technical standards on surface water quality

wastewater quality

wastewater quality to assess water quality

3.5 Results

3.5.1 Water resources and status water use situation in Dong Lien commune - Thai Nguyen city

3.5.1.1 Surface water, tap water

Surface water in Dong Lien Commune - Thai Nguyen City includes rivers, lakes, ponds, canals As a commune in the south of the city, there is no access to tap water, so the main source of water used by people is bored-well and dig-well water

3.5.1.2 Groundwater resources

Groundwater in Dong Lien Commune - Thai Nguyen City is mainly exploited

in the form of dug well and drilled well for household use In addition, groundwater is also used for livestock and business activities, services At present, people use groundwater mainly in the form of drilled well

Figure 3.1: Type of water for domestic purposes

(Source: Synthesis from the questionnaire) Comment: According to figure 3.1, there are 80 households using 80% of households using well water 20 wells account for 20% At present, people in Dong Lien Commune, Thai Nguyen City use water from drilled wells because the water is taken from large depths leading to better water quality In addition, some households have used water filter machines to have the best water quality

3.5.2 Assessment of quality water in Dong Lien Commune - Thai Nguyen City

3.5.2.1 Assessment of surface water environment in Dong Lien Commune, Thai Nguyen City

tap water0%

drilled well80%

dug well15%

other5%

Surface water in Dong Lien Commune - Thai Nguyen City is provided by Dao River, lake, pond, canal system Through the field survey, observation and evaluation, the surface water of the commune is showing signs of pollution caused by people's consciousness littering the river

Table 3.3: Results of domestic water analysis

criteria

Unit measure

(Source: Department of Natural Resources and Environment of

Thai Nguyen province 2018)